6. RESPIRATION
• Plants do it to obtain energy
• Oxygen is consumed and CO2 and energy is released.
• Plants use this energy to carry out 3 vital functions:
6
8. XYLEM AND PHLOEM
Xylem are tubes in plants that transport
water and nutrients from the roots to the
rest of the plant.
Phloem are tubes in plants that transport
organic matter from photosynthesis from
the leaves to the rest of the plant.
8
13. LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES
These are the most primitive plants on
Earth.
This plants don´t have strongs steams
and can´t grow straight up.
They are small and they grow at
ground level.
13
14. LIVERWORTS
• Their cells absorb water and nutrients
directly from the ground.
• They grow in wet places like in
fountains or streams.
14
15. MOSSES
• Mosses have three parts: an axis; phyllodes
and rhizoids.
• In many cases they obtain water through their
whole surface.
• They live in tree trunks, on the ground and on
rocks.
15
17. FERNS
•More developed roots, stems and leaves
than mosses.
•Main parts: Rhizome, fronds and blades.
•They have vascular conduits.
•They can’t develop any flower or seed so they
reproduce by spores that develop under the blades.
17
20. FLOWERING PLANTS
Flowering plants are spermatophytes: they use
seeds to reproduce . Seeds are produced by
specialised structures called flowers .
Orange flower
22. Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms is a group of seed-producing
plants. The seeds of these plants are on cones
or in cups. It includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo,
and Gnetales. Most gymnosperms are
evergreen.
23. Characteristics
• They are woody plants; most are trees but some are
shrubs.
• They’re perennial and they have two types of leaves:
-Needles (the pine tree)
-Scales (the cyprees tree)
24. Differences with
Angyosperms
They do not produce fruits so their seeds are
naked.
They are pollinated by the wind.
Many of these species have shaped like
needles or like scales.
26. FLOWERS
They have unisexual flower:
- Female reproductive cell are only found
in female flowers(inflorescences)
- The male ones are only found in male
flowers (inflorescences).
27. THE MALE AND FEMALE CONES
• The male cone are form at the bottom of
the tree, it produces the pollen and is
much smaller than the female that
produces the oval and is form at the top
of the tree.
Male cone
Female cone
28. Conifers
• They are the largest and most well-known
group in gymnosperms. (Pine and fir
trees)
31. THE ROOTS
The roots grew in the opposite direction
to the stem and is usually
underground .
They attach to the ground and have
absorbent roots hair to collect the
water
and minerals salts .
33. THE STEM
• The stem is the axis of the plant and provides
support for the plants ,leaves and flowers .Also
provides transportation .
• The xylem the sap moves up the vascular
cundoits inside the stem until it reaches the
leaves .Then ,the phloem sap is distributed to the
rest of the plant .
34. THE STEM
NODES :are the areas of the plants stem
from from which the leaves and branches
grow .
BUDS :are the shoots on the stem that are
responsibles for the stems grow and.
35. LEAVES
Leaves are where photosynthesis take places
.They also regulate the amount of water that
goes to the hole plant ,they do that through
trnspiration :realise the water to the atmosphere
.Transpiration occurs in the day trough little pores
.
36. ANGIOSPERMS
Flowering plants can be angiosperms. They are
any flowering plant in which the ovules are
enclosed in an ovary, which develops into the
fruit after fertilization.
Olive flowers
38. DIFFERENT ORGANS OF ANGIOSPERM
FLOWERS
Angiosperm flowers can have up to 4 different
types of organs: sepals, petals, stamens and
carpels.
39. FLOWER PARTS
PETALS
These are the coloured leaves that attract
insects carrying pollen. All the petals are called
the corolla
corolla
40. STAMENS
These are the male reproductive organs of the
flower. They have a filament with an anther at
the end : the anther produces the pollen grains .
Stamens are protected by the corolla.
STAMENS
41. CARPELS (PISTILS)
These are the female reproductive organs of a
plant. A carpel includes the ovary, the style and
the stigma. Inside the ovary are the ovules,
which contain the female reproductive cells.
42. SEPALS
These are leaves below the petals . They are
usually small and green . All the sepals are called
calyx : the calyx protects the internal parts of
the flower.
SEPALS
44. Fruits and Seeds
Angiosperms produce structures that come from the flowers
ovary, called fruits. Their function is to disperse the seeds
they have inside and protect them.
Remains of the
FLOWER
Stamens
Seeds.
Sepals
(calyx)
45. DISPERSION OF SEEDS
The seeds can be dispersed by many ways:
-By the wind.
-By the water.
-By birds or other animals.
The animals take the seeds in form
of fruit in this case, except insects.