137 1 окружающий мир. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1. (обитатели земли)-вахрушев, данилов и др_2012 -144с

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sapV1aHTOM aBTOpOB. (CTp. 136)
PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/I~
TenaM~ B HayKe Ha3blBalOT see npeAMeTbl, KOTOpble Hae
oKpy)f(alOT. To, Vl3 Yero cocTOVIT Teno, Ha3b1Ba10T ee~ecTBOM.
• Ha30BVI nHTb Ten VI paccKa)f(VI, Vl3 KaKVIX se~eCTB OHVI COCTOHT.
.QoraAa'1CH, KaKVle Vl3 nepeY111cneHHblX cnos o603HaYalOT Ha-
3BaHVIH Ten, a KaKVle - Ha3BaHVIH se~eCTB: JiaMIIa, MeTaJIJI,
.n:pcnccwna, CTOJI, MOpO)KeHoe, TOpT, BO~a.
• PaccM0Tp111 p111cyHK111. KaK111e noHHTVIH Mbl 111cnonb3yeM AnH To-
ro, YT06b1 Ha3saTb 3TVI TPVI rpynnb1 Ten?
rMnp
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R41 nopa6oTail1Te s nape. O.Q111H 1113 sac o6bHCHHeT, KaK111e
,,... Tena Ha p111cyHKe 111306pa>t<eHbl (>Kll1Bble 111 He>Kll1Bble
np111po.QHb1e Tena, 111cKyccTseHHb1e Tena). BTopol.11 onpe.Qens=ieT, 1113
KaKll1X BeLJ..eCTB OHll1 COCTOHT.
Teno K K8KO~ rpynne Tell OTHOC~TCff 1/13 KaK~X Be~eCTB COCTO~T
Cs1t1Hb~ >K1t1Bble np111pOAHble Tena OpraH111YecK111e
KaMeHb He>1<111sb1e np111poAHb1e Tena ropHble nopOAbl
,l 0Kpy>1<ato~111e Hae Tena MoryT 6b1Tb np111po; ;b1M111
~KYCCTBeHHblMlll, >KlllBblMlll Iii He>KlllBblMlll.
nPl/IMEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHl/I~
1. YTo y118Hb1e Ha3b1saHJT TenaM111?
2. .) 1/13 Yero COCTOHT Tena?
3. np111Be.Qll1 np111Mepbl pa3nll1YHblX Ten 111 Bel.1.eCTB.
Iii
]
4. ..., KaK nHJ.Q111 pa3n11111aHJT, rosops=i cnoso «KOCTb», o YeM 111.QeT
peYb - o Tene 111n111 o Bel.1.eCTse?
~
Tena
0It,..111
11

'~
i § 2. l/13 LiEro COCTOVIT BEll.(ECTBO
onPEaEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA
Jleua: M1uua, o6o51CHH MIIC, IIO)KaJiy i1cTa, qeM )KC
TCJIO OTJIJ1l·JaeTC51 OT Bem:ecTBa.
Muwa: ,lla 3TO rrpocTo ! TeJIa o6Jia,naroT pa3HOM
cpopMOM. HarrpwMep, CCJIH TbI 113 rrpRMoyroJihHOro
KyCKa IIJiaCTHJIHHa BhlJiellttillh co6aKy, 3TO 6y,neT
y)KC .npyroe TeJio. A ncmccTBO rrJiaCTl1JIMH -
OCTaIICTC51 TeM JKe caMbIM.
JleHa: Ho co6aKy MO)KJ 10 c;~c11aTb M3 pa3ttoro Ma-
Tcp11aJia: rrJiaCTMaCCbI MJIM CTeKJia.
Muwa: IlpaBHJibHO. TeJia MoryT OTJJHlfaThC51 He TOJibKO cpop-
Moii, 110 11 BemecTBOM, M3 KOToporo on11 cocT051T. Co6aKa M3
IIJiaCTHJHfIIa 11 co6aKa 113 CTeKJia 3TO pa3Hhie TeJia.
Jleua: Ho noqeMy rrJiaCTHJIHII tt cTeK110 061ia.naroT TaKMMM
pa:~IIhIMII cnolicTBaMM?
KaK Tbl AYMaewb, o YeM ceroAHs:f nolllA8T peYb Ha ypoKe?
(CpaBHlll c saplllaHTOM asTopos Ha CTp. 136.)
~ BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
12
YTO T8K08 B8U..t8CTBO? (§ 1)
YTo o6u.tero y cHera, nbAa, napa lll BOAbl? (2 Knacc)
KaK M8Hs:flOTCs:f CBOlllCTBa MOpO>K8HOro, BblHYTOro >KapKlllM ne-
TOM l/13 XOfiOAlllfibHl/IKa? (2 Knacc)
KyAa lllC'-le3aeT BOAa l/13 coxHyu.tero MOKporo 6enbs:f? (2 Kllacc)
~ PEWAEM nPD6nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/1~
[
• Hall!Alll Ha plllCYHKe ABYX co6aYeK. L/13 KaKlllX seu.tecTs OHlll
COCTOs:fT? A Tenepb HalllAlll Tena, CA8fiaHHbl8 l/13 A8pesa.
Ce
1.13
~E
I
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HO
JIC"
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Ceo'1cTea ee~ecTe 3ae~cS1T OT Toro,
~3 ~SK x ~acT I OH~ cor.TOQT
npo'-1111T8Vl T8KCT 111 8bls:ICHll1, OT '-f8rO 388111Cs:IT C80VlCT88 88-
~8CT8.
BemecTBa COCTO>IT 113 MeJibqaihIIHX qacTHll, ( HarrpHMep, MO-
JICKyJI, aTOMOB). Ott11 HaCTOJihKO MaJibI, qTo yB11.ll,eTb 11x MO)K-
no TOJihKO B CBCpXMOll(HbIH MHKpOCKOIT. 1IaCTMUbI MIIOroq111c-
JICHHbI 11 pa3Hoo6pa3HbI. Caxap cocTOHT 113 O.ll.HHX qacTHU,
COJib - 113 .ll.pyr11x, BO.ll.a - 113 TpeTb11x. OT pa31nP-111if qacT11u
3aBHC>IT csoiicTBa BemecTB. Tio3TOMY caxap - CJia.ll,K11M:, coJib -
COJieHa>I, a BO.ll,a )KH.ll,Ka>I.
BemecTBa 6brBaioT pa3Hbie. B rrp11po.lle a6coJIIOTIIO 'IHCThie
Belll,eCTBa, COCTO>Ill(Me 113 qacTHU TOJibKO O.ll,HOfO BH.l(a, He
BCTpeqaroTC>I. OHM 6b1BaIOT JIHIIIb B BM.ll.e cMeceii. Tio3TOMy
qacTO fOBOp>IT 0 rrpaKT11qeCKH q11CTOM aemeCTBe, MMe>I B BM.ll.y,
qTo rrpHMCCeH B HeM oqeHb MaJIO. Tiorrpo6yeM CMeIIIaTb BO.ll.Y
H qepHHJia. 3Ty )!(11.ll,KOCTb HeJib3>1 Ha3BaTb HH BO.ll,OJ1:, HH qep-
HMJiaMH. 3To CMeCb.
Bo3.ll.YX - 3TO TO)Ke cMecb. B ero cocTaB BXO.ll.>IT pa3Hbre ra-
3br. l13 HMX Thi 3HaeIIIb KHCJIOPO.ll., yrJieKMCJiblH ra3, BO.ll,>IHOH
nap.
KaK Tbl AYMaewb, no'-f8a - 3TO '-fll1CToe 8e~ecT8o 11111111
cMecb. A cyn?
Ho Bew.ecTBa MoryT pa3JI11qaTbC5:I He TOJibKO cocTaBOM
qacTHU, HO H HX pacrrOJIO)KCHHeM.
13

OT pacnono>KeHM~ YaCTM~ aaeMC~T cocTO~H~e eeU_(eCTBa
e npoYTV1 T8KCT, p8CCMOTpV1 T86J1V1~Y V1 CX8Mbl. 06bs:!CHV1, C Y8M
CBs:l38Hbl oco6eHHOCTV1 se~eCTB 8 p83HblX COCTOHHV1s:IX.
TbI JuaeIIIb, 1..JTO BemecTBa MoryT MeHJITb cocToJittne 11 6b1T1>
TBep,n:b1M11, )KH.ll.KHMM 11 ra3006pa3111>1M11. Bo.n:a , Jie)l, Bo,n:RHo-H
nap - :no pa3Hb1C COCT05IHH5I O,ll.HOfO H TOfO )Ke n emecTBa -
BO,ll.hl. Tiol..JeMy :>KC TBep,ll.bie TeJia, )KH,ll.KOCTM 11 ra3bl TaK H C
IIOXO:>KH? MO)KCT, 06pa3y 1omHe HX 1..JaCTHHbI Be.n:yr cc6JI no-
pa3HOMy?
BcrroMHHM CBOMCTBa BentecTB B pa3JIH1..JHOM cocT05IHMM.
TeepAble Tena >KMAKOCTM
- - -------+-----------+---
raabl- - -
VlM8 IOT nocTOHHHYIO VIMelOT nocTOHHHblVI He viMelOT nocTos:iHHOVI
cpopMb1 vi o6beMacpopMy V1 06beM 06beM, HO H8 V1M8IOT
nOCTOs:IHHOVI cpopMbl
14
. .
• • •
' ..'... ~ . • &
... . .
B TBepJlhIX Te11ax qacn11.i:h1 rrJIOTHO rrp11)KaTbI .n:pyr K .n:pyry,
KaK JIIO.ZJ:M B tta6HTOM aBTo6yce. B :>KH.ZJ:KOCTRX qacTMI.(bl rro.n.06-
JJ hi JIIO/t}IM B TOJirre, ~TcKymei1» no yJI11ue. B raJax l!aCTMitbl
.n:aJieKII .n:py r OT npyra. Il03TOMY ra3bl )JefKO C)KHMaIOTC5I.
•Ha
I
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• 06b~CHL'1, KBKL-18 COCTO~HL-1~ 88LJ..8CTBa L'1306pa3L'1n XYAO>KHL'1K
Ha 3TL'1X cxeMax.
•••••••••••••••••• ••••••
•
•• • •qaCT11UhI JII06oro nemeCTBa Bcer.n:a HaXO.l(51TC51 B .l(Bl1)KeHl111.
B TBep.n:hrx TeJiax OH11 npHT5Ir11naroTc5I .n:pyr K .n:pyry 11 11x
.l(BH)KeHwe HanOMMHaeT KOJie6aHMe MJIM .n:po)KaHMe. Ilpw Harpe-
BaHWM nemeCTBa KOJie6aHMe qacTMU ycwJIMBaeTC51 11 OHM Haq11-
HaIOT pacTaJIKWBaTh .n:pyr .n:pyra 11 .n:BwraThC51. Tnep.n:oe TeJio
rrpeBpamaeTC51 B )KI1.l(KOCTh. IlpH .l(aJ!bHeihneM HarpeBaHMM qac-
TM:UhI .l(BM)KYTC51 eme 6bICTpee, CTaJIKl1BaIOTC51 I1 OTCKaKl1BaIOT
.n:pyr OT .n:pyra, CTpeM51Ch pa3JieTeThC51 KaK MO)KHO .l(aJibille.
)!(11.n:KocTh npenpamaeTC51 B nap.
Kor.n:a nap OXJia)K.l(aeTc51, qacT11UhI Haq11HaroT .n:B11raThC5I Me.n:-
JieHHee. BcTpeT11B .n:pyr .n:pyra, OHM npwT51fMBaIOTC51 11 06pa3y-
IOT KarreJibKM )KI1.l(KOCTM.
•
•
CPABHl!lBAEM CBOlll BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl!lM ~
Tena cocTOHT 1113 MenbYa~w111x YaCTlllL ee~ecTea. Pa3-
Hb1e ee~eCTBa COCTOHT 1113 pa3HblX '"18CTlllL. Tena MoryT
6b1Tb TBepAblMlll, >KlllAKlllMlll Ill ra3006pa3HblMlll, HO CHiii
MOryT COCTOHTb 1113 '"18CTlllL OAHOro Ill Toro >Ke ee~eCTBa .
TonbKO pacnono>KeHbl 3Tlll YaCTlllLbl 6YAYT no-pa3HOMy.
TeepAble Tena, >KlllAKOCTlll, ra3bl, YL'1CTb1e 88LJ..8CTB8,
nPl!lMEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHl/1~
1. " OT Yero 3aBL'1C~T csolllcTsa B8LJ..8CTB?
2. npL'1B8AL'1 npL'1M8pb1 L'1388CTHblX T86e TBepAblX
>KL'1AKOCT8ll1 L'1 ra30B.
3. KaK pa3nL'1YL'1~ nbAa, napa L'1 BOAbl cs~3aHbl c
>K8HL'18M YBCTL-11.._e
r57j 4. ..J noL'1rpall1T8 C TOBapL'1LJ..8M B L'1rpy: OAL'1H
t1!tj npL'1M8p YL'1CTOro 88LJ..8CTBa, Apyrol/1 - CM8CL'1.
88LJ..8CTB,
pacnono-
npL'1BOAL'1T
CM8CL'1
0It..~
15

.QOnOJlHlllTEJlbHbll/1 MATEPl'1AJ1 .Qll~ Jll-0603HATEJlbHblX
no"teMy nnaCTlillU1H Ms:lrKlilM, a CT0Kn0 - TeepAOe
IlJTaCTl1.Til1H B MOp03lUibHOlf KaMepe CTaIIeT TaKllM TBepJT.bIM,
'ITO ero HeB03MO:>KHO 6y.ueT pa3M5ITb B pyKax. B KOMHaTC OH
nocTeneHHO soccTanOBMT cno10 rrJiacn1qHoCTb. EcJu1 )Ke MhI
6y.ucM HarpeBaTb ero 11 JT.aT.IbllIC, OH npeapaTl1TC.H B )1(11.l.{KOCTb.
Qqe11b IIOXO)l(e Ha TO, 'ITO Mbl 3IIaeM npo .1e.u JI BO.Jy, TO.'IbKO
TeMrrcpaTypa 11peBpa1ne1nrn: nJiacT11JI11Ha B )1(11.UKOCTb 6y,.1cT ro-
pa3rco BbillIC. CTeKJio TO)l(e MO)KIIO c.ucJiaTh )Kl1Jl.KHM, Ho Jl.JUI
3Toro ero np11.ueTCH narpeTh ropa3.uo c11JibHee, qcM MhI ttarpc-
BaJin rr.naCTl1JTIIH.
no"ieMy neA ner"te BOAbl
Jle.n .,1erqe BO.Ubl. 06paTl1 BIIUMaHne, KaK 3TO Ba)J(HO .l.{Jl}l
)J(J13Hl1 pbI6 B rrpy.uy.
• B Tpex cocyAax ocTas~n~ BOAY np~ paan~YHO~ TeMnepaTYpe.
06bs:lCH~. K8K08 COCTOs:lH~e BOAbl ~306pa>K8HO Ha K8>KAOM
p~CYHK8.
• •~ (I • • • •
• • • (I&.
• ••••••••~ ... 0 • •
16
• •Tb1 06paT11JT BHMMaHMC na Ba)J(I-IOe OTJTMti11e BOll.bI OT .upyr11x
se1necTB? Bo.na o6Jia,n:aeT ytt11KaJibHbIM cnolicTBOM. Y nccx
TBep}lbIX TCJI paCCTOHHllC Me)J(,1Y qacTIIIla~fll MCIJbIIJe, l.JCM y
)1(11{(KOCTl1, a y Jib.l.{a - 60Jibllle.
• OT KaK~x ABYX np~Y~H aas~c~T cso~cTsa Ten?
§
j
Jae
H8
I
Hbl
..
IJ
IIOJ
'.~
Yer

p,n;bIM,
lTe OH
~C MbI
KOCTb.
'OJibKO
er ro-
D ,[(JUI
rarpe-
) ,[(JUI
1rype.
KAOM
1yr11x
BCCX
~M y
§ 3. '-ITO TAKOE 3HEPfllls:1
onPE~En~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA
Ilana: Jletta, 3Hepnuo HY)KHO 6epeqb! TbI oruITb
3a6bIJia BblKJIIOqH:Tb CBeT' yxo,n:JI 113 KOMHaTbl.
!Im-ta: A rroqeMy ee HY)KHO 6epeqh?
" '-ho Tbt Y3Haewb Ha ypoKe? (CpaBHL-1 c sonpocoM
Ha CTp. 136.)
BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM ~
KaK YenoseK L-1Cnonb3yeT 6oraTCTBa npL-1pOAbl? (1 KJ1acc)
• YTo HY>KHO CAenaTb, YT06b1 MaWL-1Hbl 3apa60TanL11? (>KL-13HeH-
Hbl'1 onbtT)
• 3aYeM >KL-1BOTHbl8 8AS:H? (>KL-13H8HHbl'1 onblT)
PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
Ilana rrpe,n:JIO)KHJI Jlette ll03HaKOMHThC51 c rrpHMepaMH H C-
IIOJib30BaHH51 3Hepr HH.
.,, Y3H8'1 L-13 T8KCT8 L-1 L-13 pL-1CYHKOB, YTO T8K08 3HeprL-1R
KaK Ha3blBatoT L-1CTOYHL-1KL-1 3HeprL-1L-1 AJ1fl asToM06L11ns:i, Koposb1,
Y8Jl088K8 L-1 T8Jl8BL-130pa?
-
- - - - - -

18
,llJHI Toro '1T06bI JII06o:H opraIIM3M MJU1 MeXaHM3M naqaJI
.l(CMCTBOBaTb, ero neo6xo,n11Mo HaKopMHTb, HJIH CHa6JJ:HTb ro-
pJOqJiIM, HJIM 110.l(KJIIOllHTb K 3JICKTPHlleCTBy. fhuua, 6eH3MH,
3JICKTpHlleCTBO - 3TO MCToqHMKH 3HeprHM.
(]
Hepnu1 - 3TO cnoco6HocT-;:- coeepwaTb pa6oTy, "1CTO"i-
"1K AB"1>KeH"1~.
---
3neprMro MhI MO)l(eM tta6JIIOJlaTb B .n:eifcTBMM. Harrp11Mep,
COJIHeqHbIH CBeT rpeeT. Ho 3Hepnu1 MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aKJ110qena H
B Bem:ecTBe. TaK, sttepr115I, 3arracetttta51 B .n:poBax, rrp11 ropcIIMlf
OCBo6o:>K,naeTC51 M HarpeBaeT BO.l(Y B t.JaHHHKC.
lfeJIOBCK rrp11MeH5IeT B )l(l13HM pa3HbIC BH.l(bl 3HeprHH.
• PaccKa>K~ c nOMO~btO p~cyHKOB, KaK '18Jl088K OCBO~Jl pa3-
Hbl8 ~CTOYH~K~ 3Hepr~~ .
1.
ro~
V1Cn
2.
3.
4.
AO~
~
CTE
1
Ilb~
}.
Tell
MH&
Car
.J ~
1
L
30p
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n
• r
~
BO/
3n
ane

laJI
ro-
fIH,
Jep,
l 11
Hlf
~3-
nPl!lMEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHl!1~
1. '-ho 061..4ero 8 3T~X c~rya~~Hx: a8TOM06~Jlb 3anpa8JlHtOT
roptOY~M; YeJl08eK ecT o6e.Q; JltOA~ rpetOTCH y KOCTpa; 80.Qa
~cnapHeTCH no,Q ,Qell1CT8~eM COJlHeYHOro C8eTa?
2. • Co.Qep>K~TCH n~ 3Hepr~H 8 KycKe xne6a, 8 6aTapell1Kax?
3. • KaK Tbt noH~Maewb 8b1pa>KeH~e «3Hepr~YHblll1 Yeno8eK»?I
4. • A8TOM06~n~. KOTOpbte MeHbWe 3arpH3HHtOT 803.Qyx, CTOHT
.Qopo>Ke. Onpa8.QaHa n~ 8 3TOM cnyYae 3KOHOM~H?
f.5(.j 5. nopa6oTall1Te 8 nape: OA~H Ha3bl8aeT ~CTOYH~K
t1:IJ 3Hepr~~• .Qpyroll1 - cnoco6 era ~cnonb308aH~H 8 X03Hll1-
CT8e YeJl08eKa.
§ 4. nPEBPAL1-'EHll1E 3HEPr111111
onPE.QEn~EM nP06nEMY YPOKA
Jleua: 5I IIOJiyqaro 3Hepnrro ,ZlJ15I ttrpbl, HOTOMY ITO
JlbIO MOJIOKO. A OTKyna OHa 6epeTC5I B MOJIOKC?
Muwa: OT CoJIHI(a.
Jleua: Ho Be.Uh Co11Hue noch111acT na 3cMJIIO
TenJIO, a HC MOJIOKO!
KaKoe npon·18opeY~e Tbl 3aMeT~n? ('-ITo, no
MHeH~tO neHbl, OHa nonyyaeT ~3 MOJlOKa ~ YTO ,QaeT
ConH~e.)
.., KaKoll1 y Te6H 803H~KaeT 8onpoc? (Cpa8H~ co cTp. 136.)
scnOMl!lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM ~
'J '-ITO TaKoe 3Hepr~H? (§ 3)
.., '-ITO cny>K~T ~CTOYH~KOM 3Hepr~~ AJlH a8TOM06~JlH, Tene8~-
30pa? (§ 3)
"' KaKyte ponb 8 3Koc~cTeMe ~rpateT «KopM~Jlb~bt»? (2 Knacc)
noYeMy ~M Hy>KeH C8eT ConH~a? (2 Knacc)
PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl!1~ ~
• npoY~Tall1 naparpacp ~ ccpopMyn~pyll1 OT8eT Ha sonpoc ypoKa.
YYCIIbIC 3aMeTMJIM, qTo ttcnoJib30Banttc JIICpnnr scerna nptt-
so.zu1T K KaKOMy-Htt6ynh neHCTBMIO, /l.Bl1)KCIIHIO, M3MeHeHMIO.
3TO na6JITO,ZleHMe Il03BOJIMJIO OTKpbITb aaKOH coxpaHeHHH
aueprHH.
19

20
3Hepr~R H~KOrAa He B03H~KaeT ~3 H~~ero ~ He ~c~e-
3aeT 6eccneAHO. Ho oHa MO>KeT ~3MeHRTbCR ~ nepexo-
A~Tb ~3 OAHOVI cpopMbl B Apyryto.
• BHll1MaTenbHO paccMoTpll1 pll1CYHKll1. Bo scex 3Tll1X cnyYas:ix
3Heprll1s:i cosepwaeT none3HYtO Afls:l Hae pa6ory. npll1 3TOM npo-
ll1CXoAll1T npespall.(8Hll18 3Heprll1ll1 l/13 OAHOt.i1 cpopMbl B Apyryta.
8b16epll1 cppa3y, KOTopas:i onll1cb1saeT npespall.(eHl!1e 3Heprll1ll1 Ha
Ka>KAOM pll1CYHK8.
3Heprll1s:i 3neKTpll1Y8CTBa 3acTasll1na ABll1raTbCs:i ll1rpywKy.
3Heprll1s:i n1t1Ll.(ll1 npespaT111nacb s Tenno yenoseYecKoro Tena.
3Heprll1s:i naAatOLl.(8t.i1 BOAbl npespaT111nacb B 3n8KTpll1'-18CKYtO
3Heprll1tO, a 3neKTpll1'-18CKas:i - B CB8TOByt0 3H8prll1tO naMnO'-IKll1.
noAyMat.i1, OTKyAa nos:isl!1nacb 3Heprll1s:l Afls:l ll1rp y pe6s:ir. no-
npo6yt.i1 o6Hapy>t<ll1Tb npespall.(eH111e 3Heprll1111. 06bs:iCHll1 wenoYKY
npespall.(8Hll1t.i1 3Heprll1ll1.
3Heprns:i ConH4a 3Heprns:i, 3anaceHH8fl B B8ll..18CTBe paCT8Hlllli1
~acxoA 3Heprn111 Ha 111rpb1 AeTeli1 l-~---11 8Heprns:1. 3anaceHHas:i s MonoKe I
BC
1.
no
2.
3.
'-ITt
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5.
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ryn
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fi
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Ter
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18
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)-
KY
Terreph MbI 3HaeM, KaK uncpnu1 coJIHe'iHbIX J1yqew .n:aeT
B03MO)KHOCTb .neT5IM HrpaTh.
3aKOH coxpaHeHMff 3HeprMM
1. .J Mo>t<eT nlt1 3Heprlt1s=t lt1CYe3aTb? 3HaHlt1e KaKoro 3aKoHa
nOMO>K8T H8M OTB8Tlt1Tb Ha 3TOT sonpoc?
2. ..) Bo YTO MO>K8T npespaTlt1TbCs:l 3J18KTplt1Y8CK8s:1 3Heprlt1s:i?
3. Mo>t<HO nlt1 c>t<eYb s neYKe 14enyto oxanKy noneHbes TaK,
YT06bl B KOMHaTe TeMneparypa He ysenlt1Ylt1J18Cb?
f=> () 4. npoYlt1T8tl1 B KHlt1rax lt1 paCCK8>Klt1 CBOlt1M TOB8plt1Llt8M,
n:r K8Klt18 lt1CTOYHlt1Klt1 3H8prlt1lt1 6YAYT lt1CnOJ1b3088Tb J1toAlt1 B
6YAYL1.t8M.
5. • KyAa A8fl8Cb 3Heprlt1s:i OCTblBWero Yatl1Hlt1Ka?
6. KaKlt1e Tbl 3Haewb cnoco6b1 coxpaHeHlt1s=t 3Heprlt1lt1?
.QOnOJlHll1TEJlbHblLil MATEPll1All .QJlSl Jlt0603HATEJlbHblX
~TO npoMCXOAMT npM npeepa~eHMM 3HeprMM
3Hepnui ue 11cqe3aeT, a rrepexo,nHT 113 OJ(HOM tj)opMhI B .n:py-
ry10. 3ttal!l1T, MO)KIIO l1306peCTl1 Bel!HhIM J(BHfaTCJib, KOTOphIM
He Tpe6oBaJI 6b1 3anpaBKH ropIOY:HM. 0.n:HaKO yqeHbie OTKpbIJil1
cJie.n:yrom11w saKoH:
D
PM nepexoAe 3HeprMM M3 OAHOlll cpopMbl e Apyryt0
acTb ee o6RaaTenbHO npeepa~aeTCR e renno, KOTopoe
acceMeaercR. no3TOMY 3Hepn110 HaAo 6epe'-1b.
--- ------------
fop5IY:l1H Y:aHIIl1K OCThIBaeT, H HHKTO He MO)KCT co-
6paTb Bee 3TO TCIIJIO CHOBa. Ilp11.n:eTC5I BKJIIOY:HTb
IIJIHTY M OIT5ITb HarpCTb ero. Ho ,ll.JI5I :>Toro IIOTpc6y-
CTC.H M3pacxo.noBaTb HoByro rropu1110 m1cprM11.
• ):lns:t Yero 11toAlt1 lt1CnOJ1b3YtoT repMOC lt1 38TblK8toT
LJ..t811lt1 s OKHax? Mo>t<eT nlt1 repMoc seYHo xpaHlt1Tb
renno? Mo>t<HO 11"1 >t<lt1Tb 3lt1MOll1 6e3 oronneHlt1s=t?
Ho BeJ(h 3cMJT5I TO)Ke MO)KCT TCp.HTb TerrJio. A na
OCTbIBIIIeM IIJiaIIeTe CTaHeT TaK )KC XOJIOJ(HO, KaK B
KOCMoce. KaK )Ke MhI 6y.n:eM )KHTh Tor.n:a? He 6oi1.c.H!
3CMJI.H He OCTbIIICT, IIOTOMY 'ITO OHa Bee BpeM5I no-
JiyqaeT COJIHe'IHYIO 3HeprHIO B BHJJ:C CBeTa 11 TeIIJia.

rnaea II. OliOJIQqKA IIJIAHEThl, OXBAqEHHAH )Klf3Hhl0
22
§ 5. r.QE 05Li1TAKlT )f(Ll18blE OPrAHLi13Mbl
onPE,QEn~EM n P06nEMY YPOKA
Jlella: 51 3HaIO, qTo )J(lifBbIC opraHM3Mbl o6HTaIOT
Ha IIOBepXIIOCTM 3eMJIM.
Muwa: He TOJihKO, OHM )KMBYT BCIO.[(y. HarrpHMCp,
ttaceKOMbie 11 ceMeHa pacTeHIU1 .MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb
BbICOKO B ne6c, a KpOT )KMBeT IIO,l.l. 3eMJieH.
Jleua: Ho BCll:h KpOTY ny)KeH B03.[(yx, a ccMena~r -
noqBa lVUI rrpopacTa1nur!
KaKoe Tbl 3aMeT111n npoT111sopeY111e? (rAe 06111Tat0T >Kl-1Bb1e
opraHl-13Mbl, no MH8Hl-1t0 neHbl l-1 Ml-1Wl-1?)
.., KaKoti1 y Te6H B03Hl-1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 co cTp. 136.)
BCnOMl/IHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
YTo Heo6xOAl-1MO AnH cy~ecTsosaH111H >Kll1BblX opraHl-13Mos?
(2 Knacc)
KaK Ha3b1saeTcH B03AYWHaH o6onoYKa Haweti1 nnaHeTb1?
(2 Knacc)
noYeMy H8nb3H >K111Tb 683 B03Ayxa? (1, 2 Knacc)
HacenHtOT nl-1 >Kl-1Bbl8 opraHl-13Mbl BOAbl peK, 03ep, MOpelil l-1
OKeaHos? (2 Knacc)
~ MoryT nl-1 >Kl-1Bb1e opraHl-13Mbl cy~ecTsosaTb 6e3 BOAbl?
(1, 2 Knacc)
l/13 Yero COCTOll1T 38MHaH TB8PAb? (2 Knacc]
KaK Tbl AYMaewb, >Kl-1BYT nl-1 opraHl-13Mbl s ropHblX nopoAax?
(>Kl-13H8HHblti1 onblT)
rAe Ha 38MHOM wape >t<111seT YenoseK? (>Kl-13HeHHblti1 onb1T]
KaK Tbl nonaraewb, rAe B03MO>KHa >Kl-13Hb? (>Kl-13H8HHbllil onbrr)
PEW AEM nP06n EMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/I~
~ npoYl-1Talil T8KCT Ha C. 22-23. 0TB8Tb, B KaKl-1X 060nOYKaX
3eMnl-1 06l-1Tat0T >Kl-1Bb1e opraHl-13Mbl.
Tp1,1 060110YK"1 3eM11"1, oxea"teHHble >K"13HbtO
BemecTBO Haxo.zu1TC5I s Tpex cocT05I1n.u1x, 06pa3y 51 Tpu 060-
JioqKn 3CMJIM. ATMoc<l>epa, IUIH B03.lYIIIHa5I o6oJIOqKa, 3amn-
maeT 3eMJIIO OT rrcperpesa 11 rrcpcoxJia)K.[(eHM5I, or rrona,l.l.aH115I
tta Hee onacIIhIX tJ.JI5I )Kl13HM KOcMwqecK11x 11yqci1. Bee )KUBbie
opraHM3MbI ~bIIIIaT aTMoc¢epHbIM B03.ZXYXOM.
06
en
ll:b
HO
Hb
MO
lllE
MO
JIO
+
+
+
+
+
+

)
!>T
a?
lt1
bl?
3X?
<ax
60-
UH-
nm:
3bIC
IloBepxttocTb 3eMJIH, no KOTopo:H MbI xo,n:HM, Tncp,n:a5I. Ee
06pa3yeT KaMCIIIIa5I o6oJioqKa, HJIH JIHTOC<f>epa, KOTOpa5I co-
CTOHT H3 ropIIblX rropoti:, B OCHOBHOM TBepti:bIX. ropIIble nopo-
,llbI ITOCTeITCHHO pa3pymaIOTC5I BO.U.OH, M0p030M M BCTpOM, CTa-
HOB5ITC51 6oJiee pbIXJibIMH. Me)J(t(y HHMH npoHHKaeT aTMOCcpep-
HbIH B03ti:yx.
fti:e 6hI Mbl HM BhIKOITaJIH rJiy6oKyro 51My, oua noqnf Be3.a.e
MO)J(eT 3a11011nHTbC5I BOAOH. IIo,n:3CMHbIC BOAhI 3aJicra10T B TOJI-
me 3eMJIH rr0Bc10,ny. BMecTe c peKaMH, 03epaM11, 60110TaMH,
MOp51MH, OKCaIIaMH H Jie,l{HHKaMH OHM o6pa3yIOT BO.ll:llYIO 060-
JIQqKy - nmpoc<f>epy.
+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ +.rli++~+
+ +VflOf 0i1+
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v
v
"
v
23

24
• Onpe.Qen111, KaK111e o6onoYKll1 3eMn111 111cnonb3Y8T .Qflfl csoetl1
>Kll13Hll1 K8>K,Q08 >Kll1BOTH08 111 paCT8Hll18. 3aTeM no,QCYll1T8111, YTO
111cnonb3Yt0T Yall.le, 111 no,QBe,Q111 111Tor.
B03AYWHSSI
KaMeHHasw
I
•
•
)14
BC
1.
801
2.
Cs:l
3.
Me
M81
3TC
5.
X02
6.
par
MHI
po
YTC

Jelil
LfTO
CPABHV1BAEM CBOlll BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKV1M
>KM3Hb Ha 3eMne pacnpocTpaHeHa e o6nacTM e3aMMHO-
ro npOHMKHOBeHMR aTMOCcpepbl, rMApoccpepbl M nMTO-
ccpepbl. STa o6nacTb H83b1eaeTCR 6Moccpepo'1, To ecTb
o6onoYK0'1 nnaHeTbl, OXB8YeHH0'1 >KM3Hbt0.
>KMB8R o6onOYKa - 6Moccpepa, 803AYWHaH o6onoYKa - aTMOCcpepa,
BOAHaH o6onOYKa - n'1Apoccpepa, KaM8HHaH o6onOYKa - n111Toccpepa.
nPV1MEHS1EM HOBblE 3HAHV1S1
1. noYeMy 060nOYKa, OKpy>t<atO~aH 3eMntO, Ha3b1Ba8TCH >Kll1-
BOllt?
2. Ha308111 o6onOYKlt1 3eMnlt1, B KOTOpblX o6blYHO BCTpeYatOT-
Cs:l 111306pa>t<eHHbl8 Ha p111cyHK8X >Klt1BOTHbl8.
3. B KaKlt1X o6onoYKax 3eMnlt1 (B03AYWHOlll, BOAHOlll 111n111 Ka-
M8HHOlll) opraHll13Mbl >Kll1BYT nOCTOHHHO, a B KaKll1X filt1Wb spe-
M8HHO 06111Tat0T?
i-)(' 4. nopa6oTalllTe B nape. 0Alt1H Ha3blBaeT >K111BOTH08 lt1fill1
~ =L pacTeH111e, Apyrolll onpeAenHeT, KaK111e o6onoYKll1 3eMn111
3TOT opraHll13M 111cnonb3yeT AfiH >t<ll13Hlt1.
5. KaKaH 1113 o6onoYeK 3eMnlt1 6onbwe scero cTpaAaeT OT
X03HlllCTB8HHOlll A8HT8fibHOCTll1 YenoseKa?
6. >K1t1Bbl8 opraHlt13Mbl 111rpat0T Ha 3eMne OY8Hb 6onbWYtO
ponb, XOTH 111X o6~aH Macca H888filt1K8. Ecn111 n111~1t1 CT8HOBll1TCH
MHOro, Y111cno 111 Macca >Kll1BblX opraHlt13MOB MOryT OY8Hb 6blCT-
po B03p8CTll1 6narOA8PH OAHOMY 3aM8Y8T8fibHOMY CBOlllCTBy.
Yro 3TO 3a csolllcTso? -
25

§ 6. 60flbWOLi1 KPYrOBOPOT BELUECTB
onPE.QEfl~EM nP06flEMY YPOKA
Jleua: )l{aJib, tITO ne:mtt eaMH He y6ttparoTe51 na
MeeTO. J1oqeMy IlblJlb Bee BpeM5I naKal1JIHBaeTe5I?
)la)l(C e paeTeHHH ce npHXO,l(HTe51 eTHpaTb. KTO )Ke
B npHpo.n;e see y6ttpaeT?
Muwa: B .n;oMe nop51,n;OK no.n;.n;cp)l(HBaIOT ..1IIO,l(H,
KOTOpbie B HeM )l(MByT. HasepHOC, H B npHpo.n;e
IIO,l(,l(ep)l(HBaIOT nop5I,l(OK Te cy:meeTBa, KOTOpbie ee
IiaeeJI5IIOT.
~ YTo Tbl y3H88Wb Ha ypoKe? (CpasHvt csotll sapvtaHT sonpoca
C 8BTOpCKV1M H8 CTp. 136.)
~ BCnOMVlHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
KaKyta ponb s 3KocvtcTeMe vtrpat0T «KopMvtllb~bl», «eAOKvt» vt
«MycopLJ-4V1Kvt»? (2 KJ18CC)
Mo)KHO nvt )KvtTb s AOMe, He Hapywas:i nops:iAKa? (>Kvt3H8HHbllll
onblT)
• KaK Tbl noMoraewb noAAep)KvtB8Tb nops:iAOK s AOMe? (>Kvt3-
HeHHblLi1 OnblT)
~ PEWAEM nP06flEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
28
nocMOTpvtM, K8K nOAA8P)KV1888TCs:l nops:!AOK 8 H8W8M AOM8.
06bs:!CHV1, YTO TYA8 nocrynaeT V1 YTO OTryA8 «BblXOAvtT>>.
Y1t1CTblVt
B03AYX
OT
~
0c
OKf
KBc
TYit
1
e5I
Bell
~
Opr
1.
3TO:
Pac
KHC
KO
B IE
JlbU:

H,
),lJ,C
cc
~ca
lbl~
~3-
vie.
~
~
"' LJeM OTJ1111'188TC~ TO, YTO Mbl Bb16pacbl888M 1113 csoero AOM8,
or Toro, YTO nonaAaeT s Hero?
.J KaK np111p0Aa noc-rynaeT c OTXOAaM111 >t<ll13Hll1 llt0Aell1?
B nplilpOAe noAAep>KlileaeTCR nopRAOK, "iaCTbK> KOToporo
~BnffeTCff lil X03ff~CTBO "ienoeeKa.
CeMb51 B JI.OMC MO)l(eT )l(HTh JI.OJiro n cqacTJittBO, ecJI11 s
OKpy)l(aIOrueli HX np11po.ue JI.YllIHbIH B03,nyx, BbIXO,n51IUHH H3
KBapTHpbI, rrpcspa1uaeTC5I B CBC)l(HH, rp513HaJI BO.l(a - B qHC-
TyIO, a OTXOL(bI B rrpo.uyKTbl ITHTaHHJI.
UenOY:Ka rrpenparueHHH, KOTOpaJI Haq11naeTcJI 11 3aKaHqHnaeT-
C51 o.n1111M H TeM )Ke neruecTBOM, Ha3bIBaCTCJI KpyroeopOTOM
eem;ecTe. KpyronopoT nell(eCTB rrpoxo.u11T 11 qepe3 nalll JI.OM.
KaK np111p0Aa oY111w,aeT B03Ayx?
OpraHll13Mbl KaK111x «npocpecc111ll1» Moryr 3TO A8118Tb?
K111cnopoA YrneK111cnb1Lll ra3
Mb1 BJI.bixaeM K11cJiopoJI., a BbIJI.bI XaeM yrJieKttCJihIH ra3. IIo-
3TOMY B KOMHaTC CTaHOBHTC51 .UYllIHO, H MbJ ee npOBCTpHBaeM.
PacTCHHJI, ttao6opoT, rrorJIOI.l(a10T yrJieKHCJibIH ra3 H BhI.UeJIJIIOT
KHCJIOpo.n. B pe3yJihTaTe B03.Uyx cTaHOBHTC51 q11cThIM, HM Jier-
KO L(billlaTb. H e CJiyqaHHO B03.UYX oco6enno CBe)l(HH B Jiecy H
B napKe, r.ue Mnoro pacTeHHH. PacTeHHJI HCIIOJih3YIOT yrJieKHC-
JibIH ra3, BbIL(eJI51CMbIH )l(HBOTHbIMH H JIIOL(bMH.
27

I__
28
KaK npV1po.Qa OYV1LJ488T so.Qy?
KaK «MycopLJ4V1KV1» yyacTBYIOT s 3TOM?
Yll1CT8fl 80.Q8 rpfl3H8fl BO.QB
c rp.s:I3HOH BO,l(OH B oqHCTHbIX coopy)KeHH.s:IX 6opIOTC.s:I MHK-
po6bI, H ee CHOBa MOryT yrroTpe6JI.s:ITb pacTeHH.s:I, )KHBOTHbie H
JIIO,l(H. EcJIH B BO.UY rrorra.n.eT BemeCTBO, c KOTOpbIM MHKp06hI
He crrpaB.s:ITC.s:I, TO TaKyIO BO.UY IIHTb orracHO.
KaK npV1pO.Q8 npesp8LJ488T OTXO.Qbl B npo.QyKTbl?
OpraHV13Mbl KaKVlX «npocpeccVlVI» yyacTBYIOT s 3TOM?
nV1LJ4a
MHKp06hI pa3pyrnaroT TaK)Ke MHOrHe 6hITOBbie OTXO,l(bl. I13
3THX OTXO,l(OB IIOJiyqaJOTC.s:I IIHTaTeJibHbie BemeCTBa, HY)KHbie
pacTeHH.s:IM. PacTeHH.s:I HCIIOJih3YIOT HX JJ:JI.s:I rrpoH3BOJJ:CTBa
CJIO)KHbIX opraHHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOpbie BXO,l(.s:IT B COCTaB
Bcex )KHBhIX opraHH3MOB. KopoBa rroe.n.aeT pacTeHH.s:I Ha rracT-
6ttme H ,l(aeT M.s:ICO H MOJIOKO. IlHTa.s:ICb pacTHTeJihHOH H )KH-
BOTHOH rrttme:H:, qeJIOBeK CHOBa IIOJiyqaeT tteo6xo.n.HMhie eMy
opraHHqecKHe BemecTBa.
3a1
HT-
Cc
CJIC
]
11 !
Bait
CTC
J
rrp1
HHJ
IIOC
1.
c
T
r•
K
B
~
C K
2.
3.
CBO
4.
305
5.
Kpy

fHK-
[e l1
06bI
bl
113
ibie
l'fBa
rraB
LCT-
KH-
~MY
TaKMM o6pa30M, oKa3bIBaeTc5I, tJTO Ka_)f(l(hIH BM.U opraHM3MOB
3auu~racr orrpc,n:eJieHHoe MecTo B KpyronopoTe nemecTB H
nrpacr orrpe,n:eJiettttyro pOJih B npeBpamenH5IX nemecTB.
CoaMecTnoe l(eHCTBMe Bcex opraHH3MOB 3eMJIH rro.n:.n:ep)KMBaeT
cJ10)Kl1BlllHttC5I nop5I.n;OK Ha ee nonepxHOCTM - n 6.11oc¢epe.
.,, c 48M opraHll13Mbl He MOryT cnpa8111TbCH?
I lapymcHHC rrop5I,n:Ka B rrp11pol(e MO)J(eT BbI3BaTb
nDKCJJbJC fIOCJie.D;CTBH5I .D;JI5I JIIO,l(eH.
)K11Bbie opraHH3MhI He MoryT nepepa6oTaTb necb
Mycop. Co3,n:aHHhie qeJioBeKOM nOJIHaTMJICII, Mo1omttc
l1 5i.ll,OBl1Tble nemeCTBa He pa3JiaraIOTC5I, a IIaKaIIJIM-
BaIOTC5I B npttpo.n:e. BoT TIOlJeMy BOKpyr ropOl(OB qa- "(
CTO DCTpcqa10TC5I orpOMHbie MycopHbIC CBaJIKH.
JI1o;t11 11e scer.n;a TIOMH5IT, lJTO HClJe3IIOBeIIHe B
rrpHpOl(C l(a)J(e 0.l(Horo BM.n;a )KHBOTHbIX HJIH pacTe-
Hllll MO)l(eT MMeTb HeO)l(HJJ;aHHbie H ueycTpaIIHMbie
noc.r1e,n:cTBM5I.
CPABHl/IBAEM CBOLi1 BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl/IM
0TXOAbl >KM3HeAeffTenbHOCTM OAHMX opraHM3MOB yno-
rpe6nfftOTCff ApyrMMM. Bee Bell.eCTBa HaXOAffTCff e Kpy-
roeopoTe. lllx nocneAoBaTenbHble npeepall.eHMff 06paay-
t0T aaMKHYTble '-'enM. B KOH'-'e KB>KAOlil TaKolil '-'enM
BHOBb BOCCTaHaBnMeaeTCff Bell.eCTBO, c KOTOpolil 3T8
'-'enb HaYMHanacb.
KpyroeopoT Bell.eCTB
1. ~ 06bHCHll1, K8K nOAA8P>K8Hll18 nopHAK8 Ha 3eMJ18 CBH38HO
c KpyroaopoTOM 88Ll..18CTB.
2. "' 0TKYAB Mbl nonyYaeM Yll1CTblli1 B03Ayx, BOAY 111 n111L1.1y?
3. CTanK111aancH n111 Tbl c HBneH111eM KpyroaopoTa B8Ll..18CTB a
csoeli1 >Kll13H111?
4. • n oAyMali1, K8Kll18 6oraTCTB8 np111p0Abl fllOA111 H83bl88IOT B0-
306HOBll1MblMll1.
5. • KaK Tbl cY111Tae w b, cT0111T n111 YenoseKy sMew111aaTbCH s
KpyroaopoT B8Ll..18CTB?
29

§ 7. >KlllBblE Y'"fACTHlllKlll KPYrOBOPOTA BELUECTB
onPEAEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA
JleHa rroMoraJia yq11TeJibHHU.e rrpOBOJJJITb BO BTO-
poM KJiacce ypoK, na KOTOpOM l13Jl!aJIH 3KOCHCTCMbl.
Pe6HTa p11coBaJI11 pa3Hbie 3KOCHCTCMbI 11 wx o6wTa-
TCJie.H. Tp11 p11cyHKa Jlcne He rroHpaBHJIMCb. KaK TbI
.n:yMaeIUb rroqeMy?
OpraHll13Mbl KaK111x «npocpecc111VI» 386btnll1 noMec-
Tll1Tb YY8Hll1Kll1 BTOporo KJ18CCa B CBOll1 3KOCll1CT8Mbt?
noYeMy TaK Ba>KHO BKnlOYll1Tb B p111cyHOK opraHll13Mbl scex
«npocpecc111VI»? Ha KaKOVI sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb 111CKaTb OTBeT?
(CpaBHll1 CO CTp. 136.)
b$ BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
KBc
CTB
B L
TPE
MH
ne
1
TOI
Bc1
Te1v
.~
V1MI
A8Hl
0
IJ
nor
J1 p
Han
Diie
Ha3
CHH
pac
Opr8Hll13Mbl KaK111X «npocpecc111VI» Heo6XOAll1Mbl, YT06bl Kpyro- CHH
sopoT se~ecTs He npepb1sancs:1? (§ 6) JJ:JIJI
CMorn111 6bt n10All1 >Kll1Tb Ha nnaHeTe OAHll1, 6e3 Apyr111x >Kll1BblX
cy~eCTB? (§ 6)
YTo TaKoe 3Koc111cTeMa? (2 KJlacc)
~ PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
30
Bo BTOpOM Kilacce Mbl 1113yyan111 3KOCll1CTeMy, a B Tp8Tb8M -
6111occpepy. KaKaH M8>KAY 3T111M111 n0Hs:1T111s:1M111 CBH3b? HaVIA111
OTB8T B T8KCT8.
6onbwo~ KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe
06beAl.1HHeT 3KOClilCTeMbl B 61.1occpepy
MbI 3HaCM, qTo opraHH3MbI o,n:Ho.H 3KOCHCTCMhI He TOJibKO
0611TaIOT Ha 0.l(HOM TeppHTOpHH, 110 l1 cymecTBYIOT Ha He.H
6Jiaro.napH .npyr .npyry. MbI y:>Ke no3HaKOMHJIHCh c 6oJihIIIHM
KpyroBopOTOM BeI.QeCTB. OH npoxo.n11T ue TOJibKO qcpe3 uamy
•
c

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; Tbl
1ec-
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:amy
KBapTttpy, no M qepe3 KaJK.nyro 3KOCMCTeMy Ha 3cMJie. Beme-
CTBa, KOTOpbie u e IIY)J(Hbl B OJJ:HOM 3KOCMCTeMe, 11CI10Jlb3YIOTC.SI
B .upyroi1:. A oua, B CBOIO 01.Jepe.nb, nepe.naeT CB0.11 M3JIMIIIKM B
rpeThIO. Hanp.11Mep, B JieCHhIX :>KOCMCTeMax Bbipa6aThIBaeTC.SI
MHOfO KMCJIOpo.na - OH ,UOCTaBJI.SieTC.SI c BeTpOM Ty.na, r,z:{e ero
He XBaTaeT.
TaK Bee 3Koc11cTeMhI 3eMJI11 06be.n.11HeHhI 06m11M KpyroBopo-
TOM BemecTB B caMyIO 6oJibIIJYIO 3KOCMCTeMy 611oc¢epy.
BcrroMHMM, KaKHe poJIM MrparoT )J(MBbie opraHM3MbI B 3KOCMc-
TCMax.
• npoYll1T8111 T8KCT 111 06bs:ICHll1, noYeMy 8 naparpacpe 111A8T p8Yb
t.1M8HHO o Tpex «npocpecc111s:ix» >t<ll1Bb1x opraH1113Mos? YTo 0H111
AatoT Apyr Apyry 111 HaM?
0 Tex, KTO ecex KOpM~T
IIpoHauo~HTeJIH, MJIM «KOpMMJihUhI~, - 3TO pacTCIIH.SI. Ott.11
norJiomaroT 113 no3.z:i:yxa yrJieKMCJihitt ra3, a M3 TIOl.JBbI - Bo.ny
H MHHepaJibHbie (tteopraHMl.JeCKMC) IlMTaTeJihHbIC scmecTBa,
HarrpMMep COJI.11. 113 HMX na CBeTy npOM3B0.[(.SITC.SI 6oraTbie
attepr11ei1: CJIO)J(Hbie opraHH'leCKHe ue~ecTBa. 3TOT npo:u:ecc
ua3bIBaeTC5I <f>oTOCHHTeaoM. CoJ.naHHhie B pe3yJihTaTe ¢oTo-
CHHTe3a BemecTBa CJiy)J(aT CTp011TeJibHbIM MaTep.HaJIOM caMMM
paCTeHM.SIM, a 3aTCM rr.11mei1: ,npyrMM OpraHH3MaM. flp.11 Q:>OTO-
CHHTC3e rrpOH3B0.[(HTeJIH BbI.[(eJI.SIIOT KMCJIOpo.n, nco6xo.u11MbIM
,nJrn .[(bIXaHH.SI.
38MJlflHll1K8
Enb
nanopOTHll1K
np01113BOA111T8Jlll1
31

32
PacTeHH5I He TOJihKO rrpOH3BOJUIT oprau11qecKHe seme-
CTBa, HO H TpaT5IT ero Ha CBOH HY)l(,Uhl. ,llJI5I 3TOro pac-
TeIIH5IM, KaK H BCeM )l(HBbIM opraHH3MaM, Ha,UO ,[{bIIIIaTb.
BemecTBa H 3HeprH5I, 3arraceHHh1e B KJiy6tte KapTocpeJI5I,
cua6)1(aIOT pOCTOK «CTpOHTe.1lhHbIM MaTepHaJIOM» H ,naIOT
CMY CHJIY' qTo6bI rrpo6HTbC5I na rroBepxHOCTb.
0 Tex, o ecex noeAaeT
IloTpe6HTeJIH, HJIH «e,UOKH»' - uTO )1(11BOTHbie. 0HH He MO-
ryT caMH C03,UaBaTh opraH11qecKHC BCIUCCTBa 113 BO.Uhl l1 yrJie-
KHCJIOfO ra3a. Ilo3TOMY Il0Tpc6MTCJIH ITOJiyqa10T HX, noe,na5I
pacTeHH5I HJIH .npyr11x JKHBOTHhIX. TaK ou11 .no6b1BaIOT 3Hepr11.10
,[{Jl5I no.n.nepJKaHH5I CBOeM JKH3HH. I1oTpc6HTeJIH B03BpamaIOT
pacTeIIH5IM yrJieKHCJihIM ra3. MHor11e H3 HHX rroMoraIOT pacTe-
HH5IM pa3MHOJKaThC5I H pacceJI5ITbC5I. qeJIOBeK TOJKe OTHOCHTC5I
K IlOTpe611TeJI5IM.
Co6onb
0 TeX, KTO BCe y6i;apaeT
3ati~
KonopaACK"1ill
">KYK
PaapymHTeJIH, HJIH «Mycopu~HKH», - 3TO pa3Hoo6pa3Hhie
)l(HBbie opraHH3Mbl, KOTOpbie, KaK H I10TpC6HTeJIH, He MoryT
co3,naBaTh opratt11qecKHe semecTsa. ToJihKO B OTJI11q11e OT rro-
Tpe611TeJiei1: rr11TaIOTC5I OHM yMcplllHMH )l(HBhIMH opraHH3MaMH.
113 H3BeCTHbIX Te6e JKHBOTHblX K pa3pyillHTCJI5IM MO)l(HO OTHe-
CTH ,noJK,neBoro qepB5I. K HHM TaK>KC OTIIOC5ITC5I rroqTH nee
rp116b1 H 6oJihIIIHHCTBO 6aKTep11i1 ( oqenb MeJIKHe JKHBbie opra-
IIH3Mbl). 0 IIHX Thi Y3HaeIIIb II03,[{Hee.
D
E
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ell(e-
pac-
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MOXOBVIK
,Qo~esot/1
Lf8p8b
6aKT8pV1V1
CPABHll1BAEM CBOLil BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKll1M
HTC5:1. r_
511arOA8Pff )f(l,18blM opraHPil3M8M npeep8U48Hfile B8ll.48CTB
6eCKOHeYHO PilAeT no 38MKHYTOMY Kpyry. npoPi13BOAPilT811Pil
cHa6>1<a10T ecex 06PilTaTe11elil 3eMJ1Pil nfilll.48171 Pil Kfilc11opo-
U
AOM. noTpe6PilT811Pil B03Bp8ll.48IOT paCT8HPilffM yr11eKPi1CJ1bllil
ra3. Pa3pywfilTe11Pil npeepall.4alOT yMepwPile opraHPil3Mbl e
Bell.4eCTea, Heo6xOAPilMb1e pacTeHPilffM. TaK noAAep>KPilea-
eTcff >Kfil3Hb Ha 3eM11e.
~--------------------------------
npoPi13BOAPilTe11Pil, n0Tpe6Pi1Te11Pil, pa3pywfilTe11Pil, opraHW·ieCKVle se~ecTsa,
Klt1111 Mli1HepanbHble (HeopraHw-teCKV1e) se~eCTBa, QJOTOCV1HTe3
D
mh1e
oryT
rro-
aMH.
THe-
BCe
1pra-
nPll1MEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHll1~
1. YTO CTaHeT c Hawelll nnaHeTOll1, ecnV1 Ill0,QV1 6y,qyT Hapy-
W8Tb KpyrosopoT se~ecTs?
2. Mo)f(eWb I1V1 Tbl npV1BeCTV1 npV1Mep, Kor,qa KpyrosopoT se-
~eCTB HapywaeTC~ no BV1He YenoseKa?
3. HeKOTOpb1e nt0,QV1 npe,qnarat0T V1CTpe6n~Tb spe,QHble ,QJl~
'-18IlOBeKa )f(V18ble opraHV13Mbl. ,QpyrVle C'-IV1T8IOT, '-ITO TaK ,qenaTb
H8I1b3~. KTo V13 HV1X npas V1 noYeMy?
~~ 4. nopa60T8111Te B nape. 0,QV1H H83blB8eT )f(V180THOe V1JlV1
Jm pacTeHVle, ,qpyrolll onpe,qen~eT «npo¢eccV110», K KOTopolll
OHO OTHOCV1TCR
5. noYeMy B ,QV1KOlll npV1pO,Qe Bpe,QV1Tenelll HeT? noYeMy OHV1
803HV1K8IOT p~,QOM C YeilOBeKOM?
6. Mor 6b1 npOV1CXO,QV1Tb KpyrosopoT se~ecTs, ecnV1 6b1 npo-
li13BO,QV1TenV1, noTpe6V1TeI1V1 V1 pa3pyw1t1Ten1t1 V1CnOJ1b3088JlV1 B
npo~ecce csoelll )f(lt13He,qe~TenbHOCTV1 O,QHV1 1t1 Te )f(e se~ecTsa?
33

©~
~
§ 8. 06MEH BEL1-'ECTB 8 OPrAHVl3ME
onPE,QEn51EM nP06nEMY YPOKA
CKOJibKO pa3 B .n:eHb TbI elllb? A CKOJibKO rnu.uJ1
Cbe.n:aelllh 3a O.ZJ:MH pa3?
ITocqMTaif, CKOJibKO KMJiorpaMMOB rrMmM Tbr CbeJI
3a cBoro )KM3Hb. A CKOJibKO TbI BeCMlllb?
.,) Ha KaKoe npOTVIBOp8YVl8 Tbl 06paTV1n BHV1MaH111e?
(KaKa~ sen111Y111Ha oKa3anacb 6onbwe?)
KaKollt y Te6~ B03Hll1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 c sa-
p111aHTOM asTopos Ha CTp. 136.)
BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
npoYll1Tali1 T8KCT, paCCMOTp111 p111cyHKll1 111 nOAyMallt, nOLf8MY Mbl
Cb8Aa8M 3a )f(ll13Hb TaK MHOro nVILJ.111.
Jiro6oM: opraHM3M He TOJibKO rrorJiomaeT BemecTBa, HO M BhI-
.n.eJI51eT Mx. B HeM M.ZJ:eT rrocTo51HHbrif ooMeH Bew.ecTB: o.n.HM
BeIQeCTBa 3aMeH51IOTC51 .n:pyrMMM. PaccMoTpMM, KaKMe BemecTBa
opraHM3M rrorJiomaeT, Ha qTo Mx pacxo.n.yeT M qTo BbI,ll.eJI51eT.
Y Ha3os111, YTO Koposa nornoUaeT 111 LfTO BblAen~eT.
Yr11eK"1C1lblLll
34
ra3
q T06hI IlOJiyqMTb Heo6xo.n:MMbJe L(Jl51 )KM3HM BemeCTBa, KOpOBa
rrMTaeTc51 M .ZJ:hIIllMT. BttyTpM Hee CJIO)l{Hhie opraHMqecKMe Beme-
CTBa rrpeBpamaroTC51 B 6oJiee rrpOCTbie M pa3HOC51TC51 no BCeMy
TeJiy. qaCTb MX IlOCTeneHHO ~C)l{MraeTC51» M OTL(aeT aHeprHIO,
KO':
.up:
CJIC
qac
me
88L
1
pOE
HM
BO}
pac
He
ra1-_
qac
0
1.
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3.

KOTOpa51 HCIIOJih3YeTC51 ,l(JI51 COBepIIICIIl151 MYCKYJibHOM pa60TbI l1
JLpyr11x BH/lOB )KJif3He,l(e51TCJlbHOCTH. ,llpyra51 tJaCTb o6pa3yeT
CJIO)KHbIC nemecTBa TeJia caMOM KOpOBbl H 6yILymero TeJieHKa,
1rnu1 lfaCTb rrpcspamacTcJI B MOJIOKO. HaKottcu:, tJaCTh rrpocTbIX Be-
II{ecTB BbIBO!l:HTC51 113 opraHH3Ma KOpOBbl B Blf1{C OTXO/lOB.
CbCJJ
Ba-
r Mbl
BbT-
)AllH
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er.
posa
€II{C-
CeMy
THIO,
v 06bflCHV1, noYeMy pacTy~V1 111 TeneHoK noTpe6nHeT 6onbw e
se~ecTs, YeM BblAenHeT, a Koposa - HeT?
TeJieHOK 11crrOJib3YeT semecTBa JlJUI pocTa cnoero Te1ia. Ko-
pose He HY)KI-10 paCTH, HO ee opraHH3M HY)K!J:aCTC51 B o6HOBJie-
lllUl. CTapaJI IIIepcTb Koponb1 .n;sa)KlJ:bI B ron 3aMe1151c1 c5I HO-
eoii. Ko)Ka, KOIThITa nocTencnno cttauuma10TC5l cttapy)Ku 11 tta-
pacTaIOT H3HyTpH. TaK HC3aMCTIIO, IIC MeH5151 CBOeM q>opMbl l1
llC rrpCKpaw,aJI p a60TbI , ITOCT05IHHO 06110BJI5IIOTC5I l1 .npyr11c op-
raHbJ )IUIBOTHbIX. Ila caMoo6HOBJieHHe TeJia TaK)Ke yxo.n:11T
4aCTb ITOCTyrra10m11x B opraIIH3M Bell{CCTB l1 JIIeprHH.
CPABHl!lBAEM CBOl/1 BblBO,Q c ABTOPCKl/1M R
Bee Bt.1Abt >Kt.13HeAe~ne11bHOCTt11 B03MO>KHbt TOllbKO 3a
Cl.feT 1.1cno11b30B8Ht.1SI no11yl.feHHblX opraHt.13MOM BeLJ.4eCTB
111 3Hepr1.11.1.
06MeH BeLJ.4eCTB
nPl!1MEHS1EM HOBblE 3 HAHl/1S1
1. Lfro H83bl88IOT 06M8HOM se~eCTB?
2. .> B YeM pa3nV1YV1e Me>KAY o6MeHoM se~ecTs B3pocnoro V1
MOflOAOro opraHV13Ma?
3. B YeM pa3nV1YV1e o6MeHa se~ecTs pacTeHV1H V1 >KV1BOTHoro?
35

.QOnOJlHlllTEJlbHbllil MATEPlllAJl .QJls:I Jlf0603HATEilbHblX
36
ropeHMe M AblXaHMe
Jle7-ta: IloJiyqacTCJI, qTQ KOpoay MO)l(HQ Ha3BaTb
MaIIUIHOM .l(JUI ncpepa6oTKH TpaBbI B MOJIOKO H Te-
_,1JIT?
Muwa: f py6o roaop51, ,na.
B ,naHraTeJie aBTOM06HJIJI rop10Y.ee - 6ett3HH -
cropaeT. Ilp11 3TOM MarnHHa, no.uo6no opraHH3My,
.._._.__..._.~ HCTIOJib3yeT KHCJIOpo.n B03,nyxa. Bb1,neJIHBlIIa5IC5I
3HeprHJI coBeprnaeT pa6oTy - KPYTHT KOJ1cca. A OTXO.l(hI
BbIXJIOilHbIC ra3bI, rrapbl BO}lbl H yrJieKHCJibIM ra3 - BbI6paCbI-
BaIOTCJI B aTMoc¢epy.
Kopoaa TO)l(e B,nhrxaeT K11c110po,n, a a poIIH «roproqero» ,nJIJI
Hee BbICTynacT ITHI.Ua. YrJICKHCJibIM ra3 H .n.pyrHe OTXO.l(bl BbI-
6paCbIBaIOTCJI B OKpy)l(aIOmyro cpe,ny.
Ho ecTh H cymecTBeHHaJI pa3HHUa Me)l(.n,y aaToMo6HJieM H
Kopoaoi1. Ilpouecchr «ropettHH» a opraHH3Me rrpowcxo,nHT Me,n-
JieHHO, Ho 3aTo tterrpephIBHO. Be,nb OHM rrom:tep)I(HBaIOT )l(H3HC-
iceJ1TeJihHOCTb opraHH3Ma KaK BO BpeM51 .l(BH)l(eHH51, TaK H BO
apeMH rroKOH. BemecTaa, rroJiyl!CHHhre c rrHmc:H:, 11crroJih3YIOTCJ1
He TOJibKO }lJIJI rroJiyqeHHJI 3IIeprHH, HO H .l(JIJI «CTpOHTeJibCT-
Ba» opranwsMa: pocTa H rrocTcneHHoro caM006IIOBJieHHJ1. AaTo-
Mo6HJih )KC ue MO)l(eT caM ce6JI OTpeMOHTMpOBaTb HJIH XOTJI
6bI ITOKpaCHTb. 3To AOJI)l(CII ACJiaTb qeJIOBeK.
fc
HOC
1.
TOIV
2.
flW·f
3.
(nrn
>Ket-

:BaTb
l Te-
[H -
3My,
a.HC51
bl -
aCbl-
KaKVle se~ecTsa Heo6XOAV1Mbl wm pa6oTbl V1 >KV13HeAesnenb-
HOCTV1 V1 8BTOM06V1rno, V1 Kopose?
f optoYeel
IYrneK111cnb1Lil ra3I IYrneK111cnb1Lil ra3 j
PaccMoTpV1 ABB HV1>KHV1X pV1CYHKa. Ha KaKoe 0Tnw-1V1e Koposb1
11.JIH or asTOM06V1nH o6paTV1n BHV1M8HV1e XYAO>KHV1K?
Bbl-
MM
~te,n-
3He-
[ BO
)TC.H
bCT-
BTO-
:OT51
1. ..., B YSM CXOACTBO V1 B YeM pa3nV1YV18 B A8HTenbHOCTV1 as-
TOM06V1nH V1 KOpOBbl?
2. "' LfeM asToMo6V1nb noxo>K Ha >KV1BOVI opraHV13M, a YeM oT-
nV1YaeTCH OT Hero?
3. KaKVle o6~V1e csolllcTsa ecTb y asTOMo6vinH V1 Koposb1
(nocrynneHVle se~ecTs, pocT, npespa~eHvie se~ecTB, pa3MHO-
>KeHV1e, BblXOA se~eCTB)?
37

§ 9. KAK >KVIBblE OPrAHVl3Mbl 3AnACAKJT
3HEPrVIKJ COJlHUA
Mw.ta: Jletta, 11.zu1 CCTh Kamy.
JleHa: He 6yJJ.y. Mnura cKa3a.n, t.ITO MbI Bee nina-
CMC5I OT CoJittua.
Ma.Ma: 3To Beptto, HO 3Hepr1110 CoJIHUa MhI MO-
)l(eM noJiyt.IaTh TOJihI<O OT «KOpMHJibUeB». A Thi
«e.n.oK». IIoaTOMY H l(OJDKIIa ecTb I<arny, a To TaK H
OCTaIIelllhC5I pOCTOM «OT roprnKa /(Ba BeprnKa».
KaKoe Tbl 3aMen1n npon'1sope'-l~e (Me>K.QY cnosaM~ neHbl ~
MaMbl)?
~ KaKoVI y Te6H B03H~KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH~ c sap~aHTOM
aBTOpOB Ha CTp. 136.)
scnOMl!lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
Mo>t<eT n~ 3Hepr~H ~c'-le3aTb ~ noHBnHTbCH ~3 H~'-lero? [§ 4)
Mo>t<HO n~ >K~Tb, He nononHHH 3anacos 3Hepr~~? (§ 4)
noYeMy pacTeH~H Ha3blBatOT «KOpM~nbWaM~»? (§ 4)
YTC
1
Kai
./Ki
Tllfl
pac
r
)KC
KO'JJ
IIO~
3au
B J
poc
3HE
~ PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl!l~
0
0
38
~
Ka)K,l(blM opraHH3M TIOJiyt.IaeT nuepnuo OT CoJIHUa. qaCTb ee
Oil TpaTl1T na )l(H3HeJJ.e5ITeJibHOCTb 11 caM006HOBJieHHe, a t.IaCTh
3auacacT n cnocM TeJie, yne1111Y.11BaH cro pa3Mepb1.
• 1/13 KaK~X BelJ...!eCTB ~ c noMOL.J...!btO KaKOVl 3Hepr~~ CTpOHT
pacTeH~H ~ >K~BOTHble cso~ Tena? PaccMOTp~ p~cyHoK. 06b-
6 u Y.CNHCH~. '-lTO 0 03Ha'-l~n xy,QO>KH~K Kpy>t<KaM~ pa3Horo wseTa. -.TO
3a >KenTble '-lepTO'-lK~ ~x coe,Q~HHtOT? JJC4
0 0
0
1.
nae
2.
en

mua-
r MO-
~ Thi
'aK M
Hbl 111
HTOM
:§ 4)
'h ee
racTh
posn
)6b-
Yro
.J npo'-1111Tall1 T8KCT 111 06bs:!CHll1, OTKYAB y Te6s:i 6epyTCfl c111nbl,
YT06b1 6eraTb, npb1raTb, 111rpaTb, Y'-1111Tbcs:i?
Tb1 Mx npMo6peJI, Kor.n:a 3aBTpaKaJI ccro.n;HH yTpoM. B XJie6e M
Kame co.n:ep)KMTC5I 3Heprn5I CoJIHI(a, KOTopyro 3anacJIM pacTeHM5I.
)1(11BOTIIbie M JIIO):(M ycBaMBaIOT 3TY 3HeprMIO M3 paCTMTCJibHOH
IIHIUM JIM6o M3 pbr6bl MJIM M5ICa )KMBOTHbIX, KOTOpbie TIMTaJIMCb
pacTeHM5IMM.
Ilmworra:H: ce6H no )KHBOTy. OH M5IfKMH, noToMy tITO no.n: Ko-
)l{eH y Te65I Haxo.n;MTC5I CJIOM )KMpa. B HeM 3anaceHa 3HeprM5I,
KOT0pa5I TI03BOJIMT Te6e )KMTb, eCJIM npM.n;eTC5I HeKOTOpoe BpeM51
IIOfOJIO):(aTb. qeJIOBeK, KaK M .n:pyrMe )KMBbie opraIIM3MbI, MO)KeT
3arracaTb B ce6e 3HeprMro. EJiaro.n:ap5I 3TOMY MbI e.n;MM TPM pa3a
B ,n:eHb, a )KMBeM HenpepbIBHO. qaCTb 3anaCOB pacxo.n:ycTC5I Ha
pocT TeJia, KaK y JleHhI M MMIIlH.
KaK AOnro MO>KeT xpaHll1TbCfl B opraHll13Me TaKoll1 3anac
3Hepr111111? KorAa nony'-l111n111 ee A8Tll1 Ha nesoM p111cyHKe?
Ha pHcyttKe cnpaBa M3o6pa)KeH BeKOBOH .n:y6. B ero Mory-
qeM CTBOJie H paCKM):(MCTbIX BeTB5IX coxpaH5IeTC5I 3HeprH5I COJI-
HeqHbIX Jiyqe:H:, KOTOpa5I HaKaTIJIMBaJiaCh 6oJiee CTa JieT.
CPABHl/lBAEM CBOLll BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKl/lM
>K111eb1e opraH1'13Mbl MoryT 3anacaTb 3Hepr111t0 Co11H4a.
J
nPl!lMEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHl/1~
1. " Mb1 8All1M H8CKOnbKO pa3 s A8Hb, a 111cnonb3yeM 3Hepr111t-0
nocros:iHHO. KaK HaM 3TO YAB8Tcs:i?
2. 3a C'-leT K8KOll1 3Hepr111111 Bblpoc KapTocpenb, KOT0pb1111 Tbl
en HaKaHyHe?
39

rnaea Ill. 3KOJIOfllqECKA.H CHCTEMA
§ 10. >KV13Hb 3KOCVICTEMbl
40
onPE,QEns:JEM nP06nEMY YPOKA
Jleua: BoT 6b1110 6b1 3)lopoBo, ec1u1 6b1 He cTaJio
KOMapoB. A 3ao)l110 11 TapaKaHoB, Mbimew 11 LI:pyr11x
llCHY)KHbIX )KMBOTIIhIX.
Muwa: He 3a6brnai1, tJTo ace a M11pe CBJJ.3atto! Ko-
Maph1 MIIOfO'-IHCJieHHhie ttaccKOMhie. On11 BbIBO-
)l51TCJI B BO)lC, a rron16aroT Ha cy111e. ,[(O)K)lCBhIC rro-
TOKM CIIOCJIT Heo6xO)ll1MblC )lJI5I )KJ1311J1 BCIUeCTBa B
BO)lOeMbl, a KOMaphI B03Bpan~aIOT MX o6paTHO Ha rro-
jJJI, B 11yra 11 Jicca. He 6y.n:eT KOMapoB - napylllHTC51 KpyroBo-
poT BeTJ{eCTB. ,l{a 11 ypo)KaH na IIOJI5IX CH11311TC51.
MaAta: qacTo JKMBOTHhIX 11 pacTeH115I )lCJlJIT tta rroJie3IIbIX 11
Bpeti:HhIX. Ho Ha rrp11Mepc KOMapoB, 5I .n:yMaro, Bhr y6e.n:111n1cb,
l.J:TO B IIpHpO!{e neT HHllero JIMIIIHero.
KaK08 npon1sop8YV18 Tbl o6Hapy>t<Vln s cnosax n8Hbl VI Mlll-
WVI? (MO>K8T nlll nop~AOK B 3KOCV1CT8M8 nOAA8P>KV1BaTbC~ 683
KOMapos?]
'o) Ha KaKOi.11 sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb VlCKaTb OTB8T Ha ypoK8?
(CpaBHVl CO CTp. 136.)
BCnOMVIHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
rA8 06V1TalOT >KV1Bbl8 opraHV13Mbl: B 6VlOCcp8p8 111nV1 B 3KOCV1-
CT8M8? (§ 7)
'-ho TaK08 3KOCV1CT8Ma? (2 KJlacc]
KaK1118 «npocp8cc111V1» >Kll1BblX opraHV13MOB Tbl 3Ha8wb? (§ 7)
PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHVIS1
npoYVITai.11 T8KCT. 0TB8Tb Ha BOnpOCbl:
1] KaKylO YaCTb 3KOCll1CT8Mbl MO>KHO Ha3BaTb rnaBHOi.11?
2) K8KV18 CB~3Vl 068Cn8YV188IOT KpyrosopoT 88LJ..8CTB?
B npornJIOM roJly MbI roaop11Jiu o T0~1, lJTO B 3KOCHCTeMe
HeT HH'lero JIHWHero: BCe, lJTO B HeM rrpOM3BO,l(MTC5:l, TIOJIHO-
CTbIO 11CI10Jlh3yeTC5I ee o6ttTaTeJI}IMl1. OJiaro;:i:apR 3TOMY 3KOCH-
CTCMa cym.ecTeyeT 6e3 IlOCTOpouueii IlOMOII.J,H KaK yrO)lHO
)lOJlfO. I1p11lfl1Ha TaKOW ycTOMlJMBOCTl1 COCTOMT B TOM, lJTO o6M-
TaTeJIM 3KOCl1CTCMbl npHcnoco6HJIHCb K COBMeCTHOH )KH3HH.
Il03TOMY BCC 0611Taroiu11e B 3KOCHCTeMC )KJ1Bbie opraHM3Mbl
pa
06
HVI
CT~
JOT,
.upy
To.:
IlOT
MIU
pyu
I~
pac
11eT
11 B
M111
1
3aM

Ta.JIO
~rr11x
Ko-
>IBO-
rro-
3a B
rro-
OBO-
[X H
IICb,
V1vi-
6e3
Ke?
CVI-
7)
eMe
HO-
ICH-
!lHO
6u-
IHH.
Mbl
pa3llblX «IIpocpecctt:H:~ Ha3bIBaIOT coo6~eCTBOM ( o6oJICH11, qTO
06o:u1aY:aCT ::no CJIOBO) .
• nocMOTpltl Ha plllCYHOK. Ha HeM lt1306pa>K8Hbl )f(lt18bl8 opra-
HVl3Mbl, 06L11Tato~L11e Ha nyry. .QoraAa~cs:i, YTO o6o3HaYator
crpe11Klt1 KOplt1YH8BOro lt1 3eneHoro wsera. Ha~Altl OTB8T B T8KCT8.
IPacreH"1R •IKy3He1.11i1K I ..[COpoKonYTJ1----1.,-il CoKon
(FcTe~1----1..-JM1i1Kpo6b1 I
@:::opoKonyr I ..J >KyK1i1-Mornnbll.."1K"1 I
IM1i1Kpo6~ .. , PacreH"1R I
Tb1, naBcpttoc, )(ora)(aJICJI, qTo 3CJICHbIC cTpCJIKH rroKa3bIBa-
IOT, KTO qeM rr11TaeTCJI. TaK11e uerroqKH 113 rroe)(arom11x JJ:pyr
.upyra )1(11BbIX opraH113MOB Ha3hIBaIOTCJI u;enHMH IlHTaHHH.
ToJihKO KY3IIeq11K11 11 rrT11UhI JIOBJIT )1(11By10 JJ:06h1qy, Be)(h OHH
noTpe6HTeJIH. A BOT )l(yK11-Mor11Jibll.(11K11, .no)l(,neBbie qepB11 11
MHKp06hI rn1TaIOTCJI y)l(e yMeplll11M11 opraHH3MaMH - OHM paa-
pyurnTeJIH.
Ho qTo )Ke TOr)(a o6o3HaqaeT cTpeJIKa OT «MycopmttKOB~ K
pacTCHHJIM? Hey)J(eJIH pacTeHHJI rroe.naroT M11Kpo60B? KoHetIHO
neT! IIpocTo pa3pylllttTeJIH rrorJiomaroT nor116lllne opraHH3MhI
l1 B pc3yJibTaTe CBoero o6MeHa BemecTB OCTaBJIJIIOT B IlOtIBe
Ml111CpaJJ.bllbIC BCII.(eCTBa, KOTOpbie 11CITOJib3YIOT pacTeIIHJI.
TaKHM o6pa30M, c rroMOII.(bIO pa3pyuu1TCJ1ci1 ucrrH IIHTaHHJI
3aMbJKaIOTCJI B KpyrOBOpOT.
41

42
YTO 8Ll..8, Kp0M8 C006Ll..8CTBa pa3mt1YHblX opraH~3MOB, BXO-
A~T s 3Koc~cTeMy? Ha111A~ Ha p~cyHKe >t<~Bble opraH~3Mbl pa3-
HblX «npotj:lecc~l.11». TonbKO n~ >t<~Bafl np~poAa BXOA~T s 3KO-
c~cTeMy?
noYeMy npesp8Ll..8H~8 B8Ll..8CTB B 3KOC~CT8M8 Ha3blBalOT
KpyrosopoToM?
Terrepb MbI MO)KeM c.n:eJiaTb sa)KIIbIM BbIBO.U. B JI106oi1 rrp11-
pOJlHOM 3KOCMCTCMC cynlCCTByeT CBOH KpyroaopoT aemccTB.
EJiaro.n:ap.H eMy n po113Be.n:ettHbIC B 3KocwcTcMe BemecTBa rroJI-
HOCThIO MCilOJib3YIOTC51 ee 0611TaTeJI5IMl1. M11ttepaJibHbIC BCTI(eCT-
Ba IlOCTyna10T K pacTeHl15IM, OT HMX - K )KJ1BOTllbIM, OT IllfX -
K rpn6aM 11 M11KpoopraHJ13MaM M 3aTeM B03BpanlaIOTC51 B IlOY.-
By, r.n:c OHM CHOBa CTaHOB5ITC51 J].OCTYITHblMM .ll.JI.H pacTeIIMM.
TaKMM o6pa3oM, o.n:1111 M Te )Ke ":laCTMilbI BcmecTBa ncnoJih3y-
IOTCH pa3HbIMM cymecTBaMH MHoro pa3. Onn ncpe;xaIOTC51 no
Kpyry, HO He rrporra.n:aIOT, a TOJibKO BHJ].Ol13MeH5IIOTC}l, BX0l(5I B
COCTaB TeJI pa3HbIX opraHH3MOB.
1.
2.
3.
Ta
4.
5.
BO
6.
Hb
OH
3KC

3X0-
)83-
3KO-
8IOT
1pn-
:CTB.
lOJI-
;ecT-
ex -
uoq-
111tt.
h3y-
[ no
l5l B
L
CPABHl/IBAEM CBOLll BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl/IM
3KOC~CTeMa - eA~HCTBO >K~BOlil ~ He>K~BOlil np~pOAbl, e
KOTOpOM coo6~eCTBO >K~BblX opraH~3MOB pa3HblX «npo-
cpecc~lil» cnoco6HO COBMeCTHblM~ yc~n~SIM~ nOAAep>t<~
B8Tb KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe.
3KOC~CTeMa, coo6~eCTBO >K~BblX opraH~3MOB, ~enb n~TaH~SI
nPl/IMEH51EM HOBblE 3HAHl/l51
1. J YeM 3KocvicTeMa noxo>t<a Ha 6vioccpepy, a YeM OTJlVIYaeTcH?
2. .., YTO TaKoe coo6~eCTBO >Ki.1Bb1X opraHVl3MOB?
3. Ha3osvi >KVIBbre opraHi.13Mbl, cocTasnmo~vie OAHY ~enb n1.1-
T8HVIR
4. ..J 1/13 KaKl-1X YaCTerll COCTOVIT 3KOCl.1CT8Ma?
5. noYeMy 3KOCl.1CT8Ma MO>K8T CKOJlb yrOAHO AOJlrO cy~eCT-
BOBaTb 6e3 noCTOpOHH8rl1 noMO~VI?
6. ntaAVI YaCTO Ha3blBatOT Vl306pa>KeHHblX Ha pV1CYHK8 >KVIBOT-
HblX vi pacTeHl-1H speAVIT811HMVI. KaK Tbr CYVITaewb, npasbr nvi
OHl.1?
MblWb
R4i 7. nopa6oTarl1Te s nape. 0AVIH 1113 sac npviBOAVIT npviMep
,,.. BP8AVIT8J1H, a BTOporll 06bHCHH8T, noYeMy OH Ba>KeH AJlH
3KOCVICT8Mbl. 3aTeM nOM8Hflrl1T8Cb p011s:!MVI.
I 43

'@(l
riB
§ 11 . nO'-fBA - BA>KHElilWA~ "iACTb 3KOCVICTEMbl
BCnOMVIHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
KaKylO ponb ~rpaeT s 3Koc~cTeMe KpyrosopoT B8Ll.8CTs?
KaKosa ponb pa3pyw~Tene~ s KpyrosopoTe? (§ 7)
rAe >K~BYT pa3pyw~Ten~? (§ 7)
Jleua: IJoqeMy BCTKH, KOTOpbIC H TIOCTaBMJia B
BO,ny, .ZJ:aJIM JIMCToqKH, HO /(aJibIIIe He pacTyT?
Muwa: l{JIH pocTa pacTeHIUTM HY)KHa ne TOJihKO
BO):(a, HO 11 MHHepaJibHhie COJIH. Ilo:::>TOMY pacTeHMH
ca:>KaIOT He B 6aHKY c BO.ZJ:OM, a B ...
Ki
r y M
PYII!
IIOY.
IOT
TI04
4
mec
TYT
fllO•
3a11e:
II
6oii
KyAa HY>KHO ca>KaTb pacTeH~s=t? YTo s=isns=ieTcs=t ny 1
onopo~ Ans=t ~x Tena?
u 0 YeM Tbl Y3Ha8Wb Ha ypoKe? (CpaBH~ co CTp. 136.)
~ PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHVI~
l/lccneAyeM CBO~CTBa nOYBbl. nopa6oTa~Te B rpynnax:
npOB8A~Te ABa OnblTa.
Ilepeh1ii o nhIT. Bo3bMHTe roplllOK c noqBoii M Ha-
Jiei1Te Ty.na HeMHoro BO.ZJ:bI. II011a6Jiro.n:ai1Te, BhITeqeT
JIM oHa CHH3y. C.n:cJia.H:Tc BbIBO.ZJ:, y.n:ep)KHBaeT JIM
IIOl.fBa BOJ(y.
B Topoii onhIT. Bo3bMMTC ropcTOl.fKY noqBbI 11
6pOCbTe ee B CTaKaII C BO,ll.OM. qTO 6yneT TIO.ZJ:HMMaTb-
C5I BBepx? Onpe.n:cJIHTC, qTo con cp)KMTCH B noqBe.
KaKylO ponb s 3Koc~cTeMe ~rpaeT noYsa? KaK oHa B03H~
KaeT?
~ no"i.;;-- 3TO noeepXHOCTHbllil nllOAOPOAHbllil CllOlil 3eM11~
44
IloYsa B03HHKaeT B pe3y JibTaTe pa3py mc1111R ropttbIX rropo.n
non B03.ll.CHCTBMeM BJiar11, B03.n:y xa, TCllJla , XOJIO.n:a 11 .n:eHTeJib-
IIOCTM )KHBhlX opraHM3MOB.
B IIOt.rnc )KHBeT MHO)KeCTBo MHKpocKonvrqccK11x pa3pyIII11Te-
11cii opra1n1qccKMx BemecTB. OHM rrepepa6aTbrnaroT ocTaTKM op-
ra11113MOB B MMHepaJibHbie Ben(eCTBa, Heo6xo,n11Mbie pacTeHMHM.
1.
2.
3. •
4 . •
88HI-

a B
lbKO
HH51
nax:
1 11
aTb-
1Hll1-
~. )
tpo.n
e.1b-
nre-
op-
UIM.
KpoMe Toro, B noqBe co.ncp)l(HTCJC rreperHoii, HJIH
ryMyc. Ott 06pa3yeTcJC B pe3yJibTaTc HenoJIHoro pa3-
PYII1CIIHJC ocTaTKOB opraHH3MOB. fleperttoft CKJic11uacT
rroqBy B KOMOqK11, Me)l(,ll.y KOTOpbIMJ1 JierKO npOIIMKa-
IOT B03,nyx, Bona 11 )l(HBbie cymecTBa. Bepxtt11i1 CJlOM
rroqBbI, HaCbIIIJ.eHHbIM neperHOCM, JIMCeT Te:MHbIH HBCT.
qeM 60.JibIIIe B noqBe neperHOJl 11 MHHepaibHbIX Be-
Il{CCTB, TeM Olla II.JIO~OpO~Hee, TCM ~1yqllle Ha new pac-
TYT pacTeH115I. CaMbie nJio,nopon:nbIC 11 6oraTbIC ncpc-
rttoeM noqBbI Y:CpHo3eMbI. Pocc11JC HMeeT 6011bw11e
3arracb1 qep11oscMIIbIX seMeJih.
Iln:o~opo~He IIO'IB - O,ll.HO 113 r JiaBIIbIX 6oraTCTB JII0-
6oJ:i crpaHbI. K neMy Ha,ll.0 OTIIOCHTbCJl 6epe)l(H0. floq-
BY Ha,ll.O o6eperaTh or BbIMbrna111151 11 BbIBeTp11Ba1n15I.
Pa3pywi,..nem'1 - 06111TaTen111 noYBbl
nPl/lMEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHl/1~
1. YTo TaKoe noYsa?
2. KaKoe 3HaYeHlt1e lt1MeeT s nplt1pOAe noYsa?
;" ~' ·1 /., .... ' . .r, n-...., , 1. '
I ' ~ - '
~:~nepef.H01'1
.. .. - . -
, I _, ";' :... ... • ... • • .. •. '
;~ , · ·1
Yepsb
nol.fB8, neperHOlll
0.,...~
3. Mo>KHO fllt1 CYlt1T8Tb noYsy >Klt1BOll1 YaCTbtO 3KOClt1CT8Mbl?
4. KaK H83blB88TCfl B81J48CTBO, OT KOTOporo 38Blt1Clt1T noY-
88HH08 nflOAOPOAlt18?
f.571 5. nopa60T8111T8 B nape: OAlt1H H83bl888T 06lt1T8T8fl8111
t1m nOYBbl, a BTOpolll 06bflCHfl8T lt1X pOflb. 45

§ 12. 3KOClllCTEMA 03EPA
onPEaEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA
Jleua: KaK )KaJih, l:lTO name 03epo 3aHOCHTC5I
11JI0M! B HeM y)Ke Henp115ITII0 KynaThC5I...
Muwa: TbI npaBa. IloxO)KC, pa3pyw11TeJI11 B 03epe
nc cnpaBJI5IIOTC5I co cBoci1 pa6oToi1. BoT OHO nocTe-
netttto H 3apacTaeT. EcJI11 TaK rroM:.n:eT M ,n:anhrne, Ha-
ruc 03epo rrpeBpaTMTC5I B 6oJIOTO.
YeM rosopsn pe6sna? DTseT Ha KaKo~ sonpoc Tbl Ha~
A8Wb H8 ypoKe? (CpaBHV1 co CTp. 136.)
&t BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
rAe o6pa3ytOTCH 03epa? YeM OHV1 OTnV1'-f8tOTCH OT Apyr111x BO-
AOeMOB? (2 Kflaccl
KaK111e «npocpecc111111» >t((,.1Bbrx opraHV13MOB Mbl scTpeyaeM s
Ka>KAO~ 3KOCV1CTeMe? KaKOBbl 111x pon111? (§ 7)
~ PEWAEM nP06nEMY. OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
46
Kat< o~epa npeepal!4af0Tcs:1 e 6onoTa?
Q3cpa pacrroJiaraIOTC5I B yrJiy6Jictt115Ix cyrnw. Bo.n:a cTeKaeT B
KOTJIOBHnhI 11 ocTaeTc5I TaM. Pyt.JbM YI pcKw, Bna.n:a10mtte B 03e-
pa, nccyT c co6oif MHO)KeCTBO llCCt.IJ1HOK, MCJII<J1X qacnni; rroq-
BbJ c ocTaTKaMH opraHH3MOB, nor116rnwx ua cyrne. B 03epax
Tel:leIIH.H ueT, rroaTOMY Bee rrona.n:a1ow,11c n nwx TBep,n:hre qac-
THUbI occ.n:a10T Ha .ZJ:HO H 3allOJIII5IIOT 03Cpny10 KOTJIOBHHy. qa-
CTHl(bl ropIIblX nopo.n:, nepeMCIU11Ba51Cb c OCTaTKaMM opraHH3-
MOB caMoro o3epa 11 npttHeceHHhIMM c cyurw, o6pa3yIOT HJI.
B pe3yJihTaTe pa3pyrnwTeJI5IM rrpwxo1n1TC5I BhrnoJIH51Th ,n:Boft-
ttyro pa6oTy. OHM ,n:OJI)KHhI rrepepa6aThIBaTb ne TOJihKO OTXO.ZJ:hI
03ep11oi1 3KocwcTeMhI, HO 11 coce.n:ttux c new aKocwcTeM cyrnw.
c 3TOM /l:BOHIIOH pa60TOH pa3pyrn11TeJI11 o6bil:lHO IlOJIHOCThIO He
cnpaBJI5IIOTC5I. 0TXO.ZJ:hl HaKaITJIHBaIOTC5I B BHJJ.e HJia. 03epo 3a-
pacTaeT 11 co BpeMeHeM rrpeBpamaeTC51 B 6oJIOTO.
Ecn~ KpyroeopoT Bel!4eCTB He nonHoCTbfO 3aMKHyT, TO
ycnoe~s:t B 3KOC~CTeMe nocTeneHHO MeHs:lfOTCfl. lllMeHHO
n03TOMY Ha MecTe 03epa paHO ~Jl~ n03AHO nos:tBJls:teTCfl
60J10TO.
KaK
Pa
c no~
JK~
JT51IOT
J1x H
KJieTC
TYT 6
B6J
pacTy
ll:OH.
60ll )((

ITC.sI
3epe
·CTC-
Ha-
a~-
BO-
M B
KaK ce~38Hbl opraHlll3Mbl e 3KOClllCTeMe oaena?
PaccKa>K~ 06 o6~TaTen~x o3epa ~ ~x cs~3~X APYr c ApyroM
C nOMOLI.4blO CX8Mbl. nposepb ce6H, ~CnOnb3YH T8KCT ~ p~CYHK~.
3KocucTcMa o3cpa «.n:Byx3TaJKHa.sI». Bepxttwn «JTaJK» cocTaB-
j l5IIOT MCJIKJ1e opraHH3MbI, KOTOpbie IIJiaBaIOT B TOJIU{e BO.LJ:bl.
~T B l1x Ha3I>IBaJOT IIJiaHKTOHOM. K HeMy OTHOC.sITC.sI MCJIKUe O.LJ:H0-
)3e- KJieTOt.tJihie pacTe1uu1 (so.n:opocJI11) M )KMBOTHblC. Ha .n:ne pac-
IOll- ryr 6oJICC KpyIIIIbie pacTeHH.sI, uaup11Mcp ~)JI()JJ.C.H.
pax B61u1311 6cpcroB BM.LJ:IIhI KyBu111TIKa, porcb 11 KaMbilll. OHM
iac- paCTYT B BO/(C, 110 JIHCTb.sI H CTC6JIH MX pacrrOJIO)J(eHbT Ha,n: B0-
1Ia- /lOH. IlocMOTpH BHHMaTeJibHO Ha poro3. 3TO pacTeHHe 01J1H-
(H3- 6otJIIO Ha3bJBaIOT KaMbllliOM.
OH-
)L{bl
UHL
He
3a-
0
0
S1 nnaHKTOHHbl8
BOAOpocm.'1
Poro3
* .I
~~~~ ~~~~~~__!1_~~~~~.!l?mt~~
Kysw~HKa
Xapa
47

I
PoTaH
48
Mtto:/KeCTBO o,n:HOKJieToqttbIX Bo,n:opocJiei1: rrpHBJie-
KaeT BHHMaHMe IIOTpe611TeJieM. Cpe,n:M HMX rrpeo6Jia-
,l(aIOT MeJIKMe paqKM - ,l(acPHMM M ~MKJIOIIbI, xopOlllO
3HaKOMhie JII0611TeJIHM aKBap11yMoB. Mx 11crroJib3YIOT
B KaqecTBe KOpMa ,zJ:JIH pb16. ,lla¢HMM M ~MKJIOIIbI
cPHJibTPYIOT (rrporrycKaIOT qepe3 ce6H) BO,l(y B IIOMC-
Kax MeJIKMX BO,n:OpOCJieM. 0,l(MH TaKOM paqoK, KOTO-
poro BM,l(HO TOJibKO B Jiyrry, «06pa6aTbIBaeT» 3a cyT-
KM rroqn1 JIHTP BO,l(bl.
PaqKaMM KOpMHTCH MHOrMe pbI6bI, HarrpHMep Ka-
pacb M IIJIOTBa. 3TMMM pb16aMM, B CBOIO oqepe,l(b, He-
pe,l(KO JiaKOMHTCH x11mttb1e oKyHh 11 myKa.
YKlle~Ka
ll.lyKa
Q3epHbl8 pb16bl
M0Tb1nb (m1Y1t1HK111 KOMapos)
Q3epHb1e pa3pyw111Ten111
He:
MHOI
tte6o
Mapa
oprai
1.
3KOC
2.
)f(ll13f-
3.
4.
5.
CBfl31
8 H8•
6.
038p

rne-
").1a-
DUIO
YIOT
)fJbI
rnc-
ffO-
:yT-
Ka-
He-
D
D
Ha ti:He BOti:oeMoB 11<IIBYT pa3pynn1Te1nL K HMM OTHOC51TC51
MHOfOl!HCJieHHbie MHKpo6bI, a TaKJKe BCeM H3BeCTHbie paKH H
tte60JibIIIHe KpaCHbie «1IepB511IKH>.'>. 3To MOTbIJib - }lHllHHKH KO-
MapoB. Bee 9TH o6HTaTeJIH ti:Ha rrHTaIOTC51 ocTaTKaMH yMepIIIHX
opraHH3MOB.
3KOC~CTeMa 03epa
nPl/IMEHS1EM HOBblE 3HAHl/IS1
1. Bee n1t1 «npocpecc11n'1» )f(1t1Bb1x opraH1t13MOB ecTb s 03epHoll1
3KOCV1CT8M8?
2. KaK 061t1TaTen1t1 o3epHoro coo6LJ.teCTBa np1t1cnoco61t1n1t1cb K
>Klt13Hlt1 s 03epe?
3. noYeMy 038p0 MQ)f(8T H8'18Tb 38p8CT8Tb?
4. noYeMy B '1lt1CTOM 038p8 BOA8 npo3p8'1H88, '18M B peKe?
5. PaccKa)f(1t1, KaK Ha3b1saKlTC~ lt1306pa)f(eHHb1e Ha pV1CYHKe
CB~3lt1 Me)f(Ay opraHlt13M8Mlt1 3KOCV1CT8Mbl 03epa. 06b~CHlt1, noYeMy
B Hee BKflKlYeH '18fl088K B Blt1A8 CKOBOPOAbl c )f(8p8HOll1 pb10KOll1.
6. KaK Tbl c111t1Taewb, YTO 6onbwe cTpaAaeT OT 3arp~3HeHV1~:
038p0 lt1fllt1 peKa? noYeMy?

'6)(1
iB
§ 13. 3KOClllCTEMA 60IIOTA
JleHa: IloqeMy 3.D.eCb TaKaJI 3hI6KaJI 3CMJUI?
Muwa: IloToMy qTo 3TO 6oJIOTO. 3.uecb rro.u TOJI-
CThIM CJIOeM pacTeHHtt HaXO.D.HTCJI no.ua. TbI noM-
HHIIIh, KaKaJI 3KOCHCTeMa 6bIJia paHbllle Ha MeCTe
6oJioTa?
0 KaKoll1 3KOClt1CTeMe rosoplt1T Mlt1wa? YTo Tbl
y3H88Wb Ha ypoKe? (CpasHlt1 co cTp. 136.)
BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
rAe H8 nosepXHOCTlt1 3eMfllt1 pacnOflO>K8Hbl 60flOT8? (2 KJ18CC)
YTO 6blfl0 npe>KA8 Ha M8CT8 60110Ta? (§ 12)
YTO npolt1CXO.Qlt1T c 3KOClt1CT8MOll1, 8 KOTOpoll1 KpyrosopoT
3aMKHYT He nOflHOCTbto? (§ 12)
Karo lt13 o6lt1TaTenell1 60110T Tbl 3Haewb? (2 Kllacc)
133 PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
50
npeepa~eHfl!e 03epa B 6onOTO
c nOMO~bKJ plt1CYHKOB caMOCTOHT8flbHO pa36eplt1Cb 8 TOM,
KaK o3epo npespa~aeTcH s 60110To. nposepb ce6H no TeKCTY.
KaK Tbl TIOMII.Hlllb, KpyroBOpOT nemecTB B 03epe He TIOJIHO-
CTbIO 3aMKHyT. 3TO 3HaqHT, l.J:TO )KHBbie opraHH3Mbl He ycne-
BaIOT HCTIOJih30BaTh HeKOTOpb1e semecTBa. OttH HaKarrJIHBaIOT-
cJI, 11 ycJIOBHJI B o3epe MeIIJIIOTCJI. PacTeHHJI n0Kpb1Ba10T He
TOJJbKO 6epera H ,UHO, HO 11 3aJIHTYIO COJIH~eM IIOBepxHOCTb
o3epa. KopHHMH pacTeHHJI npot.IHO crrJieTaIOTCJI .upyr c .upyroM,
06pa3y51 CJlJIOillllOH JlJiaByt.IHM KOBep-crrJiaBHHy.
Hall1.Qlt1 cn11aslt1HY Ha plt1CYHKe.
C1
TIOK}:
E Jin:
KOBp
6ary
JICT
06"11
Pc
cooEi
CBH3
6a
M
D

Crv1an11Ha nocTerreHHO CMbIKaeTC5I, sarroJIHJHI Bee oscpo. ,lltto,
IIOKpbITOe HJIOM H OCTaTKaMH pacTeHHM, CTaHOBHTC5I BCC BbIIIIe.
EJIH3 6eperoB Il05IBJI5IeTC5I MOX c¢arHyM, KOTOpbIM rycTbIM
KOBpOM HacTynaeT ua o3epo. Cpe.n.11 Mxa rroceJIJIIOTCJI KJIIOKBa,
'OJI- 6aryJibHHK H OCOKH. EbIBIIIee 03epo no rrpoIIIeCTBUH MHOfHX
OM- .i1eT rrpespamaeTCJI B .n.pyryIO 3KOCHCTeMy - 6oJIOTO.
!CTe
Tbl
ICC)
por
OM,
ry.
:IO-
ae-
OT-
He
:Th
)M,
06~TaTe1n1 6onoT
PaccMoTpltl Ha pLt1CYHKax pacTeHltls=t lt1 >KltlBOTHblX 60110THoro
coo6~eCTBa. K K8Klt1M «npocpeCCltls=tM» OHltl OTHOCs=tTCs=t? YTO ltlX
CBs=t3bl888T C 60J10TOM? '°-iTO Tbl 0 HltlX 3H88Wb lt13 KHltlr?
nocb
l<nt0KB8
6arynbHV1K
rony6lt1K8 I
KpoHwHen>Kypasnb
MopowKa
KyponarKa
6onOTHbl8 paCT8Hltts:l >KvtBOTHbl8 - 06V1T8T8flV1 6onoT
51

Hall1A~Te B T8KCT8 OTB8Tbl Ha sonpoCbl, BblH8C8HHbl8 B 3aro-
nOBK~.
'-ITO oxpaHfleT 60110THYIO BOAY OT BblCblX8H"1fl?
0,n;MH 113 caMbIX MHTepeCHbIX 0611TaTeJieM coo6me-
CTBa 6oJIOT - MOX ecparHyM, KOTOpbIM o6Jia,naeT y ,nM-
BMTeJibHOM erroeo6HoeTbIO BIIMTbIBaTb B ee65I Bo,ny.
PacTeHMe BeeoM Beero 10 r (3TO Bee O,lI;HOro CIIM-
qeqHoro KOpo6Ka) MOJKeT ~BbIIIMTb~ UeJibIM eTaKaH
BO,lI;bI. Eme O,lI;HO MHTepeeHoe eBOMeTBO ecparHy Ma
MCIIOJib3yeTC5I B Me,D;MUMHe. 3TO pacTeHMe MOJKeT
y611BaTb 6aKTepMM. Ilo3TOMY BhleyrneHHbIM ecparHyM
MHOr,na MCIIOJib3YIOT BMeCTO 6MHTOB M BaTbI.
Mox ccparHyM
IloCMOTpM Ha pMCYHOK CTpOeHM5I MOXOBOro 6oJIO-
Ta. Mx11 yxo,n;HT eTe6JIHMM BrJiy6h, HO 3eJieHhIMM HB-
JIHIOTCH TOJibKO 11x BepxyrnKM. H11JKe pacrroJiaraIOTCH
6eJieebie OTMeprnMe qacTM CTe6JieM. Eme HMJKe BM,D;-
Hbl errpeeeoBaHHhie 6yph1e oeTaTKM Tex JKe paeTeHMH.
KaK o6paayeTcfl Topcp?
Pa3pyrn11TeJIHM Tpy,n;Ho JKMTb B 6oJIOTHOM rrotIBe.
Ilo.n eJioeM Mxa Bee BpeMH eb1po 11 xoJio,n;Ho. K TOMY
JKe TaM HeT KMCJIOpo,na ,lI;JI5I ,lI;bIXaHM5I, a ccparHyM
y611BaeT MMKpoopraHM3MbI. Ilo3TOMY OTMeprnMe oeTaT-
KM He pa3pyrna10Te5I, a rroeTerreHHO yrrJIOTHHIOTCH 11
rrpeBpama10Te5I B TOpcp. Cyxoli TOpcp xoporno ropMT.
Ha HeKOTOphIX 3JieKTpoeTaHUMHX ero 11erroJih3YIOT
KaK TOIIJIMBO M Bbipa6aTbIBaIOT 3JieKTpMtieeTBO.
Co BpeMeHeM ToJima Topcpa eTaHOBMTeH Bee BbI-
rne, a 6oJIOTO - eyrne. Tor,na OHO HatIMHaeT 3apac-
TaTh TpaBOM. Ilpoli,neT MHOro JieT, M 3,neeh MoryT
II05IBMTbC5I JiyrOBbie UBeTbI: JIIOTMKM, poMaIIIKM,
CTpoeH~e MOXOBOro KOJIOKOJibl!MKM.
6onoTa
52
K
H•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Hblr.Ji
6...
npe1
HOK_
c
7. •
Tbl I
6onc
8.
npoi.
9.

1ro-
me-
')l;H-
>ny.
IIH-
KaH
yMa
ff<eT
IYM
1JIO-
JIB-
1TC$l
H)l;-
v
mH.
rne.
)MY
IYM
rar-
~ M
>HT.
TIOT
BhI-
>aC-
ryT
.KH,
CPABHV1BAEM CBOVl BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKV1M
~ - lK 1,1 e o3epe, e 60110Te KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe He non-
TblO 38MKHYT, no3TOMY B HeM HaKan111,1eaeTCS1 Topcp.
3KOC"1CTeMa
nPV1MEH$'.lEM HOBblE 3HAHV1$'.l
1. KaK B03H~KaeT 6onoTo?
2. KTO BXOA~T B coo6~eCTBO 6onoTa?
3. 8 YeM CXOACTBO ~ OTn~Y~e 3KOC~CT8M 03epa ~ 6onoTa?
4. noYeMy 60nOTH8H 3KOC~CT8M8 nepeyBfi8)1(H8Ha?
5. noYeMy BOAa neToM s o3epe corpesaeTCH, a noA 6onoT-
HblM MXOM BC8rAa XOfiOAHO?
6. 1/13 o3epa BblTeKan pyYelll. KaK Tbl AYMaewb, KOrAa 03epo
npespaT~TCH B 6onOTO, pyYelll BblCOXH8T ~n~ H8T (neBbllll p~cy-
HOK)?
Q3epo npespaT~nocb s 6onoTo
7. • K 6onoTaM Y8CTO OTHOCHTCH K8K K 6pocosolll 38Mne. KaK
Tbl AYM88Wb, YTO Mbl noTepHeM ~ YTO np~o6peTeM, ocywaH
6onoTa (npaBbllll p~cyHoK)?
8. PyYb~ n~TalOT peYK~. peYK~ n~TalOT 6onbw~e peK~. YTo
npo~30lllA8T, ecn~ ocyw~Tb 6onoTa Ha o6w~pHolll Tepp~Top~~?
i{
60110T8
0.,,.~
9. ToptjJ - Tonn~so. YeM onacHo ocyweHHoe 6onoTo? 53

§ 14. 3KOClllCTEMA JlYfA
~ onPE):lEJl~EM nP06JlEMY YPOKA
Jleua: 3al.JCM Jiy)f(aMKY B rrapKe CKOCHJIH? TaM Ta-
KaJI COl.JHaJI TpaBa 6hIJia.
Muwa: Ec1111 TpaBy He KOCHTh, TO 3acoxrn11e cTe6-
1111 noMernaIOT eiI pacTH B 6y.nymeM ro.ny. IIo3TOMY
TpaBy B napKax H cKarni-rnaIOT.
.J Ha KaKoe npOTl.·180p8Yll18 Tbl o6paTll1Jl BHll1MaH111e?
(YTO np011130ll1A8T B napKe, 8CJ1111 Tpasy He KOCll1Tb?)
KaKolll y Te6H so3Hll1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 c sa-
p111aHTOM aBTOpOB Ha CTp. 136.)
~ scnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
YTo TaKoe nyr? KaK111e pacTeH111H 111 >Kll1BOTHble TaM 06111Tat0T?
(§ 10, >Kll13H8HHblll1 onblT)
B KaK111x np111pOAHblX 30Hax npeo6naAat0T TpasHHll1CTb1e pac-
TeH111H? (2 Knacc)
~ PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1s:l
npoYll1Tall1 T8KCT 111 onp8A8Jlll1, KaKll18 paCT8Hll1H pacryr Ha nyry
111 KTO TaM y6111paeT H8CKOW8HHYKJ Tpasy.
):lepH111H8 3Jl8KOB
)laBaM no6JIH)f(e Il03HaKOMHMC51 c pacTeHH51MH Jiyro-
BOfO coo6mecTea. Cpe.n11 JiyroBhIX npo11sBo,n11Te11ei1
npC)f(,ZJ;e BCero IIJ)l(HO OTMeTHTb 3Jl3KH. 3To TpaB51HHC-
TbIC pacTeHH5I c IlOJihIM CTe611eM-COJIOMHHOM YI HeB3paq-
HbIMl1 MeJIKHMH U:BeTKaMH.
3JiaKH 11epe,nKO o6pa3yIOT ryCTbIC .nepHMHbl HJIH KOq-
KH 113 CilJieTeHHbIX KOpHeM. Bo BpeM5l cypoBOM 3HMbI
HMCHHO B .nepHHHe nepe)f(HBaIOT He611aronpIUITHbIH ne-
p110.n 6y.nym11e MOJIO.lJ:ble pOCTKH.
Po.n11tta MHOr11x 3JiaKOB cyx11e cTenH H caBanHbI,
r.ne nacyTC51 .ZJ:MKHe KOilbITHhie )f(HBOTHbie. OHM Ol.JCHb
JII065IT Ill1TaTbC5l 3THMH pacTeHH51MH. Ilo3TOMY 3JiaKH
Bhipa6oTaJIH np11cnoco6JieHH5I rrpoTHB r116e1111: HX JI11c-
Tb5I pacTyT nyqKQM OT OCIIOBaHH51, a na MeCTe C'bC.lJ:CH-
HOfO JIHCTa 6bICTpo BbipacTaeT HOBbIM.
c
u:e
JIIO
pac
Bo,
3yn
~
8TC
KM
np:i;
UBE
M e
r
,npy
H C
IOIIJ
r
n1'1U
KTc
r1'1X
., 06bHCHll1 c nOMOLJ4btO T8KCTa, noYeMy pacnawKa nyros YaCTO
np111BOAll1T K pocry osparos. j ryc1
54

ra-
re6-
'.)MY
~e?
?)
sa-
IOT?
>aC-
nyry
vro-
~jJeii
HHC-
:paq-
KOq-
l1MbI
· ne-
HHbl,
1.JeHb
JIaKM
~111c
~.uett-
8CTO
0TJJHqMTeJibHOe CBOHCTBO 3JiaKOB - crroco6HOCTb c IIOMOI.U;blO
uenKMX rreperrJieTeHHbIX KOpueH: CKpeIIJUITb OCbinarom;y10CJI 3eM-
JIIO. IlocJie Toro KaK CKJIOHbI OBpara 3apacTaIOT TpaBJIIIl1CTbIMM
pacTeHM5IMl1, IlOTOKl1 .ZJ;O)K.n:eBOH BO.ll:bl nepecTaIOT MX pa3MbJBaTb.
Bo.n:a 3aIIOJIHHeT nocTOJIHHoe pycJio pyqhH Ha .n;He ospara. B pe-
3YJihTaTe ~paHa~ Ha nosepxHOCTM seMJIM (ospar) 3aJieqMsaeTCJI.
KaK Tbl AYMaewb, nolieMy Ha nyry MHoro pacreHvi~ onb1n51-
erc51 serpoM, a s necy - Mano?
3JiaKM - caMhie MHoroqMcJieHHhie pacTeHMJI Jiyros. Ho useT-
KM MX HeB3paqHbI, M OHM OilbIJIJIIOTCJI BeTpOM. KpacoTy Jiyry
rrp11.n;aeT necTpbIH KOBep M3 pa3HOTpaBb5I. 5JpKMe JieIIeCTKH
uaeTKOB npHBJieKaIOT HaCeKOMbJX-OilbIJIMTeJieH. llIMeJIH, nqeJibl
11 6a60'!Kl1 CHYIOT IlOBCIO.l(y B IlOMCKax CJia.n;Koro HeKTapa.
IIpH 3TOM OHM nepeHOCJIT IIhIJibUY c o.n:noro pacTeHHJI Ha
.upyroe, OIIbIJIJIJI UBCTbI. Ha MecTe UBCTKOB o6paayIOTC5I IlJIO.l(bl
11 ceMeHa. OHM pacnpocTpaHJIIOTCJI no Jiyry, qT06b1 Ha CJie.n:y-
IOI.UHH ro.n; npopaCTH H .n;aTb )KH3Hb lIOBbIM pacTeHMJIM.
• MHo>Kecrso norpe6virene~ npvisneKaer Ha nyra o6lllnbHa51
n~~a. PacCMOTplll pvicyHKlll VI paccKa>Klll, KTO 3a K8M OXOTVITC51.
Kro l/13 «eAOKOB» nV1raerc51 pacreHV151Mlll? A KTO noeAaer APY-
r~x )f(l/IBOTHblX?
Mb1Wb- Mant0TKa
55

I
v no'-leMy CKOW8HHbllll nyr BHOBb 38n8H88T? KaKlt18 np111cno-
co6n8Hll1H no3sonmoT nyroBblM pacTeH1t1HM KB>K.Qbllll ro.Q oTpac-
TBTb 38HOBO?
)KM3Hh y TpaB5IHHCT1>1x pacTeHHH He.n;oJira5I. BacMJieK M rrac-
TYllih5I cyMKa oceHhIO rrorM6a10T, a BecHoi1 BCXO.l(JIT HX ceMeHa.
Jiorryx )KHBeT ,l(Ba ro.n;a. IIepBbIH fO,l( OH HaKaITJIHBaeT B KOpHe
IlMTaTeJibHbie BemeCTBa. 3TO Il03BOJI5IeT eMy Ha BTOpoi1 fO,l( BbI-
paCTH BhICOKMM H .n;aTb MHOfO ceM5IH. y 3JiaKOB M HeKOTOpbIX
v
.n;pyrHX pacTeHHH Il0,l(3eMHhie qacTH - KOpHeBHma, JIYKOBMUbI,
KJiy6HM - )KHBYT MHOfO JieT M Ka)K,l(YIO BecHy .n;aIOT Ha"tfaJIO HO-
BhIM rro6eraM. A BOT He)l(Hbie JIHCTb5I H CTe6JIH TpaB 6e33aIUHT-
v
HbI rrepe.n; 3HMHHMH MOp03aMH H Ka)K,l(bIH fO,l( OTMHpaIOT.
Bac1-1neK nacryWbH CYMK8 Jlonyx
np0111CXO.Q111T co CT8pb1Mll1, MepTBblMll1 OCT8TK8Mll1 paCT8H1t111!?
r-:;;;:::--------:;;;;;===~-1
~MycopmHKH~, 0611Ta10m11e B ITO"lfBe, pa3pylliaIOT
noLtB8HHbl8
)f(Lt180THbl8
opraHH"tfeCKHe BemeCTBa MepTBhIX pacTeHHH H rrpe-
BpamaIOT HX B rrpoCTbie BemecTBa, KOTOpbie CHOBa
MOfYT 6hITh HCITOJib30BaHbI HOBhIMH ITOKOJieHH5IMH
pacTeHHH. BJiaro.n;ap5I pa3pyllI11TeJI5IM rro.n;.n;ep)KHBaeT-
cR BhICOKOe ITJIO.l(OpO,l(He JIYfOBhIX ITO"lfB.
56
KaK111M111 pacTeH1t1HM1t1 3apacTat0T nyra?
EcJIH rroqBa Ha Jiyry BJia)l(Ha5I, TO paHo HJIH rro3.n;Ho cpe.n;11
pa3HOTpaBh5I rro5IB5ITC5I pocTKH KYCTOB 11 .n;epeBheB. CBOHMH
KpOHaMH rro.n;pOCllIHe .n;epeBua 6y.n;yT 3aTeH5ITh JIYfOBbie pacTe-
HH5I. Jiyr rrocTerreHHO cMeHHTC5I JiecoM. Ho 06 3KOCHCTeMe Jie-
ca ThI rro.n;po6Hee y3Haelllb Ha cJie.n;y10meM ypoKe.
[
Jlyr
Alr'IT
Tal'v-
)KeT.
pacTa•
Ka~
BO.Qll1T
1.
Hltllll?
2. r
3. I
HltlflM
4. r
5. • (
po.Qe

no-
ac-
1ac-
etta.
pHC
BbI-
pbIX
l(bI,
HO-
lllT-
D
11111i1?
aIOT
1pe-
10Ba
HMJf
aer-
e,l(H
HMJf
cre-
Jie-
CPABHl/IBAEM CBOL/1 BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl/IM
~ 3TO 3KOCMCTeMa, B KOTOpor.il rnaBHblMM npOM3BO-
LAMTenSlMM RensuoTcSl anaKM.
TaM, r.n:e JICTO )KapKoe u BOJI:hI He xBaraer, Jiec pacTM ne Mo-
)KeT. TpaBa BbIChIXaer, HO Ka)KJI:bIH ro.n: BO BJia)l(HbIM CC30H OT-
pacraeT 3aHoBo.
1 KaK H83bl88KJTCf1 np111pO,QHbl8 30Hbl, 8 KOTOpblX ponb npo1113-
BO,Qll1Tenetll 111rpaKJT Tp8Bf1Hll1CTbl8 pacTeH1t1f1?
3KOCMCTeMa nyra, 3naKiil
1. KaK111e oco6eHHOCTlt1 0Tn1t1Y8KJT 3naK111 OT ,qpyr111x pacTe-
H111tll?
2. Mo>KeT n111 3KOClt1CTeMa nyra cy~ecTsosaTb 6e3 3naKos?
3. KaK111e np111cnoco6neH1t1f1 no3sonf1KJT rpass::iH1t1CTblM pacTe-
HlllflM p8CTlt1 T8M, f ,Q8 ,Q8p8Bbf1 p8CTlt1 H8 MOryT? noYeMy?
4. noYeMy s napKax 111 cKsepax Kocs::iT Tpasy Ha ra3oHax?
5. • CTOlllT n111 YenoseKy yxa>t<111saTb 38 napKaM1t1 111n111 ,qaTb np111-
po,qe 803MO>KHOCTb >Klt1Tb no CBOltlM 38KOH8M?
57

I
r@41
~
§ 15. JlECHblE nPOll13BOAlllTEJ1111
onPE,QEn~EM nP06nEMY YPOKA
Ilana: KaK Kpac11Bo B 311MHeM Jiecy!
JleHa: 06b1qHbIH JieC, rrpOCTO MHOro .nepeBbeB.
llana: Jiec - 3TO CJIO)KHa.H 3Koc11cTeMa. B Hew pac-
TYT He TOJihKO .nepeBh51, HO 11 KycTapu11K11, 11 TpaBbI.
KaKoe Tbl 3aMenm npoTV1sopeYV1e? (YTo TaKoe nee?)
J KaKOll! y T86H 803HV1K88T sonpoc? npe,QJ10>KV1 CBOlll
sonpoc V1 cpaBHV1 c aBTOpCKV1M. (CTp. 136.)
scnOMl!lHAEM TO, ~TO 3HAEM
B KaKV1X npV1pOAHblX 30Hax pacryr AepesbH? YeM 0TnV1Ya10T-
CH ycnOBV1H 3TV1X npV1pOAHblX 30H? (2 Knacc)
YTo HY>KHO ,QJlH pocTa pacTeHV1111? (§ 7)
~ PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHll1~
58
Jlec - 3TO 3KOCMCTeMa M3 HeCKOnbKMX «3Ta>Kelil»
KaKV18 «3Ta>KV1» MO>KHO BblA8nV1Tb s 3KOCV1CTeMe neca?
:;.1 KaKV1e npeV1MYLJ..t8CTsa V1MelOT AepesbH nepeA TpasaMV1? YTo
AalOT AepesbH pacTeHV1HM HV1>KHV1X «3Ta>Kelll»?
Bb1coK11e ;icpeBh51 cocTaBJI51IOT Bepxtt11i1 «3Ta)K» Jieca. l1M
.nocTaeTC51 60Jibn1e coJIHeqttoro cBeTa. KycTapHHKH, TpaBbI 11
MXH BbIHY)K.ZJ:CHbl M11pHTbC51 c 3aTeIIeHHeM. 3aTO .nepeBb51 .naroT
HM rrpoxJia.n.y 11 BJia)KHOCTb B )Kapy, 3am11maroT OT C11JlbHbIX
BeTpOB. Ka)K,noe pacTeH11e rrp11crroco611Jiocb K CBOeMy «3Ta)KY»
H He MO)KeT )KM.Tb BI-Ie Jieca.
Aepee
KaK
06b
>KV1Tb 6
B ro
no,ncT<:
JlHCTh.
BCe OC
KaK
JUfCTbl
Otta r:
nepan1
Kop
KOpbI
JIHCTbt
JJ:BHJKe
HYT IT•
TbeB -

B.
;f pac-
·paBhr.
nee?)
CBOt.'i!
i8IOT-
~ YTO
3bI 11
aIOT
bllbIX
a)J(y»
.Qepeebst - r11aBHb1e npoP113BOAP11Te11P11 11eca
KaK~e ~3 3T~x Aepesbes c6pacb1sa.aT n~cTsy Ha 3~My?
6epe3a
06b~CH~ c nOMOU4b.0 T8KCT8, noYeMy Aepeso He Morna 6bl
)f(~Tb 6e3 CBO~X Y8CTell1: n~CTb88, CTBOna, KOpHell1.
B KpoHe .uepeBa K11n11T HeBH/J;J1Ma5I rJia3y pa6oTa. BeTB11
v
rro)lCTaBJIHIOT JIHCTb5I coJinuy, cTapa5ICb yJIOBHTb KCl)K.l(hIH Jiyq.
JhfCTb5I npOH3BO.l(51T opraHJ.flieCKHe Bern:eCTBa H cua6)KaIOT H~H1
see ocTaJibIIbie qacTH .nepcBa.
KaK )Ke nepeBO y.nep)KHBaeT orpoMHblH Bee CBOHX BCTOK J1
.1111CTheB? Onopy HM co3.naeT cTBOJI 113 npotIHOJi .npcsecHHhJ.
Otta npoHH3ana TOIIKHMH cocy,naMH, no KOTOpbIM BO)J.a c MH-
HepaJibHbIMH semecTBaMH no,nHHMaeTC51 BBepx.
Kopa tte TOJibKO 3arn:HmaeT CTBOJI .nepcBa. BttyTpeHH.HM CJIOM
KOpbl npoB0/(11T COKH, 6oraTbie opraHHtieCKHMH BcmecTBaMH, OT
JIHCTbCB BHH3 no CTBOJiy. flopaIIJ.1B Kopy, MO)KJIO HapyrnHTh
)lBJ1)1(eHHe COKOB. B 3TOM CJiyqac KOpeIIb H CTC6CJib ncpecTa-
HYT rroJiyqaTb 3anac nHTaTeJibHbIX BemecTB 11 ::>ttepr1111 OT JIHc-
TbeB - JI .ncpCBO MO)KeT nor116HyTb.
59

lIIHpOKO paCKHHYJIHCb rro.n 3eMJieM MOIUHbie KOp-
Hl1. OHM He .naroT JlCpeay yrraCTh )laJKe rrpM CHJih-
HOM neTpe. KopHH rJiy6oKo rrpo1111KaIOT B rro'IBY H
.no6hIBaIOT l13 Hee Bo,ny H Ml1HepaJibHbie BemecTBa.
Haaepttoe, Thi a11,neJI, KaK Me,ncccTpa 6epeT y rra-
UMeHTa KpOBb 113 IIaJibUa rrp11 ITOMOIUl1 TOHKOH Tpy-
6o'IKH. KpoBh rro,nn11MaeTC5I no HCH caMa. ,l{epeBbR
TO)l(e l1CnOJib3YIOT CBOHCTBO TOHKHX Tpy6olJeK BCa-
ChIBaTb )l(H)lKOCTh. TaK no TOHKHM cocy.naM KOpIICH
JtI CTBOJia Ha MeCTO BO,l(bl, HCnapHBUieMC5J 113 JIHCTb-
CB, BCaCbIBaeTC51 BO,na H3 IIOlJBhl.
- BOA8 111 Ml!1Hepa11b-
Hbl8 COJ11!1
HaC1Alt1 Ha p111cyHK8 OCHOBHbl8 '-f8CTV1 Aepesa: KOp-
Hll1, CTBOn lt1 KpoHy. 06bHCHll1, K8Klt18 se~eCTBa AB111-
>KYTCH 1113 KOpHeC1 B KpoHy, a K8Kll18 - 1113 KpOHbl K
KOpHHM.
_.. opraH111YecK111e se-
Ll.(ecTsa
60
6y3~H8
epeebff - MHoroneTHMe pacTeHMff c KpenKMM OApeeec-
eewMM cTe6neM.
-
OpewH~K
KaK 111cnonb3YKJT nKJA111 3Tlt1 KYCTapH111K111?
v KaK Tbl AYMaewb, nol.feMy s cnnowHOM enosoM necy H1.t1>t<H111e
((3T8)f(lt1)) T8K 68AHbl paCTll1T8nbHOCTbKJ?
[
KycTapHMK - MHOroneTHee pacTeHMe, y KOTOporo He-
CKOflbKO TBepAblX CTe6ne'1 OTBeTBflffeTCff OT o6~ero
KOpHs:t.
_______________________________________________,
JlecH
Ka
Xo:
1.
2.
paCTE
3.
)f(111se
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KOp-
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BY M
'Ba.
na-
rpy-
eBb5I
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pHCM
IleCHble Tp8Bbl
• KaKlt1e lt13 3Tlt1X Tpas Tbt Blt1Aen?
Mali1H111K
iCTb- CeAMlll'-IHlllK
KOp-
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-!bl K
EJ
KHlt18
e-
re
XoxnaTKa
( Tpaebl - pacTeHlllR c MRrK111M111 3e11iiHblMlll cTe611RM111.___
,[epeBbR, KycTapHMKM, Tpaeb1
nPV1MEH~EM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
1. noYeMy nee H83bl88fOT CJ10>KHOC1 3KOClt1CT8MOC1?
2. YeM AepesbH OTJ1lt1Y8fOTCH OT KycTapHlt1KOB lt1 TpasHHlt1CTblX
paCT8Hlt1C1?
3. KaKlt1e AepesbH, KycTapHlt1Klt1 lt1 Tpasb1 pac-ryr TaM, rAe Tbl
>K1t1sewb?
~Cl 4. .J nopa6oTall1Te B rpynne: nOA68plt1T8 Blt1Abl A8p8Bb8B, Kyc-
ti.ttJ TapHlt1KOB lt1 TpaBHHlt1CTblX paCT8Hlt1C1, KOTOpb18 pacryT BM8CT8.
61

§ 16. nOTPE6111TEillll Ill PA3PYWlllTEI1111
3KOClllCTEMbl IlECA
onPE,QEJl~EM nP06JlEMY YPOKA
Jleua: 3ttacmh, Minna, MbI CTOJihKO BpcMeHH xo-
,ll,MM no Jiecy, a HHKaKMX )KMBOTHbIX TaK M llC
BCTpeTHJIM. Hancpttoe, OHM B Jiecy He TaK BIDKHbI?
KaK Tbl AYM88Wb, npasa flVl neHa?
YTo HOBOrO Tbl Y3H88Wb H8 ypoKe? (CM. CTp.
136.)
scnOMl!lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
KaKVle css:i3V1 cyll.eCTBYKJT Me>t<,o,y >KV1BblMV1 opraHV13M8MV1 s
C006Ll.8CT88? (§ 10)
~ noYeMy npOV1380,D,V1T8flV1 H8 MOryT >KV1Tb 683 noTpe6V1T8fl81i1?
(§ 6, 7, 10)
~ PEWAEM nP06JlEMY,-OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl!1~
62
npoYV1T8lil T8KCT V1 06bs:!CHV1, npasa flVl neHa. Ba>t<Hbl flVl
>KV1BOTHb1e ,o,ns:i neca?
06pama.rr JIM Thi BHMMa1u1e Ha TO, KaK JierKO nattTM B Jiecy
H KaK Tpy,ll,HO BCTpeTMTb )1(11BOTHbIX?
PaccMoTpV1 pV1cyHoK, r,o,e npe,o,cTasneHbl o6V1TaTenV1 3KOCV1C-
T8Mbl neca. BcnoMHVl, YTO o6o3HaYaKJT cTpenK111. Ha30BV1 ~en1;1
n1t1T8Hlt1s:I, 1;1306pa>t<eHHbl8 Ha p1;1cyHK8.
rue,
Ka. E
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Pa
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we, '!CM pacTeH11i1-npo113so.z:c11TeJiei1:. Ilo pOJih nx O'!CHh se;rn-
Ka. Be.z:ch 6e3 )l(HBOTHhIX He CMO)l(CT HOpMaJibHO IIJJ.Tn Kpyroso-
poT se1uecTB.
PaccMoTpHM, Harrp11Mep, s3a11MOOTHomcH1u1 JJ.CpeBheB n )l(y-
KOB-KopoeJJ.OB. 3.z:copOBOMY pacTeHHIO naceKO~lhle ue CTpallIHbl.
JI106bie rrospe)l(,l(eHH5I KOpbI TYT )Ke 3aJIMBaIOTC.H CMOJIOII, If Ha-
ceKOMbie ue MOryT npOHMKHYTb B TCJIO paCTCII115I. I1Hoe .z:ceJCO,
Kor.z:ca .z:ccpcBO CTapeeT. Ha Hero nana1laCT MIIO)f(CCTBO KOpo-
e.uon. Pa3pyma5I cyxocToli, Merna1ou~11i1 pacTH MOJIOJJ.nIM .z:cepe-
Bh51.M, )f(YKH IIOMOraIOT pa3pylllHTCJIJIM rrcpcpa6aTbIBaTb ,llpeBe-
CHHy. MaJICHbKHe IIOTpe611TeJIH-KOpOe,l(bl ycKOp.HIOT KpyronopoT
BeruecTB B 3KOCMCTeMe.
KopoeA YepHoronosKa ~ rHe3Ai:J
EcJIH B Jiecy KOJIM'!eCTBO HaceKOMbIX, rrocl(aIOn{MX Kopy 11 JIH-
CTb5I l{epeBbeB, qpe3MepHO yseJIM'!MTC5I, 01111 naqnyT Bpe.l(HTb 3,l(O-
pOBbIM pacTen115IM. KpyrosopoT Hapyu111Tc5I. IIo ccJI11 HaceKOMbIX
craneT oqenb MaJIO, HeKoMy 6y.z:ceT naua.uaTb na cTapbIC pacTe-
mUI. Cnosa napym11Tc5I KpyrosopoT. KaK )f(C cro coxpaHHTh?
0Ka3bIBaeTC5I, peryJI11posaTb '!HCJICHHOCTb HaCCKOMhIX MOryT
ITTMUbI. EcJIH Bpe.z:c11TeJieH MHOrO, TO ITTHI{ B 3TOM MCCTe 3a-
fHC3.Z:CHTC5I 6oJibIUe o6bitIHOro, 11 Ha Bcex ITTCHI{OB XBaTHT IIH-
IUH. Ho ecJIH ttaceKOMbIX 6y.z:ceT MaJIO, M11or11e napbI IITMU OT-
Ka)KyTC5I OT rHe3.z:cosatt115I. Tor.z:ca MaJioq11c11cn11b1c HaceKOMhie
ocra11yrc51 ueJibI. Kpyrosopor B 3KocucreMc nc HapyUI11TC5I.
Tcncpb MbI MO)l(eM c.z:ceJiaTb BbIBOl{:
>KlflBOTHble He TOnbKO yYaCTB_Y_IO_T_ B_ K_p_y_r_oeopoTe ee- J
~ecTB, HO "' pery111t1pyt0T ero. _
63

TiocMOTpH Ha p11cyHKH 3KOCHCTeMhl Jieca H rrorrpo6yii HaMTH
TaM pa3pynnneJieM. K HMM OTHOCHTC5I H3BeCTHhlM Te6e ,[(0)1(,[(e-
BOM l.!epsb. Ero nMma - OTMep11I11e qacTM pacTenMii. Mttor11e JI
rpM6bI rroceJI5IIOTC5I Ha rHHJibIX HJIH 6oJibHbIX ,n:epeBh5IX, MHO- JIOCE
r,n:a na KopH5IX. OHM ycsaMsaroT roTOBhie opraHH"lfCCKHe seme- 11 51•
CTBa, C03,[(aHHhie pacTeHM5IMM. JIM ,
••t:O>KA8BO~ Y8p8b - I18CHO~
pa3pyw1t1renb
6 eilb18 rpV16bl TO>Ke OTHOCflTCfl
K «Mycopll.IV1K8M))
Jiec BbipacTaeT TaM, r,n:e He CJIHllIKOM BJia)KHO M He CJIHIII-
KOM cyxo. B 3THX ycJIOBM5IX pa3pyIIIMTeJI11 Moryr noJIHOCTbIO
rrepcpa6aTbIBaTh yMepIIIMe opraIIM3MhI B tteo6xo,n:11Mb1e ti;JIJI
pacTett11ii MHHepaJihHhie semecTBa. K pyrosopoT s Jiecy cTaHo-
BIITCJI JaMKHYThIM. MepTBhie ocTaTKH oprauM3MOB He HaKaIIJIH-
saroTcJI. y CJIOBM5I o6MTaHM5I OCTaIOTC5I IIOCT05IHHbIMM, II03TOMY
3KOCMCTeMa Jieca MO)KeT cymecTBOBaTb oqcnb ,[(OJlfO.
HHB
6hIC
K
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poTOM ee~eCTB.
---------------------------------------3Koc111cTeMa neca
64
1. PaccKa.>Klt1,.. KaK .>t<lt180THb1e Moryr ynpa0nHTb Kpyro0opoTOM
8eU.teCT8 80 8CeM necy.
2. J noYeMy necHaH 3KOClt1CTeMa He CMO.>KeT cyU.teCT8088Tb
6e3 KOpOeA08, nTlt1W lt1 Apyrlt1X noTpe6lt1Teneli1?
~ c 3. "" nopa6oTali1Te 0 nape: no oYepeAlt1 ..H83b10ali1Te rplt16b1,
1:n KOTOpble pacryT TOJlbKO 803Jle onpeAeneHHblX Aepe8be8.
4. noYeMy necH8H 3KOClt1CTeMa He 38MeHHeTCH Apyroli1 3KO-
Cll1CTeMoli1?
s-
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.QOnOilHlllTEilbHbllll MATEPlllAil
JI10.n11 Bb1py611JI11 Jieca, 11 q11cJio 6eJIOK yMCHbUJH-
.11och. q T06bI MCnpaBMTb c11rya1uuo, MCTpe611JIM KYHMH
u HCTpe6oB. qMcJio 6eJioK pe3KO so3pocJ10. Ott11 cTa-
JIH qa1ue 6oJICTh 11 3apa)KaTb .upyr .upyra. Pacnpocrpa-
Hl1BI.Il11ec5I cpe.u11 IIHX 3apa3Hhie 6oJie3n11 np11BeJI11 K
6hICTpOMY na,ueHHIO q11cJieHHOCTM.
KaKaH 6enKa, 6onbHaH 1,1111,1 3AOpo8aH, nepsolll nona-
,Qer B nanbl XV1~HV1K08?
KaKo8a ponb x1t1~HV1KOB 8 np1t1p0Ae?
R::t~ no1t1rpall1re 8 1t1rpy «.QeTeKTV18». 0AV1H V13 1,1rpOK08 6yAeT
... CBl!l.QETEnEM: oH 3araAb1saeT enoso 1,1 OT8eYaeT Ha 80-
npoeb1. OeTailbHble 1,1rpOKV1 - .QETEKTl!lBbl. 0HV1 3aAatOT 80-
npoebl V1 OTraAblBatOT enoso.
«CBV1AeTeJlb)) Bbl61t1paeT lt13 en1t1eKa nt06oe en080 (1,1111,1 ABa
cnosa), 3an1t1eb1saeT era Ha nltleTOYKe lt1 nepe8opay1,1saeT era
T8K, YT06bl HV1KTO He Blt1Ae11. Ha 80npoebl «AeTeKTV18Q8)) OH M0-
*8T OT8eYaTb TOilbKO «Aa» lt1 «HeT».
«.QeTeKTV18bl)) elt1AHT 80Kpyr «eBlt1AeTenH» lt1 no OYepeAV1 38-
.Q8t0T eMy no OAHOMY 8onpoey. Ka>t<Abllll «AeTeKTV18» MO>KeT A8-
naTb 3aMeTKV1 V1 38rI1HAb18aTb B e80ll1 en1t1eOK.
KaK TOilbKO KTO-TO lt13 ltlrpOKOB AOr8A8eTeH, K8KOe enoso 38-
r8,Q8HO, OH rosoplt1T «eTon». noene 3TOll1 KOM8HAbl see 38MOil-
K8tOT, 1t1rpoK nV1WeT Ha IlV1eTOYKe HOMep 1 V1 e80t0 OTraAKY T8K,
LfT06bl Hlt1KTO He BV1Aen. 3TOT IlV1eTOK nepesopaY1t1BaeTeH lt1 OT
KflaAblB8eTeH 8 eTopoHy. l!lenpasnHTb esota OTr8AKY «A8TeKTV1B))
6onbwe He 1t1MeeT npasa.
BTopolll OTr8A8BWV1111 noeTynaeT 8Hanorlt1YHO V1 eTa8V1T HOMep
2. TaK npOAOn>KaeTeH AO Tex nap, noKa see He H8nlt1WYT eBOltl
OTr8AKV1. n1t1eTOYKV1 «AeTeKTV180B» nepe80paYV188tOTeH TeKeTOM
ssepx V1 epaBHlt188tOTeH e KOHTpOnbHblM n1t1eTKOM, KOTOpbtlll
«CBV1AeTenb» 38n1t1ean B H8Y8Ile 1t1rpbl. nepBbllll npaBVtnbHO yra
.Q8BWV1111 eYlt1T8eTeH no68AV1TeneM.
Cno8a AJ1H 3araAbt88H1t1H: 5ICTpe6, Kopoc.n, 6eJIKa, xsol1:noe .uc-
peBo, 1111cTBeHHoe .nepeso, coi1Ka, .uy6, Kpyr onopor uemecTB,
uerrb ITMTaHII5I.
65

.QOnOflHlllTEI1bHblVt MATEPlllAn .QJlS:t flKJ603HATEflbHblX
KaK npMpoAa aaneYMeaeT paHbl
66
onPE,QEn5=JEM nP06nEMY YPOKA
Jlella: 03cpo naYJ1ttaeT 3apacTaTb 11 rrpcnparuaeTC5l
B 6oJIOTo, 6oJIOTO - B Jiyr, a Jiyr B JICC. Bbrxo-
11.HT, B KOHHC KOHilOB BCC BOKpyr ITOKpOCTC5l JieCoM?
Muwa: HaBepttoe, 6e3JieCHbie yqacTKH no5IBJUIIOT-
C5l CHOBa H CHOBa.
KaK Tbl AYMaewb, noYeMy see 3KOei..1eTeMbl He
npespall.4at0Tes:1 s nee?
BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
KaKas:i 3KOei..1eTeMa MO>t<eT B03Hi..1KHYTb Ha MeeTe o3epa, 60-
noTa 1,.1 nyra e TeYeHi..1eM speMeH1,.1? (§ 12-1 6)
,j KaKyt0 ponb s eMeHax 3KOei..1eTeM 1,.1rpat0T pa3pyw1,.1Ten1,.1? (§ 13)
.., B KBKVIX yenOBVls:IX pa3pywviTenvi MOfYT BblnOnHs:ITb esotO ponb?
(§ 16)
PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/15=l
..J c nOMOL1.4bt0 pvieyHKOB VI TeKeTa o6bs:ieHll1, KBK nos:isns:it0Tes:1
6e3neeHble yyaeTKi..1.
l/'l3sep)f(eH111e synKaHa IPeKa pa3Mb1saeT 6epera j
noKpb1saeT 3eMnta nasoVI
Ilo*aph1, M3Bep)KeHH5l BYJIKaHOB, HaBo.n.ueHHJI H TbICRq11 .n:py-
r11x np11qHI1 BpeMR OT BpeMCIIH rrpHBO.lJ.5IT K pa3pyIIICHH10 3KO-
CHCTCM. Ho npHpo.n.a ttayqHJiaCh HX BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTh.
1
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" 06bHCHlt1, B YeM nplt1Ylt1Ha npespa~eHl-1111 3KOClt1CT8M. Vlcnonb-
3yll1 T8KCT lt1 pLt1CYHKlt1.
qeM Jiylnue ycJIOBM5I .l(JI5I )KM3He,l(e5ITeJihHOCTM opraHM3MOB,
reM rrpoBopHee pa6oTaIOT pa3pyun1TeJIH. OHM MoryT ycrrernHo
crrpaBMTbC5I c rrepepa6oTKOM OTXO.l(OB.
B o3epe KpyroBopoT BemecTB He 3aMKHyT, rro3TOMY ocTaTKM
orMeprnttx opraHH3MOB HaKarrJIHBaIOTC5I Ha .n;He. B pe3yJihTaTe
o3epo cTaHOBMTC5I 6oJIOTOM. Ho H B 6oJioTe pa3pyrn11TeJIM He
ycrreBaIOT rrepepa6oTaTh Bee opraHuqecKMe ocTaTKM. 0HH rrpo-
~OJI)KaIOT HaKal1JIMBaTbC5I, l10.l(HMMa5I 60JIOTO Ha.n; BO.l(OM H ocy-
rna5I ero. EoJIOTO rrpeBpamaeTc5I B Jiyr. Ho H Ha Jiyry Kpyro-
BopoT OCTaeTC5I He3aMKHYTbIM. Il03TOMy Jiyr co BpeMeHeM rrpe-
BpamaeTC5I B Jiec.
IlpHqHHhI CMeHhl 3KOCHCTeM BO BCeX CJiyqa5IX oqeHh IlOXO-
)l{M. He3aMKHYTbIM KpyroBopor BemecrB rrpHBO.l(MT K HaKorrJie-
HMIO OTXO.l(OB B BM.l(e Topcpa HJIH BaJie)KHHKa, KOTOpbie 3KOCHC-
reMa He MO)KeT rrepepa6oraTb. y CJIOBH5I o6MTaHM5I MeH5IIOTC5I,
v
lJTO rrpHBO.l(HT K l105IBJieHHIO .n;pyr11x pacTeHHH H )KHBOTHhIX.
3aKOIIOMepHa5I CMeHa 3KOCHCTeM 3aBeprnaeTC5I pa3BHTHeM 3KO-
CMCTeMbI c 3aMKHYTbIM KpyroBOpOTOM.
IIocMOTpH Ha CT05IHKY rypHCTOB (pttcyHOK cJieBa). Ha Mecre
KocTpa ocraJiach BhJ)K)KeHHaH 3eMJI5I. EcJIM 61>1 rroBpe)K,neHHaH
paCTMTeJibHOCTb He BOCCTaHaBJIMBaJiaCh, TO B rrpMropo,n;HbIX Jie-
cax CKopo He OCTaJIOCh 6bI HM O,UHOM rpaBMHKM. 0.n;HaKO rrpM-
po.n;a yMeeT 3aJieqMBaTb paHbl. Ilpoli.uer HeCKOJihKO JieT, M Ha
MeCTe KOCTpMma CHOBa l105IBMTC5I rrpe)KH515I paCTMTeJibHOCTh
(pucyHoK crrpaBa). 67

68
BoAa 111 oroHb pa3pywat0T 3KOClllCTeMbl. Ho np111p0Aa
yMeeT lllX BOCCT8H8B11111B8Tb.
Pattbllle rrp11po.n.a Bcer.n.a ycrresaJia 3a11cn1BaTb cnow paHbI.
Ilo3TOMY 3eMJHI 6hIJia IIOKpbITa pacTeHIUIMH-rrpo113BO,lJ.11Te.7151M11,
ee HaCeJI51JI11 )J(I1BOTHbIC-IIOTpe611TeJI11, a B ITOl.JBe pa6oTaJIH pa3-
pylllMTeJIH. Co BpeMc11eM BJIH51IIHe qeJioBeKa Ha rrp11po.n.y
Ol.JeHh B03pocJio. I1 Terrcpb rrp11po.n.e CTaJIO Tpy.n.tto 11crrpas115ITh
OlllH6KH JIIOJ{eH.
1. npV1pO.QHble eTV1XV1V1 pa3pywat0T see HOSble V1 HOSble 3KO-
elt1eTeMbl. YMeHbwaeTes:i nltl npV1 3TOM KOnV1YeeTso 3KOeV1eTeM
Ha 3eMne?
2. Eenltl see nyra V1 paHbWe 3apaeTanlt1 neeoM, TO noYeMy
.>Ke nyra .QO elt1X nap e~e seTpeYataTes:i?
3. ..> KaK pa3pywV1TenV1 MOryT ynpasns:iTb eMeHoli1 3KOeV1eTeM?
4. 06bs:ieHV1, YTO npOV130WflO s npltlpo.qe OT HeyMenoro SMe-
waTenbeTsa YenoseKa.
Lfro .qenatar Ha pltleyHKe nta.QV1?
YTo enyYVlnoeb e .qepesbs:iMV1? C Tpasoli1?
KaK ee6s:i YyseTsytaT 3sepV1 V1 nTV1Wbl?
Hapywltlnes:i nltl nops:i.QOK s npltlpo.qe?
5.
6.
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KaKyta ponb 111rpat0T neea s 3all.4111Te peK 111 111x 6eperos?
YTo npo1113owno e peKoVI noene Bb1py6K111 neea?
KaK 1110,n:tt ;toryT coxpaHHTb npttpo,n:y? Ilpe)l(,n:e BCcro, OHH
,l.(QJI)l(Ilbl 3HaTb 11 BbIIIOJIIUITb rrpaBHJia, KOTOpbie IIOMOfaIOT
rrpttpo.uc 3aJieq11BaTb CBOH paHbI.
7. • Bb16ep111 1113 en111eKa eoseTOB Te, KOTOpble nOMOrYT eoxpa-
Hll1Tb np111pOAY (1113 Ka>KAOVI napbl eoseTOB OA111H - npas111nbHblVI].
- Een111 Tbl XOYeWb pa3seeT111 B neey KOeTep, HaVIA111 eTapoe
KOeTp111ll.4e.
- Een111 Tbl XOYeWb pa3seeTll1 B neey KOeTep, BblTOnYll1 AnH Hero
MeeTO.
- Een111 Tbl XOYeWb yKpaell1Tb KOMHary, eo6ep111 6yKeT 1113 nec-
HblX t...tBeTOB.
- Een111 Tbl XOYeWb yKpae111Tb KOMHary, eo6ep111 6yKeT 1113 eaAO-
BblX t...tBeTOB.
- ryns:tTb s neey nyYwe no Tpase.
- ryns:tTb s neey nyYwe no Tpon111HKaM.
- Ha eKnoHax osparos Hen.~3H Bb1py6aTb nee, TaK KaK OH
yKpenns:teT noYsy 111 MewaeT ee pa3Mb1BaH111t0.
- np111 He06XOA111MOeTll1 nee MO>KHO Bbtpy6aTb 111 Ha eKnOHaX.
- B MeeTax, rAe >1<111syT peAK111e >1<111soTHbte 111 paeTyT peAK111e
paeTeH111s:t, HY>KHO e03AaBaTb 3anoseAH111Kll1.
- PeAK111e paeTe.~111s:1 111 peAKll1X >1<111soTHbtX oxpaHHTb HeT eMb1e-
na, BeAb OHll1 see paBHO BblMPYT·
69

§ 17. 3KOCVICTEMA non~
C5I
Jleua: Bee 3KOe11eTeMbI cy1ueeTBy10T eaM11 no cc-
6c. lloqeMy )KC qeJIOBeKy np11xo,n11Te5l 3a6oTHTbCJJ 0 I/IX
IIOJrn.X?
Muwa: 06nTaTeJiu rrp11po.n:tthIX 3KOCHCTC~f Bee, qTo
HM HY)KHO, noJ1yqaroT .upyr OT .npyra. Ha rroJie qc-
JIOBeK Bbipan(HBaCT TOJibKO 0,ll11H BH.ll paeTeHHH.
" B caMoM Aene, KTO noMo>KeT nonesb1M pacTeH111-
HM? LfTO Ill KTO lllM MO>KeT noMewaTb? YeMy 6yAeT nOCBH-
LL18H Haw ypoK? (CpaBHlll co CTp. 136.)
~ BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
YTo YenoseK nonyYaeT c nonelll? (>K1113HeHHbllll onblT)
.J KaKy10 ponb 111rpaeT KpyrosopoT seLL1eCTB s 3Koc111cTeMe?
(§ 6, 10)
oJ YTo 6yAeT co speMeHeM npo111cxOAlllTb c 3KOClllCTeMolll, ecn111
KpyrosopoT BeLL1eCTB B Hell! He 38MKHYT? (§ 12-16)
~ PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~
70
HaVIAlll B TeKCTe 06bHCHeH111e rnasHoro OTfllllLflllH nonH OT np111-
POAHb~ 3KOClllCTeM.
/ {aBaH rro,nyMaCM, l.JTO 6y.neT, HarrpHMep, e IIOJICM p)KH, eeJIM
3a HHM He yxa)KHBaTb. Hcy6paHHa5I eoJIOMa TaK H oeTaHeTC51 ua
IIOJie: ee HeKOMY pa3pyIIH1Tb 11 rrepepa6oTaTb. Y)Ke Ha eJICJJ.y-
rom11i1 ro.u OHa noMemacT B30HTl1 HOBbIM rrpopoeTKaM. A Te, l.JTO
B30iitlyr, He tl.a.AYT KOJIOCa: BC.llb 3anae MMHepaJibHbIX BemecTB B
IIOYBe 11eTOII(HJ1e5I, ero HHKTO He Boe110111111JI. HeKoMy 6opoTbe.H
c 6oJIC3H5IMM 11 Bpe,n11TeJI.HMl1 p)KH: HCT HM ITTHU., ll11 XHJ.UllblX
ttaceKOMbIX, n11 naceKOMhix-eau11TapoB, noe.narom11x 6011bHhie pac-
TCHn.H. TaK ~ITO CTOMT Il05IBl1Tbe5I JII060MY Bpary p)KH - II OU
6e3uaKasaHHO pasMHO)KHTC5I 11 yH11l.JTO)l(11T Bee rroJie. Mb1 eoBCCM
3a6bIJIH, l.JTO BMecTe e poeTKaMH p)K11 B30M.llyr 11 eopH.HKH - )l(Jf-
BY'-!MC pacTe1urn:, erroco6Hbre 6b1eTpo paceeJHIThC5I. l1x cMeHMT
11yrouoe Mnorou,BeTbe, 11 .llaJihme, roll, 3a ro.noM, na MeeTe tteyxo-
)KCHIIoro IlOJI5I 6y,neT BOCeTaHaBJIMBaTbe.H npHpO.llHa.51 JKOeHCTeMa.
4
•re
D
,.
.ny
CT~
Tel
yx•
1
JIC

o ce-
>C51 0
, qTo
e qe-
8Hlll-
CBs:l-
;Me?
EcJI:w ue yxCl)l(HBaTb 3a rroJieM, 0110 co spcMCHCM rrpespaTHT-
C5I B np11po,nHy10 3KOCHCTeMy.
Ha~Alll s TeKcTe 111 Ha p111cyHKax 06111TaTene~ none~. B Y8M
111x oco6eHHOCT111? Ha KaK111e rpynnb1 111x MO)f(HO n0Aen111Tb?
ropox Po>Kb
MopKOBb
noACOflH81.fHlllK
ecn111
np111-
eCJIH
SJ Ha
rel1.y-
KapToQ:Jenb KyKypy3a XnonY8THlllK
, qTo KynbTYPHb1e pacTeH111fl
J'B B
ITbC5I .l{HKHe pacTeHH5I B rrpwpo,nHhIX 3KOCHCTCMax JIOCT05IHHO Be-
lHbIX 11.YT 6oph6y .npyr c 11.pyroM. OHM BbIIIOCJIHBhI, rroTOMY qTo
pac- cTpCM5ITC51 BbDKHTb. Bb1se11.eHHb1e qeJIOBCKOM KYJibTypHbie pac-
1 OH TeHHH .na10T BbICOKHe ypo:>KaM, no Tpe6yroT orrpe11.eJieHHOro
BCeM yxo11.a - pbIXJIOH M y11.06peHHOH rroqBbl, OTCYTCTBH51 copH5IKOB.
)l(JI- qTo :>Ke qeJioseKy HY:>KHO 6y,ncT c11.cJiaTh, Y:T06b1 p:>KaHoe no-
eHHT Jie coxpaHHJIOCb?
!yxo- IIpe:>K,ne scero, eMy rrp11,neTC5I 3aMCHMTb 0TcyTcTny1om11x Ha
reMa. Il0JI5IX pa3pyrn11TeJieH H caMOMY BHeCTM MHHepaJibHbie Bell.(eCT-
Ba, nco6xo11.11Mb1e pacTeHH51M. ,l{JI51 3Toro MO:>KHO JIH6o rrepepa-
6oTaTb COJIOMy, JI1160 HCITOJib30BaTb fOTOBbie MHHepaJibHbie
y.Z1:06peuu11.
71

L(O)K.ZXCBbJC l.!CpBM M .n:pyr11c ~Mycop:mMKM» pa3pbIXJUIIOT noq-
By, l.JT06bI KOpHI1 pacTen11i1 IIOJIYl.!aJIM B.ll:OBOJib BO,llbl M B03,ny- 60
xa. HexBaTKY 3TI1X )KHBOTTibI X ua no115rx rrp11xo.zu1TC5I Bocrro11- Kc::
H5ITb qeJIOBCKy: Ka)K.l(bIH ro.n JIIO.l(H ecnaxueaJOT 3eMJIIO. mi
KpoMe KYJihTYPHhIX pacTeH11i1, Ha rrno.nopo.n:Hott rrO"IBe no- .nII
11ei1 IThITaIOTCR rroceJIHThCR H .npyr11e pacTe1111R. IIp11xo.n11Tc5i co
qeJIOBeKy npOIIa.JlbIBaTh IIOJie - M36aBJI5IThC5I OT copumcoe. no
MblWb
6a60YK8-
K8nycTHVl48
no
.ne
BP
[
0AyB8HYVIK
72
KonopaACKVIVI >KYK
VI era nVIYVIHK8
n onesb1e copHRKVI VI HenpoweHble noTpe6V1TenV1 ypo>t<aR
Ypo)KaM. KYJihTYPHhIX pacTeHHH rrpHBJieKaeT MHO)KeCTBO He-
rrporneHbIX 110Tpe611Te11ei1. Tor.na t.ie110BeK 6epcT Ha ce65I pOJib
XHI.Q_HHKa H 6opeTC$I c HaCCKOMbIMH H rpbI3y11aMH.
)l11$I o6nert.ieHM$I 3TOH 6opb6hl t.ie110BeK H306pc11 oco6h1e 51,no-
BMTb1e BCII~CCTBa - 11,ZJ;OXHMHKaThl. )la BOT 6c.na, :JTH 51,llhl HC
TOJibKO y6HBaIOT Bpe,nHTeJieH, HO H HaKaITJIMBaIOTC5i B pacTeHI151X.
- - --=--
1.
2.
ME
3.
K)l
~

rroq- Ec1ur qeJioBeK 11crrOJih3yeT B rr11m:y pacTeHHJI c rroJie:i1, 06pa-
13,n:y- 6oTaHHhie JI,n:OXHMHKaTaMH, TO JI.l(bI rrepeXO.l(.HT B ero opraHH3M.
rroJI- KaK JKe 6bITb? YqeHbie rrp11.nyMaJI11 6e3orracHhie crroco6b1 3a-
m11TbI pacTeHHM OT Bpe.l(HTeJieM. Bo-rrepBbIX, OHM CTaJIH BbIBO-
no- J(l1Tb TaKHe COpTa pacTeHHM, KOTOpbie caMH yMeIOT 6opOTbC5I
i1rcJI co CBOHMH BparaMH. A BO-BTOpbIX, cTaJIH «rrp11rJiaruaTM> Ha
IIOJI.H JKHBOTHbIX - 3aJ.UHTHHKOB ypOJKaJI.
3TOT crroco6 3aIIJ:HTbI pacTeHHM - c HCI10Jlh30BaHl1eM JKHBbIX
llOMOJ.UHHKOB - 6y.neT rrpHMeH.HTbC.H qam:e, TaK KaK OH 6e3Bpe-
,n:eH .l(JI.H qeJioBeKa. Ha3hrnaeTCJI OH 6HoJiorn11ecKoii 6opb6oii c
Bpe.n11TeJI.HMH KYJihTYPHhIX pacTeHHM.
60>Kbs:I KOpOBK8,
noe.Qato~as:i Tnelll
Haes.QHLllK, OTKn8.Qbrsato~Lllll1
s:11111..1a B nLll~LllHKY KOpoe.Qa
>Ky>1<em11..1a, noe.Qato~as:i
ryceHLllL.1
iY8
D
He-
OJib
lJ(O-
He
iUIX.
CPABHV1BAEM CBOVl BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKV1M ~
----------0 CHOBHOe OTJU1"fl-1e 3KOCL-1CTeMbl nons:1 OT APYrl-1x 3KOCL-1C-
TeM - aael-1Cl-1MOCTb OT YenoeeKa. KpyroeopoT ee~ecTB
Ha nOJlSlX 38MblKaeTCSl TOJlbKO c nOMO~blO "feJlOBeKa.
3TO l-1CKYCCTBeHH8Sl 3KOCL-1CTeMa.
none, y,qo6p8Hlll8
nPV1MEHs:lEM HOBblE 3HAHV15=1
1. KaK VI noYeMy YenoseK yxa>K111saeT 38 no11s:1MV1?
2. KaK111e KYllbTYPHble pacTeH111s:1 111 c opHs:!KVI pacTyT s sawelll
M8CTHOCTVI?
3. noYeMy copHs:!KVI T8K Jll06s:!T nons:i VI T8K pe,QKO BCTpeYa-
IOTCs:I B npVlpO,QHblX 3KOCVICT8Max?
I:>(" 4. J n oVlrpaVITe c TOB8PVILL!8M B 111rpy: O,QVIH Vl3 sac H8-
t1t..O 3b1saeT copHs:iK, a ,qpyroll1 - cnoco6 c HVIM cnpaBVITbCR
73

§ 18. AKBAPlllYM - MAJlEHbKASl
lllCKYCCTBEHHASl SKOClllCTEMA
onPEAEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA
Jleua: IJoqeMy MHe rrpHXO,lU1TC51 IIOCT051HHO rrpo-
~yBaTb B03~yx H qacTO MeH51Tb BO~Y B MOeM aKBa-
pHyMe?
Muwa: AKBapHyM - 3TO MaJieHbKa51 HCKyccTBeH-
Ha51 3KOCHCTeMa. Ho H Otta rro~qHH51eTc51 3aKoHaM
rrpHpo~bI. TbI 3a6b1Jia rroceJIHTb TaM o~Horo H3
Ba)I(HeihllHX o6HTaTeJiett 3KOCHCTeMbI.
0 K8K~X 06~TaTen~X 8KBap~yMa 386bITT8 neHa?
Ha K8KOll1 sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb ~CK8Tb OTBeT? (CpasH~ co CTp.
136.)
~ BCnOMl/IHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM
1/13 K8K~X l..f8CT8111 COCTO~T 3KOC~CT8Ma? (§ 10)
~ OpraH~3Mbl KaK~x «npocpecc~ll1» AOn>KHbl np~cyTcTsosaTb s
3KOC~CT8M8, l..fT06bl KpyrosopoT B8L48CTB B H8111 6bln 38MKHy-
TblM? (§ 7)
YTo TaKoe ~cKyccTBeHHa~ 3Koc~cTeMa? (§ 17)
31 PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/I~
74
Ha30B~ see l..f8CT~ 3KOC~CT8Mbl, KOTOpb18 Mbl MO>K8M Hall1T~
s aKsap~yMe. >K~sbre opraH~3Mbl KaK~x «npocpecc~ll1» Mbl TaM
BCTpeT~M?
•88
as-
,.
aKJ
rrp
np
:Jiff
UB•
KO.
]
pbI
601
~ef
6H:
(II
JIM:
60.1

npo-
lKBa-
'BeH-
)HaM
~ 113
crp.
Tb B
KHY-
8VlTV1
T8M
c nOMO~btO T8KCTa V1 pV1CYHKOB Bblf!CHV1, KTO )f(V1-
BeT B 8KB8pV1yMe. npoYV1Talil T8KCT, 88.Qfl .QV1anor C
asropoM.
,l(aBaM II03HaKOMl1MC51 c o6hiqHbIMl1 o6HTaTeJI51Ml1
aKnapHyMOB. Bee aKBap11yMIIb1e pacTeIIHH HHorna tte-
npaBHJihHO Jia3bIBaIOT BO,n:opoCJI51Ml1. Ilv-H.-.my H.e-
1•y.....v....,..VIH.I· ,,,~V~· ... VVl<V fl'J',..,,1 '"""0 anoJlO-
J/Ce1~1H a'. Ha caMOM ,n:eJie cpe,n:M HMX MHOfO BO,l.I;HbIX
HBeTKOBbIX pacTeHMM, TOJibKO ~BeTyT OHM oqeHb pe,n:-
KO. ,l{,. 11 { UJl/ '.1} /j vln 1
1 P ) )( •1 '~~
Bamw1cHep111s:i
l13JII06JieHHbie 0611TaTeJI11 aKBap11yMOB, KOneqHo, ---,______,
pb16bI. TI03HaKOMbC51 c OCHOBHbIMM BM,n:aMH aKBap11yMIIbIX pbI-
6oK. fioJibUIHHCTBO 113 tt11x po,n:oM 113 Tporr11KoB, rro3TOMy co-
l{ep)KaT MX B TeITJIOH Bo,n:e: OT +20° 1(0 +27°. Cpe,n:M TCIIJIOJII0-
6HBbIX pb160K HaH60Jiee rronyJI51p1Ibl ryrrrrH 11 MeqeHOCl{bl.
(n01JP,J• •, h) (I • ( • vvJU omeem. On11 uenpMXOT-
Jil1BbI, 11 yxo,n: 3a IIHMM HeCJIO)KeH. n (Bom ttv·n~.1.tb ..,,.J, nli,u
rypaM111
TennoBOAHble aKsap111yMHb1e pb16K111
75

137 1 окружающий мир. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1. (обитатели земли)-вахрушев, данилов и др_2012 -144с

137 1 окружающий мир. 3кл. в 2ч. ч.1. (обитатели земли)-вахрушев, данилов и др_2012 -144с

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