Catalhoyuk, located in modern-day Turkey, was one of the earliest known human settlements that can be characterized as a city, dating between 9,500-7,700 BCE. It had permanent mud-brick housing structures joined together with shared walls and no streets, requiring residents to enter and exit homes through rooftop ladders or holes in the ceiling. Over time, the residents abandoned the east mound and moved to the west mound, began domesticating cattle around 8200 BCE, started using milk around 8600 BCE, and produced some of the earliest known pottery around 9000 BCE.