1. Hydrosphere
Ente
r

2. Select one…
Physical Properties of the
Ocean of the World
Ocean
Composition of Sea Water:
Different Bodies of Water
Physical Properties
Ocean Currents Tides
Ocean Zonation Topography of Ocean Floor
Hydrologic Cycle Water Pollution
Water Purification

3. Ocean of the World
World ocean or global ocean
Interconnected system of
the Earth's oceanic waters.
Almost 71% of the Earth’s surface.
Delimited by continents.
Coined by Yuly Shokalsky.

4. Five major oceans.
° Pacific
‫ ﻌ‬Largest ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Spans the gap
between Australia, Asia, the Americas and
Oceania.
‫ ﻌ‬Meets the Atlantic south of South
America at Cape Horn.

5. ° Atlantic ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Second largest.
‫ ﻌ‬meets the Indian Ocean south of Africa
at Cape Agulhas.

6. ° Indian ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Extends northward from the Southern
Ocean to India.
‫ ﻌ‬Joins the Pacific Ocean to the east, near
Australia.

7. ° Arctic ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Joins the Atlantic near Greenland
and Iceland and joins the Pacific at
the Bering Strait.
‫ ﻌ‬Partially covered in sea ice.

8. ° Southern ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Second smallest.
‫ ﻌ‬Dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current.
‫ ﻌ‬Partially covered in sea ice.

10. Composition of Sea Water
Water
‫ ﻌ‬Exists in all three forms of matter.
‫ ﻌ‬Turns to ice at 0 degrees Celcius.
‫ ﻌ‬Density of sea water
• 1,020 to 1,029 kg/m3
• Can be as high as 1,050 kg/m3
‫ ﻌ‬More salt the lower the initial freezing
temperature.

11. Small amounts of dissolved gases.
‫ ﻌ‬Nitrogen
‫ ﻌ‬Oxygen
‫ ﻌ‬Carbon dioxide (in the form of bicarbonate
HCO3)
‫ ﻌ‬Argon
‫ ﻌ‬Helium
‫ ﻌ‬Neon

12. Ocean Topography
Plates
Rift Valleys
Trenches
Continent shelf and continent slope
Ocean basin/ abbysal plain
Seamount
Guyot
Islands

13. Bathymetry
Sonar
Speed of sound
° 1534 m/s
Ocean depth
° D=1/2T x V
‫ ﻌ‬D=depth
‫ ﻌ‬T=time
‫ ﻌ‬V=speed or velocity of sound in water (1534
m/s)

14. Water Purification
Process of removing undesirable
chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids and
gases from contaminated water.
Biological contamination
‫ ﻌ‬Giardia
Toxic water
‫ ﻌ‬Chemically contaminated

15. Boiling
Kills microorganisms
Above 160° F (70° C)
‫ 03 ﻌ‬minutes
Above 185° F (85° C)
‫ ﻌ‬A few minutes
Boiling point (212° F or 100° C)

16. Chemical Purification
Two types
‫ ﻌ‬Iodine
‫ ﻌ‬Chlorine
Effectiveness is related to…
‫ ﻌ‬Temperature
‫ ﻌ‬pH level
‫ ﻌ‬Clarity of water

17. Iodine Treatment
Iodine
‫ ﻌ‬Light sensitive
‫ ﻌ‬Store in amber bottles
Water is over 68° F (21° C)
More effective than chlorine
treatment in inactivating Giardia cyst

18. Some people may have allergic
reactions
‫ ﻌ‬Thyroid problems
‫ ﻌ‬On lithium
‫ ﻌ‬Women over fifty
‫ ﻌ‬Pregnant women

19. Chlorine Treatment
Alternative for iodine treatment
Halazone

20. Filtration
Water filter
‫ ﻌ‬Pumps water through a microscopic
filter
‫ ﻌ‬Micron

22. Two types of filters
Membrane filter
‫ ﻌ‬Thin sheets with precisely sized pores
‫ ﻌ‬Advantage:
• Easy to clean
‫ ﻌ‬Disadvantage:
• Clog more quickly
‫ ﻌ‬Example:
• PUR-Hiker

23. Depth filter
‫ ﻌ‬Thick porous materials
‫ ﻌ‬Advantage:
• Can be partially cleaned by backwashing
‫ ﻌ‬Disadvantage:
• Rough treatment can crack the filter
‫ ﻌ‬Example/s:
• MSR WaterWorks II, Katadyn

24. Water Pollution
Contamination of water bodies
Pollutants are discharged directly or
indirectly into water
Two categories:
‫ ﻌ‬Point source
‫ ﻌ‬Nonpoint source

25. Causes of water pollution
Pathogens
Chemical and other contaminants
‫ ﻌ‬Organic
‫ ﻌ‬Inorganic
Thermal pollution

26. Measurement
Physical
‫ ﻌ‬Temperature
‫ ﻌ‬Solids concentrations
‫ ﻌ‬Turbidity

27. Chemical
‫ ﻌ‬pH scale
‫ ﻌ‬Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
‫ ﻌ‬Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

28. Biological
‫ ﻌ‬Plant
‫ ﻌ‬Animal
‫ ﻌ‬Microbial indicators to monitor the
health of an aquatic ecosystem

29. Control of pollution
Domestic sewage
Industrial wastewater
Agricultural wastewater
Construction site stormwater
Urban runoff

30. Ocean Zonation
The ocean can be divided into zones.

31.  Neritic zone
° shallow water over the continental
shelf
° lots of light
 Oceanic zone
° water over the deep sea
° light only at the surface

33. Ocean light zones
Photic zone
‫ ﻌ‬Sunlit, upper layers of ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Made up of euphotic and disphotic
zones

34. Euphotic zone
‫ ﻌ‬Sunlit, upper layers of ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Upper 150 m – depending on where
you are
‫ ﻌ‬Phytoplankton can survive and
photosynthesize here

35. Disphotic zone
‫ ﻌ‬Twilight zone
‫ ﻌ‬Enough light to see, but not enough for
photosynthesis
‫ ﻌ‬Extends to a few hundred meters deep

36. Aphotic zone
‫ ﻌ‬Permanently dark
‫ ﻌ‬No sunlight
‫ ﻌ‬No photosynthesis
‫ ﻌ‬Most of ocean
‫ ﻌ‬Extends to sea floor

37. vertical zonation of the ocean depends on
depth

38. Epipelagic zone

39. The Mesopelagic Zone

40. The Bathypelagic Zone

41. The Abyssopelagic Zone

42. The Hadal or Hadopelagic
Zone

43. Hydrologic cycle

45. Continuous movement of water
on, above and below the surface of
the Earth
Circulation and conservation of
earth’s water as it circulates from the
land to the sky and back again

46. Stages of water cycle
Evaporation
Transport
Condensation
Precipitation
Ground water
Run-off

47. Evaporation
Water changes from liquid to gas
Heat of the sun provides energy to
evaporate water
Transpiration
‫ ﻌ‬Evapotranspiration

49. Transport
Movement of water through the
atmosphere
‫ ﻌ‬Specifically from over oceans to over
land
Water vapor

50. Sublimation
‫ ﻌ‬From solid water (snow or ice) to water
vapor
Deposition
‫ ﻌ‬Water vapor directly to ice
Advection
‫ ﻌ‬Movement of water in solid, liquid, or
vapor states through the atmosphere

51. Condensation
Water vapor turns to liquid droplets
Clouds and fog are formed
Sea salt
Cooling of the air or by increasing
the amount of vapor in the air to its
saturation point

53. Precipitation
When the clouds meet cool air over
land
In the form of
‫ ﻌ‬Rain
‫ ﻌ‬Sleet or snow

54. 2 sub processes that cause
cloud to release
precipitation
Coalescence process
‫ ﻌ‬Water drops reach a critical size
Ice-crystal formation
‫ ﻌ‬Ice develops in cold clouds
‫ ﻌ‬The crystals grow to a critical size and
drops as snow or ice pellets

55. Canopy interception
‫ ﻌ‬Intercepted by plant foliage
‫ ﻌ‬Eventually evaporates back to the
atmosphere rather than fall to the
ground

57. Groundwater
Formed when some of the
underground water is trapped
between rock or clay layers
Aquifers
‫ ﻌ‬Locations where water moves laterally

60. Runoff
Water that runs downhill
‫ ﻌ‬May seep into the ground
‫ ﻌ‬Evaporate into the air
‫ ﻌ‬Become stored in lakes or reservoirs
‫ ﻌ‬Extracted for agricultural or other
human uses Infiltration

61. Surface runoff
° Over the land surface and through
channels
Subsurface runoff
° Infiltrate the surface soils
° Moves laterally towards the stream
Groundwater runoff
° Deep percolation through the soil
horizons

62. Streamflow
‫ ﻌ‬Total runoff in the stream channels
‫ ﻌ‬Generally regarded as direct runoff or
base flow

64. Snowmelt
‫ ﻌ‬Melting snow
Infiltration
‫ ﻌ‬Flow of water from ground surface into
the ground

65. Percolation
Vadose water
‫ ﻌ‬In the zone of aeration where air exists
Groundwater
‫ ﻌ‬Zone of saturation
Water table
‫ ﻌ‬Separates the vadose and saturation
zones

66. Tides

67. Periodic rises and falls of large
bodies of water
Gravitational interaction between the
Earth and the Moon
Two tides occur each day

68. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
‫ ﻌ‬First person to explain tides
scientifically
‫ ﻌ‬Second volume of Principia (1686)

69. Low Tides and High Tides
Low tide
‫ ﻌ‬Moonrise
High tide
‫ ﻌ‬High moon

70. Vary on timescales ranging from
hours to years due to numerous
influences
Gauges at fixed stations measure the
water level over time
Sea level
° Wind
° Barometric pressure changes

71. Not limited to oceans
Other systems whenever a
gravitational field that varies in time
and space is present

72. Stages of tidal change
Sea level rises over several
hours, covering the intertidal zone;
flood tide.
The water rises to its highest
level, reaching high tide.
Sea level falls over several
hours, revealing the intertidal zone;
ebb tide.
The water stops falling, reaching low