Parenting education for better care of children (Manual)

;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_
a'4gu/, sf7df8f}F
afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf
afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu
cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts
cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts

ii
afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/
lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts
k|sfzs M ;dfh ;]jf tyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_
kf]=a=g+=M @!$##, a'4gu/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM )!–$&*$%$%,
O{d]n M info@cwish.org.np j]j M www.cwish.org.np
n]vsM Clif/fd k/fh'nL, /fds[i0f k/fh'nL, lji0f' ltdlN;gf, w|'j nfld5fg]
;Nnfx ;'emfjM
!= zflGt clwsf/L, ;+:yfks cWoIf, l;lj;
@= ljdnf 1jfnL, cWoIf, l;lj;
#= 6]sgf/fo0f kf08] – lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu
$= /fdz/0f ;fksf]6f – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu
%= an/fd ltdN;Lgf – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu
^= /fs]z >]i7 – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu
&= lbJof bjf8L – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu
*= lji0f' k|;fb clwsf/L – pk–lgb]{zs, lzIff ljefu
(= ;/f]h s]=;L= – sfo{qmd Joj:yfks, l;lj;
!)= o'j/fh l3ld/] – P8ef]s];L ;+of]hs
!!= dlxdf k|wfg – lzIff ;+of]hs
cfj/0f M pQd g]kfn
n]cfp6 M /d]z e08f/L
k|sfzg jif{ M @)&@
;xof]u M Embassy of Finland, Kathmandu
ISBN: 978-9937-2-9654-0

dGtJo
afnaflnsfx?sf nflu pgLx? a;]sf] 3/ g} klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] eg] cfdfa'jf tyf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox? pgLx?sf nflu klxnf] lzIfs÷lzlIfsf x'g . afnaflnsfsf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ug]{ Jojxf/ / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhlss/0fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . kl/jf/ kl5
afnaflnsfx?n] clwsf+; ;do ljBfnodf latfpg] ePsf] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] pHHjn eljio
klg kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf g} lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt ug]{
lzIff lhjgf]kof]uL l;kdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f]xL cg';f/sf] kf7oqmd, k7gkf7g,
hjfkmb]xL tyf bIf lzIfs, s'zn / lhDd]jf/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf
;DkGg ef}lts k"jf{wf/, afnd}qL ljBfno tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf /xG5 . oL ;a}
kIfx?sf] d'Vo cfwf/ r]tglzn / pT;flxt cleefsx? g} x'g . afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn
eljiosf nflu >Ldfg >LdtLn] ljjfx kZrft s'g ;dodf aRrf hGdfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 /
o;sf nflu s] s:tf] tof/L ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg' kb{5 . kl/jf/n] klg ;f]xL
cg';f/ ue{jtL clg ;'Ts]/L cfdfsf] :ofxf/ tyf x]/rfx ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhlss/0f tyf JolQmTj ljsf;df 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ljBfnosf] 7'nf] e'ldsf
/xG5 . afnaflnsfx?df x'g] km/s km/s Ifdtf, pgLx?sf] ?rL, b}lgs lqmofsnfk / cj:yfsf]
af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf ljBfnosf lzIfs cgle1 eP afnaflnsfx? hf]lvddf kg{
;S5g . kl/jf/ / ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] a[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] pko'Qm jftfj/0f
/ cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] af/]df ;r]t agfO{ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf afnaflnsf k|lt
yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg l;lj;n] lzIff ljefu;Fusf] ;xsfo{df afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx
tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf] xf] .
k|:t't ;|f]t k':tsdf kl/jf/n] aRrf hGdfpgsf nflu of]hgf ug]{ b]lv pgLx?nfO{ s'g pd]/
;d'xdf s:tf] jftfj/0f pko'Qm x'G5 / ;f] jftfj/0fsf] nflu 3/ kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfon]
v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] a9g] qmd ;Fu;u}
pgLx?df cfpg] zfl//Ls tyf Jojxf/Ls kl/jt{gsf] jf/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fO{ pgLx?sf] ljsf; / ;+/If0fdf yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg' o; ;|f]t k':tssf] d'Vo p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 .
k|:t't ;|f]t k':ts n]vg sfo{ b]lv clGtd ?k lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] n]vs, lzIff ljefusf
ljleGg ljifout lj1 tyf l;lj;sf sd{rf/Lx?k|lt xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . wGojfb ..
ljdnf 1jfnL
cWoIf

afnaflnsfsf] pko'St x]/rfx tyf afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflucleefjs lzIff ;|f]t k':ts
v
;|f]t k':tssf ;DaGwdf 1
v08 Ps cleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj 3
!=! cleefjssf] e"ldsf 4
!=@ cleefjsTjsf] bz l;bwfGt 6
v08 b'O{ afnd}qL ljbofno / kl/jf/ 11
@=! afnd}qL ljbofno s] xf] < 12
@=@= afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ 15
v08 ltg kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf 21
#=! kl/jf/sf] of]hgf 22
#=@ ;'/lIft dft[Tj 22
#=# kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] pkof]lutf 23
#=$ ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ljlwx¿ 23
#=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 24
v08 rf/ ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/ 25
$=! ue{jtL :ofxf/ 26
$=@ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ 29
$=# ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ 31
$=$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL hfGg' kg{ s'/fx¿M 32
$=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 32
v08 kf“r gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx 33
%=! gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ 34
%=@ gjhft lzz'sf] nflu :tgkfg / k"/s vfgf 36
%=# k"/s vfgf 39
%=$ ;jf]{Qd lk7f] 39
%=% ;lqmo v'jfO 40
v08 5 cfdf / aRrfsf nflu kf]if0f 41
^=! cfdf / aRrfsf] Kff]if0f 42
ljifo;"rL

vi
^=@ s'kf]if0f 44
^=# afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fsf] nflu ;'gf}nf !))) lbg 46
^=$= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ M 46
^=%= ljbofnodf vfhfsf] Joj:yf 46
^=^= lbjf vfhf sfo{qmd 48
^=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 49
v08 ;ft afnaflnsfsf] j[blw / ljsf; 50
&=!= afnj[blw 49
&=@= afnljsf; 51
&=#= kl/kSjtf 51
&=$= j[blw / ljsf;sf] tl/sf 51
&=%= j[blw / ljsf;df km/s kfg]{ TTjx¿ 51
&=^= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 53
v08 cf7 JolStut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO 54
*=!= JolStut ;/;kmfO 55
*=@= jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo 57
v08 gf} afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s :jf:Yo 59
(=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf] dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] kl/0ffd 60
(=@= afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu dfgl;s :jf:Yo lsg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 < 61
(=#= dfgl;s tgfj 63
(=$= dfgl;s tgfj Joj:yfkg 64
(=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 64
v08 bz afnaflnsfdf x'g] ckfªutf 65
!)=!= ckfªtf 66
!)=@ ckfªutfsf sf/0fx¿M 66
!)=#= /f]syfd 67
!)=$= Joj:yfkg 68
!)=%= cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ 68
!)=^ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 68
v08 P3f/ afnaflnsfsf] nflu v]n / dgf]/~hg 69
!!=!= v]nsf ljif]ztfx¿ 71
!!=@= v]n / dl:tissf] ljsf; 71

vii
!!=#= afnaflnsfsf nflu s:tf] v]n x'g'kb{5 < 72
!!=$= v]naf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ 72
!!=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 72
v08 afx| afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]u, /f]usf] lgoGq0f tyf k|fylds pkrf/ /
afnaflnsfx?nfO{ nfUg] k|d'v 3fts /f]ux?
73
!@=!= emf8fkvfnf 74
!@=@= Zjf;k|Zjf; tyf lgdf]lgof 75
!@=#= s'kf]if0f 76
!@=$= bfb'/f 78
!@=%= cf}nf] 78
!@=^ afnaflnsfsf nflu vf]k 79
!@=&= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 79
!@=*= k|fylds pkrf/ 80
!@=(= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 84
v08 t]x| afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/ kl/j{tg 86
!#=!= afnaflnsfsf] afgL tyf Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg 87
!#=@= afnaflnsfx¿n] afgL Jojxf/ s;/L l;Sb5g < 87
!#=#= :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] afgL Jojxf/sf] Joj:yfkg 89
!#=$= lszf]/fj:yf 89
!#=%= afnaflnsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df afgLsf] ljsf; 90
!#=^= 1fg / Jojxf/sf] u'0ffTds ljsf; 91
!#=&= Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof 92
!#=*= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 92
v08 rf}3 afnaflnsf;“usf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ 93
!$=!= afnaflnsf;“u k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ s;/L x'G5 < 94
!$=@= afnaflnsfn] a'‰g] u/L s;/L af]Ng < 94
!$=#= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ a'‰g ;xh s;/L agfpg] < 95
!$=$= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;~rf/sf afwfx¿ s] s] x'g < 96
!$=%= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 97
v08 kGw| hLjgf]kof]uL l;k 99
!%=!= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lsg cfjZos 5 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k < 100
!%=@= s:tf s:tf x'G5g t hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ < 100
!%=#= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 106

8
v08 ;f]x| h]G8/ tyf of}lgstf 107
!^=!= h]G8/ 108
!^=@= lnªu / h]G8/ 110
!^=#= e"ldsf 110
!^=$= ;dtf / ;dfgtf 112
!^=%= clwsf/ / ;zStLs/0f 112
!^=^= ;|f]t / ;fwg 113
!^=&= h]G8/ lje]btf 113
!^=*= h]G8/ / ;~rf/ 113
!^=( kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 113
!^=!) of}lgstf 114
v08 ;q 119
afn ;+/If0fsf nflu ljbofno / kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf 119
!&=!= afn ;+/If0f eg]sf] s] xf] < 120
!&=@= kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ 128

1
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf afnd}qL ljbofno cflbsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . To;}n] /fHosf] gLltn] klg
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a} kIfx¿sf]
d'Vo cfwf/ r]tgzLn / pT;flxt cleefjsx¿
g} x'g . pgLx¿n] g} o;sf nflu ;'wf/ jf
kl/jt{g u/fpg ;Sb5g .
cfd cleefjsx¿ r]tgzLn / pT;flxt
x'g g;s]sf sf/0fn] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf /
lzIffsf] ljsf;df ck]lIft kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / lghL If]qx¿af6 o;df
s]xL k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf 5g t/ klg cleefjsdf
g} c;n cleefjsTj;Fu ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t
1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; x'g jf u/fpg g;Sg'sf
sf/0f ljutsf k|of;x¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf
x'g . tL k|of;x¿nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg
kg]{ vfFrf]nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg k"lt{ ug{]
pbb]Zoaf6 k]|l/t eO{ of] cleefjssf] nflu
;|f]t k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . cfzf 5, o;n]
s]xL xb;Ddsf] vfFrf] k"lt{ ug]{ 5 .
@= cf}lrTo
cleefjsTj hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ofqf
xf], c;n ;Gtfgsf nflu rfxgf ug]{ / To;
cg';f/ of]hgf agfpg] cleefjssf] nflu of]
r'gf}tL clgjfo{ klg 5 . To;}n] cleefjs
aGg] Joj:yfksLo 1fg / l;k ax'cfoflds x'g'
:jefljs} xf] . tL ;a} ;jfnx¿ lj:t[t ¿kdf
o; o; ;|f]t k':tsleq ;d]6g ;Dej gePtf
klg k|d'v ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿n]
cleefjs tyf cleefjs;Fu k|ToIf sfd
ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu klg s]xL xb;Dd
!= e"ldsf
;dfh / d'n'ssf nflu c;n gful/s lgdf{0fdf
cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
cleefjsn] afnaflnsf dfly k'¥ofPsf] :ofxf/ /
ckgfPsf] Jojxf/ s} k|ltkmn :j¿k gofF lkF9Ln]
;Eo / ;d[bw hLjg lhpg l;Sb5g . To;sf
nflu :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg', u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff k|fKt ug'{, kof{Kt dfof / d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/
kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] /
To;nfO{ k"0f{ u/fpg' cleefjssf] k|d'v st{Jo
xf] . To;}af6 afnaflnsfn] c;n Jojxf/ /
;+:sf/ l;Sb5g . ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'G5
/ pgLx¿nfO{ klg kl/jf/ / ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/
aGg k|]/0ff ldNb5 .
c;n cleefjs aGgsf nflu ;d'bfosf]
klg k|ToIf k/f]If e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] k|To]s
kl/jf/sf cleefjsn] ;dfhsf nflu klg c;n
cleefjsLo ;fd"lxs cleofg / ;dGjosf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} If]qsf] ;+nUgtfn]
g} afnaflnsfsf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / afnaflnsf]
;du| ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 . afn ljsf;sf]
k|d'v ;jfn p;n] k|fKt ug]{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff g}
xf] / To;sf k|d'v ;|f]tx¿ 3/ / ljbofno g}
x'g . To;kl5 kfl/jfl/s tyf ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs
cfly{s jftfj/0f xf] .
afnaflnsfn] ljbofnoaf6 k|fKt ug]{ lzIff
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f]xL
cg';f/ kf7oqmd÷k7gkf7g, hjfkmb]xL tyf bIf
lzIfs, s'zn / lhDd]j/ :s'n Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfo, cfwf/e"t ;'ljwf ;DkGg
;|f]t k':tssf ;DaGwdf

2
;fGble{s x'g] 5 eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
j}jflxs hLjgsf] ;'?jftsf] ;f]r cfpFbf g}
cleefjsTjsf] ;'?jft x'G5 . ha Jojxf/
d} cleefjs algG5, To;sf] lg/Gt/tf hLjg
ko{Gt /xG5 . h:t}M ljjfx s'g pd]/df ug]{ <
aRrf slxn] hGdfpg] < aRrf hGdfpg grfx]sf]
cjlwsf nflu s'g ue{lg/f]wsf ;fwg ckgfpg] <
s;/L a9fpg] / k9fpg], cfTdf lge{/ aGg /
ljjfx ug{ of]Uo s;/L agfpg] cflb b]lv c;n
cleefjssf] nflu kl/jf/df ck|ToIf ¿kn]
cgGt;Dd cleefjsTj /lx/xG5 .
#= k':tssf] k|of]hg
lhDd]jf/ cleefjssf nflu pgLx¿sf
afnaflnsfsf ;du| JolSTTj ljsf; ug{ s:tf
s:tf 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos
kb{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ of] ;|f]t
k'l:tsfdf ;s];Dd ljljw ;fGble{s d'bbfx¿
;dfj]z ug]{ sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .
ue{wf/0f ug]{ lg0f{ob]lv k|;"lt ;]jf tyf
afnljsf;sf nflu cleefjsn] k"/f ug'{
kg]{ bfloTjsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf cleefjsnfO{ bIf
agfpg of] ;|f]t k':tsn] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;df
ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoognfO{ ;xh xf];
eGgsf nflu To;sf ;}bwflGts tyf k|fljlws
hfgsf/Lx¿ ljleGg r/0fx¿df ;d]l6Psf
5g . h:t} ue{ / k|;"lt tyf gjhft lzz'sf]
;]jf, kf]if0f, afnaflnsfdf nfUg ;Sg] /f]ux¿
;DaGwL -k|lt/f]wfTds, pkrf/fTds / k|jw{gfTds_
hfgsf/Lx¿x¿/:ofxf/, cleefjs/afnaflnsf
larsf] ;DaGw / l;sfO -Jojxf/, lzIff,
;~rf/, JolSTTj ljsf; tyf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
;DaGwL ljljw kIfx¿_, afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/
/ ;dfh;Fusf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf ax'cfoflds
ljifox¿nfO{ sfo{d"ns 9ªun] afnljsf;sf
nflu cleefjs;Fusf] ;DaGw hf]8g k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 . afnljsf;sf nflu cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf
;fy} ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdf klg cleefjsnfO{
s]lGb|t u/L o; ;|f]t k':tsdf ;d]6g ;Dej
eP;Dd sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 .
of] ;|f]t k':ts cleefjs lzIff tyf ;zStLs/0f
cleofgdf nfu]sf cleoGtf tyf ;|f]t JolStx¿sf
nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] xf]
tfklg :jo+ cleefjs tyf cleefjs aGg]
tof/Ldf /x]sf JolStx¿sf nflu klg plQs}
pko'St x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, o;df ePsf
;}bwflGts tyf k|fljlws sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{
k'gM ;Rofpg] jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ df}sf o;sf
kf7s tyf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;'emfjaf6 k|fKt x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
wGojfb Û

3
v08 Ps
cleefjsTjsf]
cjwf/0ff / dxTTj

4
!=! cleefjssf] e"ldsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/ ;sf/fTds
agfpg cleefjsn] v]Ng] c;n e"ldsf g}
cleefjsTj xf] . ha aRrf ue{df /xG5,
Tolt a]nfb]lv g} cleefjsTj ;'? x'G5 . cGt
/fli6«o afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] pNn]v
u/] cg';f/ afnaflnsfn] ;Ddflgt ;dflhs
hLjg ljtfpg kfpg] clwsf/ -kf]if0f, lzIff,
;'/Iff, ;dfgtf tyf / dfof_ sf] klxnf] ;+/If0fstf{
pgLx?sf cleefjs g} x'g, To; kl5 ;du|
kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fHosf] pTt/bfloTj cyf{t
cleefjsLo e"ldsf x'G5 . pSt dxf;lGwn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] afn clwsf/sf] rf/ cf]6f If]q
/fHosf nflu dfq geO{ kl/jf/ -cleefjs_ /
;dfh ljsf;sf nflu klg xf] . To;}n] o;sf
af/]df cleefjsn] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 .
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pgLx¿ a;]sf] 3/ g}
klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] . klxnf] dlGb/ xf] .
ljZj hut klg xf] . To;}n] cleefjsx¿
g} pgLx¿sf] nflu klxnf] lzIfslzlIfsf x'g .
cleefjs klxnf] O{Zj/ x'g . kyk|bz{s x'g .
of] s'/fsf] 1fg ;fob ;a} cleefjsx¿nfO{ 5
t/ ;d:of Jojxf/ / hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf]
Joj:yfkgdf g} w]/} x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf
nflu dfq geP/ cleefjsx¿ :jodsf nflu
klg cleefjsTj;DaGwL hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf]
cfjZostf kg{ ;Sb5 .
ljleGg cWoogx¿n] atfP cg';f/
cleefjsx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿ k|lt ul/Fb}
cfPsf] Jojxf/ d'Vo u/L ltg k|sf/sf] kfOG5 M
!=!=! s8f cg'zf;gM
cleefjssf] ljj]sn] hfg] a'em]cg';f/
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu agfOlbPsf] lgod
eGbf clnslt klg la/fpg gkfpg] lsl;dsf]
Jojxf/ g} s8f cg'zf;g xf] . s8f cg'zf;g
rflxG5 eGg] ;f]r ePsf cleefjsx¿
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgl;s bafadf /fVg
;s] dfq c;n aGg ;Sb5g eGg] s'/fdf
ljZj; ub{5g . s8f cg'zf;g dg k/fpg]
cleefjsx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ ufnL ug]{,
8/ wDsL b]vfpg] / zf/Ll/s oftgf ;d]t
lbg] ub{5g . …kl/jf/df sf]xL g sf]xL b]lv
8/ ePg eg] aRrf tx nfUb}ggÚ eGg] s'/f
clwsf+z cleefjsx¿af6 ;'lgG5 / of] w]/}
k'/fgf] dfGotf klg xf] . s'g} s'nt jf unt
lsl;dsf Jojxf/ jf afgLsf] ljsf; gxf]; eGg]
x]t'n] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 t/
To; lsl;dsf s8f cyf{t kmnfd] cg'zf;gsf]
dfgl;s bafadf /fv]/ lgoGq0f ubf{ s'ntdf
nfUg] a9L ;Defjgf ePsf] o; If]qdf cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug]{ lj1x¿sf] dt 5 . lsgls
s'ntdf nfUg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f kl/jf/af6
ePsf] v/fa Jojxf/ jf afnaflnsfx¿n]
cleefjsaf6 hlt dfof kfpg' kg]{ xf] Tolt dfof
kfPsf] cg'ej gu/]sf] sf/0fn] g} s'ntdf nfu]sf
clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿n] g} atfPsf] egL
cWoogx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g . lj1x¿sf
cg';f/ cleefjssf] k|]/0ffn] c;n sfd ug{] afgL
a;fNg] xf] / cfkm}k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg] afgLdf
cEo:t u/fpg] cleefjssf] 3/df agfPsf]
d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fn] g} xf] . o:tf] jftfj/0fdf
x'ls{Psf afnaflnsf jo:s x'Fbf :jefljs
cleefjsTjsf] cjwf/0ff / dxTTj
!

5
¿kdf ;dfh / kl/jf/k|lt klg k"0f{ pQ/bfoL
x'g] ub{5g . s8f cg'zf;gsf sf/0f ;w}F 8/ /
dfgl;s bafjdf x's]{sf afnaflnsfx¿n] hlt
af}blws jf ljZn]0ffTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
kg]{ xf] Tolt ug{ ;Sb}gg . o;sf] k|efjn] ubf{
jo:s eP kl5 cfˆgf] Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 .
o;af6 a'leG5 ls s8f cg'zf;g afnljsf;sf]
afws xf] .
!=!=@= k'Nk'Nofpg]
afnaflnsfnfO{ cleefjsx¿n] k'Nk'Nofpg] klg
ub{5g . k'Nk'Nofpg'sf] cy{ w}/} dfof ug'{ xf]
eGg] a'emfO clwsf+z cleefjsx¿df kfOG5 .
w]/} dflg;x¿ k'Nk'Nofpg'nfO{ /fd|f] dfGb}gg .
/fd|f] sfdsf nflu k'Nk'Nofpg' pko'St x'g;Sb5
t/ g/fd|f] sfd u/] jf uNtL u/] klg k'Nk'Nofpg'
rflxF /fd|f] xf]Og . o;sf] k|efjn] ubf{ pgLx¿df
hfgL hfgL uNtL bf]xf]¥ofpg] afgL a:b5 / c6]/L
x'g] :jfefjsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 . uNtL lsg ug'{
x'Gg eGg] af/]df / To;sf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eGg]
efj kg]{ u/L dfof lbP/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ToxL
Jojxf/af6 cg'zf;g / g}lts bfloTjsf] af]w
u/fpg klg ;lsG5 .
!=!=#= dfofn' ;DaGw
;a} cleefjsn] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{
dfof ub{5g . c;n cleefjsn] dfof u/]/ g}
cg'zf;gdf 8f]¥ofpF5g, / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
l;sfpF5g . hLjg lhpg l;sfp5g . c;n
cleefjsn] dfof lbP/ g} afnaflnsfx¿af6
klg cfTdLotf kfPsf x'G5g . afnaflnsfdf
ljsf; u/fpg] OdfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf
cfTdlge{/tf, :jlgoGq0f jf cg'zf;g, bofn'
efjgf, ;xof]uL :jefj, cfgGb cflb h] hlt /fd|f
s'/fx¿ k|fKt ub{5g, ;a} s'/f cleefjsn]
ug]{ dfofsf] cfwf/df g} e/ kb{5 . To;}sf]
cfwf/df afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] JolSTTjsf]
ljsf; ul/x]sf x'G5g . plrt tyf kof{Kt dfof
/ :ofxf/ gkfPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] dfgl;s
tgfj dfq} dx;'; u/]sf x'G5g . o;sf] kl/0ffd
:j¿k pgLx¿df emu8f ug]{, vfgf gvfg],
cleefjsn] gb]Vg] u/L la7ofOF ug]{, c?nfO{
3[0ff ug]{, c? k|lt hjfkmb]xL gx'g], x's{b} hfFbf
c;fdflhs Jojxf/ b]vfpg] / cGTodf s'ntdf
klg k'Ug ;Sb5g .
ljåfgx¿sf dtcg';f/ cleefjs /
afnaflnsf larsf] ;DaGw h:tf] ag]sf] x'G5
;f]xLcg';f/ afnaflnsfn] klg lj:tf/} cfˆgf]
Jojxf/÷:jefj b]vfpFb5g . afnaflnsf;Fusf]
;DaGw, dfof / cg'zf;g;Fu :yflkt ePsf]
eP To;sf] k|efjn] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g b]vfg yfNb5 . o;/L x'g] ;sf/fTds
Jojxf/n] jo:s pd]/df k'Ubf;Dd w]/} k|efjsf/L
l;bw x'gk'Ub5 . olb afnaflnsf;Fu /fd|f]
;DaGw 5}g eg] cleefjsn] hlt;'s} /fd|f]
clt{ pkb]z lbP klg ;'Ggnfos 7fGb}gg,
efif0f h:tf] 7fg]sf x'G5g . afnaflnsf;Fusf]
;';DaGw cleefjsn] ug]{ dfofdf e/ kb{5 /
c;n ;DaGws} sf/0fn] Ps cfk;df ljZjf;
a95 . cg'zf;gsf nflu ljZjf; g} alnof]
cfwf/ xf] .
cleefjsTj / afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg;DaGwL
cg]sfF} cWoogx¿ ePsf 5g . cleefjsTjsf
af/]df lj:tfl/t ;fdflhs cWoog cg';Gwfg
u/]/ n/]G; :6]Ogau{n] k|:t't u/]sf …c;n
cleefjsTjsf] bz cfwf/e"t l;bwfGtÚ lgs}
k|lzbw 5 . ;f] k':tssf] af/]df j]ePd8Ldf
;Dkflbt n]vcg';f/ s] pbb]Zon] afnaflnsf;Fu
Jojxf/ ul/Psf] xf] egL To;nfO{ s]lGb|t
u/L n]lvPsf] 5 . cg'zf;g afnaflnsfnfO{
8/ b]vfpg xf] jf cfTdljZjf; hufpg,
;Eo / dfgjLo efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ agfOg]
xf] eGg] lh1fzfnfO{ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

6
;f] k':ts;DaGwL pSt n]vdf elgPcg';f/
afnaflnsfnfO{ h;/L Jojxf/ ul/G5 ;f]xL
cg';f/ pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ agfpFb} n}hfG5g .
pgn] eg]sf 5g ls Pp6f c;n cleefjs
Pp6f cnu If]qsf] cg';Gwfgstf{ klg ePsf]
x'G5 h;n] nfdf] ;do nufP/ cg';Gwfg
u/]sf] x'G5 .
!=@ cleefjsTjsf] bz l;bwfGt
ljåfg n/]G;n] c;n cleefjsTjsf ;DaGwdf
k|:t't u/]sf bz cf]6f cfwf/e"t l;bwfGt
;+If]kdf lgDg cg';f/ 5gM
!= tkfO{+ afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg
rfxg' x'G5 < clg, tkfO{ rflxF s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 <
tkfO{n] h] ug'{x'G5 afnaflnsfx¿n] klg
To;}sf] gSsn ub{5g . To:tf] a]nfdf t'?Gt}
k|ltlqmof gug'{; . a? Ps l5g ;f]Rg'xf]; æd
rflxF kf] s] ul//x]sf] 5' <Æ
@= dfof u/]sf] eGb}df lk6g] jf ufnL ug]{
ug'{ x'Fb}g / c;n cleefjssf nflu Tof]
;Defjgf klg 5}g . clt dfof ug'{ klg
g/fd|f] k6Ss} xf]Og . dfof u/]sf] gfddf
ufnL jf xKsfObKsfO ubf{ g/fd|f] kl/0fd
cfpF5 t/ To:tf] dfof u/]sf] kl/0ffd
t'?Gt} b]lvb}g a? ufnL ug]{ afgL a9b}
hfFbf lj:tf/} To;sf] kl/0ffd klg b]lvg
yfNb5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof ug'{ Ps
lsl;dsf] dfgjLo s'/f xf] . afnclwsf/
klg xf] . dfof ddtf afnaflnsfsf] ck]Iff
xf] cyjf cleefjssf] klg ;l~rt ;DklTt
h:t} xf] .
#= cleefjsx¿ ef}lts ¿kdf dfq geO{
dfgl;s¿kdf klg afnaflnsfk|lt ;dlk{t
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . kof{Kt ;do lbg' sl7g
sfd xf], To;}n] ;do ;dodf pgLx?sf
nlu lbOg] ;dosf af/]df k'glj{rf/ /
k'gJo{j:yfkg ul//xg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf]
nflu lbOg] ;donfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf
/fVg'kb{5 . cleefjsn] cfˆgf w]/} s'/fx¿
afnaflnsfsf] nflu TofUg ;Sg'kb{5,
lsgls afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t cjZostf
k'/f ug'{ cleefjssf] bfloTj xf] . g'xfO
w'jfO u/fpg', :s'ndf lbPsf] u[xsfo{
-xf]djs{_ df ;xof]u ug'{, vfgf ksfP/
v'jfpg', cflb h:tf sfd afnaflnsfsf]
nflu lbPsf] ;dodf kb}{gg . tL sfd
t cleefjsx¿sf] cfˆgf] lgoldt sfd xf] .
pgLx¿sf nflu cfgGb -dgf]/~hg_ u/fpg
/ 1fg, l;k / Ifdtf a9fpg lbPsf] yk
;do rflxF afnaflnsfsf] nflu lbPsf] ;xL
;do xf] .
$= afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} pgLx¿;Fu}
ul/g] Jojxf/df klg kl/jt{g ul//xg'
cfjZos 5 . pgLx¿n] s'g pd]/df s:tf]
Jojxf/ b]vfp5g / xfdLn] ug]{ s:tf]
Jojxf/ pko'St x'g;Sb5 < dfgf}F # jif{sf]
afnaflnsfn] k|fo …gfO{Ú dfq} eG5, p;nfO{
rkL{df lb;f ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ s;/L
l;sfpg] < To:t}, !# jif{sf] pd]/df p;Fu
cg]sf}F lh1f;fx¿ 5g, p;sf]÷pgsf]
af}blws ljsf;sf nflu s'/fsfgL x'G5
t/ pm÷pgL cfˆgf] s'/fdf lhblw klg
u5{÷ul5{g . p;sf] lhblwaf6 jfSs eP/
kG5g jf bafa lbP/ cfˆg} s'/f rflxF
:jLsfg}{ nufpg ldN5 / < To;f] ul/of]
eg] cleefjsb]lv pgLx¿nfO{ jfSs nfUg
yfNb5 . pgLx¿df cleefjssf] Jojxf/s}
sf/0f tgfj a9g ;S5, h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿df
;'lt/xg] afgL a:b5, 3/ eGbf aflx/ g}
;do ljtfpg dg k/fpg yfNb5g . lj:tf/}
:s'ndf klg l;sfOdf ;d:of cfpg
yfNb5 . o:tf] eP klg cfgLafgL ;'wfg{
bafa lbg'÷xKsfObKsfO ug'{ emg} pko'St
xF'b}g . ;a} eGbf klxnf tTsfn} k/fd;{stf{

7
jf s;}sf] ;xfotf lnP/ p;nfO{ s] s]
ePsf] 5 egL ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx¿ yfxf kfpg
kb{5 . clg d}qLk"0f{ tl/sfn] agLdf ;'wf/
u/fpg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ljz]if of]hgf
agfO/xg klg kb}{g . s] s]df kl/jt{g cfof]
eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lsgls
ToxL kl/jt{gsf] k|;+zf ub}{ gofF kl/jt{gsf
nflu k|]l/t ub}{ n}hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
%= afnaflnsfsf] nlu cfjZos cg'zf;g
jf lgod lgdf{0f ug{ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg
ubf{ ;w}F afnaflnsf ;Fu} eOFb}g . afnaflnsf
x's{Fb} u/]sf x'G5g . ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsf]
Jojxf/nfO{ klg Jojl:yt ul/Pg eg]
kl5 pgLx?nfO{ ;dosf] Joj:yfkg ug{ /
;do cg';f/ rNg lgs} sl7g kg{ hfG5 .
pgLx?sf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg] xf]Og
;lhnf] tl/sf ckgfP/ cfkm}n] ug{ l;sfpg]
xf] . lbgsf] ltg} k|x/ x/]s cleefjs;Fu ltg
cf]6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ x'g'kb{5 M
!_ d]/f] aRrf sxfF 5 < @_ d]/f] aRrf
sf];Fu 5 < / #_ d]/f] aRrf s] ul//x]sf]
5 < olb l7s / lrQa'‰bf] pQ/ kfO/xg'
ePsf] x'g'x'G5 eg] lgodsf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg
ePsf] / /fd|f] lgod agfPsf] 7xl/g] 5 .
pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} sltko ;–;fgf sfdsf
Joj:yfkg ul/;fWo klg x'Gg / ug{ klg
x'Gg olb pgLx¿sf] pd]/ lszf]/fj:yfdf
k'lu;s]sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿ d'Vo ;do
tflnsfdf g} 5g / ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojxf/df
klg tkfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ;dflxt eO/xg
;Sg'ePsf] 5 eg] afFsL pgLx¿sf]
;–;fgf sfdsf nlu cfkm}+ lgod agfpg /
nfu' ug{ k|]l/t dfq} ug'{xf]; . c;xh eP
;xhLs/0f ug'[{xf]; t/ To;}sf nflu x:tIf]k
rflxF slxNo} gug'{xf]; .
^= afnaflnsfnfO{ b}lgs sfdsfhdf cfTd
lge{/ aGg ljleGg pkfodfkm{t clej[blw
ug'{'kb{5 . :jkl/rfng / ;+oldt x'gsf
nflu yf]/} ;xof]usf] tof/L ug'{xf]; /
;xhLs/0f ug'{xf]; . pgLx¿sf] x/]s sfdsf]
;kmntfsf nflu :jkl/rfng / ;+oldttf
cfjZos 5 . cfTdlg0f{osf] ljsf;sf nflu
clncln cg'/f]wsf] z}nLdf bafa l;h{gf
ug'{ :jfefljs} x'G5 . t/, cfTdlge{/tfsf
nflu :jlg0f{o ug{ cleefjsn] kl/jfl/s
dfGotf ljkl/t bafa lbg' eg] x'Fb}g . pd]/sf]
ljsf;;Fu} cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu :jlg0f{o
ug{ lbg' jf l;sfpg' k5{ lsgls of] dfgj
:jefjsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ c+z xf] .
&= n'uf km]/]sf] h:tf] afnaflnsfk|lt
cleefjsn] a]nfa]nfdf cfˆgf] klg
dfGotf jf Jojxf/nfO{ abln/xg' xF'b}g .
afnaflnsfx¿n] klg To;}sf] l;sf] ug{
yfNb5g / kl5 ToxL sf/0f cleefjssf
s'/fdf kTof/ dfGb}gg . cleefjssf]
klg /fd|f] cg'zf;g s] xf] eg] cfkm"n]
afnaflnsfk|lt hlxn] klg p:t} ;xh
Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;a} s'/fdf p:t} tl/sfsf]
Jojxf/ b]vfpg] klg xf]Og, dfq} kfl/jfl/s
dfGotfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ b]lvg'kb{5 .
To;afx]s cleefjsn] cfkm";Fu s] s]
c? lsl;dsf Ps}gf;] Jojxf/ 5 eg]/
k'glj{rf/ klg ug'{kb{5 . s'g} s'g} s'/fdf
kl/jt{g klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ ljgf ;'ema'em
rflxF kl/jt{g ug'{ x'b}g . afnaflnsfsf]
nflu cfˆgf] Jojxf/ km]g{ lsg cfjZos 5
/ s] k|efj kb{5 eg]/ /fd|f];Fu ;f]r]/ /
ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq} kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
vfGbfgL jf JolStut x}l;otsf] cfwf/df
x}g, cfjZostf / ljj]ssf cfwf/df ;f]r
/ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . x}l;ot t
;fgf 7"nf ;a}sf] cf–cfˆg} x'G5 . lsgls
afnaflnsfnfO{ x}l;ot b]vfOof] eg]
lj:tf/} pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
lng;S5g . w]/} cleefjsx¿sf nflu ;w}F

8
p:t} x'g' eg]sf] lgs} ufx|f] sfd xf] . To;n]
ubf{ afnaflnsf bf]wf/df kg{ ;S5g To;}n]
cfkm"nfO{ cg'zf;g / Jojxf/df Psfgf;
u/fpg cfTd;+odtf÷OR5f zlSt bx|f]
agfpg' kb{5 .
*= cleefjs;Fu TofUg} kg]{ ?vf] Jojxf/x¿
w]/} x'g;S5g, afnalnsfn] rfx] h];'s}
u?g t/ Ps c;n cleefjssf]
gftfn] slxNo} klg afnaflnsfnfO{
lk6g], ufnLunf}h ug]{, ckzAbx¿sf]
k|of]u ug]{ jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf lx+;f
ug'{ x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] cufl8
lz/ e'msfpg afWo kfg'{ x'Fb}gg . clg
cfˆgf] 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu emu8f eof] eGb}df
/fd|f];Fu s'/f ga'emL c?sf] afnaflnsf
jf pgLx¿sf cleefjs;Fu l;w} emu8f
ug{ klg hfg'x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] lgx'Fdf
cleefjsx¿sf] emu8fn] æ;f9]sf] h'wfO
afR5fsf] ldrfOÆ eGg] egfO rl/tfy{ x'g
hfG5 . To;af6 afnaflnsfn] klg emu8f g}
l;Sb5g . emu8fsf k5fl8 n's]sf cg]sfF}
sf/0fx¿ x'G5g / slxn]sfxLFF abnfsf]
OR5fn] jf c;'/Iff dx;'; ePsf] sf/0f
afnaflnsfn] geg]sf klg x'g ;S5g .
To:tf] bf]xf¥ofP/ x'g glbg] cg]sf}F pkfox¿
x'G5g . h:t}M /fd|f] / g/fd|f] sfdsf af/]df
5'6ofP/ s'/f ug]{, emu8fn] x'g] k|efjsf
af/]df af]w u/fpg], cGofodf k/]sf] eP
;dflhs ;'/Iffsf Goflos pkrf/sf
pkfox¿ atfpg] cflb .
(= Ps c;n cleefjsn] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿k|lt
oyfy{ jf jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t 1fg /
Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g / ;f]xLcg';f/
g} cfˆgf s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ atfPsf
x'G5g . o;sf nflu pgLx¿n] Jojxfl/s
lgod agfPsf / cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿sf
nflu s] s] ug]{ s] s] gug]{ eGg] ;xL
lg0f{o u/]sf x'G5g . k|foM cleefjsx¿n]
x's{b} u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu cg'zf;g
/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k;DaGwL w]/} s'/fx¿
atfPsf x'G5g t/ lszf]/fj:yfdf k'u]kl5
atfpg' kg]{ hlt klg atfpFb}gg . h:t}M
!@ jif{sf] afnaflnsfk|lt slt ck]Iff /fVg],
slt atfpg], s'g s'/fnfO{ slt k|fyldstf
lbg] eGg] af/]df cleefjsnfO{ x]Ssf gx'g
klg ;Sb5 . pgLx?df cfPsf] zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s jf ;+j]ufTds kl/jt{g;Fu
;DalGwt eP/ ul/g] s'/f jf l;sfpg]
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf w]/} kIf gatfO/x]sf
x'g ;Sb5g . w]/} cleefjsx?n] t 7"nf]
x'g yfn]kl5 cfkm} hfGg' kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff
/fv]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf rfx]sf]] h:tf]
ck]Iff gkfPkl5 cg]sf}+ clt{ / u'gf;x?
JoSt ug{ yfNb5g . t/ lszf]/fj:yfdf
k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] cleefjssf] efif0f
dg k/fpFb}gg .
!)= cleefjsn] afnaflnsfaf6 xflb{sk"0f{
cfb/ k|fKt ug]{ Pp6} dfq pkfo eg]sf]
pgLx?nfO{ klg b]vfj6L x}g dg}b]lv cfb/
ug'{ . pgLx?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{ g} xf] .
pgLx?;Fu klg gd|tfk"j{s af]Ng] u/]df
pgLx?n] klg c?;Fu gd|tfk"j{s af]Ng
l;Sb5g . pgLx¿n] tkfO;Fu s'/f ul//xFbf
Wofgk"j{s ;'lglbg] u/]df pgLx¿df klg
To:t} afgLsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 . dfofn'
tl/sfn] pgLx¿sf] lh1fzfk|lt ;Daf]wg
ul/lbg' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ug{;Sg] / ldNg]
sfdsf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . 3/df
xf]; jf 3/aflx/ afnaflnsfnfO{ b]vfpFgsf
nflu dfq} tkfO{F /fd|f] ag]/ ;'v kfpg'
x'Gg lsgls ;dfhdf c? dflg;x¿k|lt
klg tkfO{n] b]vfpg'ePsf] Jojxf/x¿nfO{
pgLx¿n] glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//x]sf
x'G5g . olb 3/df afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu

9
Ps y/L / aflx/ csf]{ y/Lsf] Jojxf/
u/]sf] b]v]/ tkfO{Fk|lt afnaflnsf låljwfdf
kl//x]sf x'g;Sb5g . lj:tf/} pgLx¿n]
klg tkfO{Fsf] l;sf] ug{ yfN5g jf tkfO{k|lt
gsf/fTds wf/0ff agfpg yfNb5g .
dfly plNnlvt l;bwfGtsf a'Fbf afx]s c? klg
cleefjsLo e"ldsf;Fu ;DalGwt a'Fbfx¿ lgDg
cg';f/ 5gM
!= 5f]/f5f/Lsf ;fyLx¿ cfˆgf] 3/df cfpFbf
pgLx¿sf] :jfut / ;Ddfg ul/lbg'
kb{5, lsgls To;af6 /fd|f] ;+:sf/ l;Sg
k|]/0ff ldNb5 .
@= olb afnaflnsfx?n] /fd|f] sfd u/]df
pgLx?nfO{ Tolta]nf g} :ofjf;L lbg], sfdsf]
!= arfj6sf] clwsf/
of] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
xf] . o; cGtu{t sDtLdf klg afFRg kfpg],
plrt kfng kf]if0f, :jf:Yo x]/rfx, dfof,
OHht÷c;n Jojxf/ kfpg] cflb kb{5g .
@= ljsf;sf] clwsf/
of] uef{j:yfb]lv g} zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;
ug{sf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] .
o;df sDtLdf klg lzIff cfh{g, cleJolStsf]
:jtGqtf, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, Gofo k|zf;g
-kl/jf/leqsf] lgod jf rng_ df plrt
Jojxf/, ;fdflhs hLjg:t/ ljsf;sf nflu
rflxg] ;'ljwfx¿sf clwsf/x¿ cflb kb{5g .
#= ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
of] sfg'gåf/f kl/eflift u/L k|bfg ul/g] clwsf/
xf] . h:t}M sfdsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/, zf/Ll/
tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;f
jf b'Jo{jxf/af6 ug'{ kg]{ ;+/If0f, /fhgLlts
tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf åGåx¿af6 ;+/If0f,
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jf hftLo e]befjaf6
;+/If0f, kl/ToSt, 6'x'/f], kl/jf/ljxLg, z/0ffyL{
hLjgaf6 ;+/If0f cflb .
$= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
of] afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu a'blw, ljj]s, Ifdtf
/ pd]/cg';f/ cfkmgf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;xefuL
x'g] clssf/ xf] . o; cGtu{t ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L
k|fKt ug]{ jf eGg÷cleJoQm ug{ kfpg], wfld{s
tyf ;f+:s[lts sfddf ;xefuL x'gkfpg],
;ª3;+:yfut ¿kdf ;ªul7t eO{ ;fdflhs
ultljlw ug]{, v]ns'b, l;h{gfTds sfdsf ;fy}
kfl/jfl/s sfd -lg0f{o b]lv sfof{Gjog;Dd_
;xefuL x'g] cflb kb{5g .
-;|f]tM cGt/fli6«o afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw_
afn clwsf/sf rf/ If]qx¿
k|;+zf ug]{ . o;n] ubf{ /fd|f] sfd ug{
k|]/0ff ldNb5 .
#= 5f]/f5f/LnfO{ 3/df ;wF}+ ;'/lIft dx;';
u/fpg'kb{5 . e'tk|]t, ;dfhsf s'g} 8/
nfUg] dflg; jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf
hgfj/sf] 8/ b]vfpg' x'Gg lsgls pgLx?
dfgl;s tgfjsf] l:yltdf x'g;S5g, h'g
s'/fn] af}blws ljsf;df g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{
;Sb5 .
$= pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] dfof / :ofxf/sf]
abnfdf 7'nf] ePkl5 cfkm"nfO{ ug'{ kg]{
-u'0f lt/]sf] h:tf]_ efg u/fpg' xF'b}g . dfof
ljlgdosf] j:t' xf]Og eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf;
u/fpg h?/L 5 .
%= x/]s afnaflnsfx¿n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ

10
clwsf/x¿ kfpg'kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf
clwsf/x¿ pkof]u ug{ kfP gkfPsf]
cleefjsx¿n] lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . afn
clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ljleGg rf/ v08df ljefhg
u/]sf] 5 , h;cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf] afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf]
clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
/ afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
kb{5g . oL clwsf/x¿ afnaflnsfn] kfPsf
5g jf 5}gg eGg] af/]df klxnf] hfgsf/L
cleefjsnfO{ x'g' kb{5 .
!=# kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{]
d'Vo sfo{x¿
afnaflnsfn] ug]{ x/]s lqmofsnfkdf kl/jf/n]
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ug]{ Jojxf/n] g} lgwf{/0f
ug]{ x'Fbf afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] egg]
s'/f kl/jf/sf] e"ldsfn] g} lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] plrt x]/rfx cGt/ut
pgLx¿sf cleefjsn] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfodf
lgDg cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug'{ kb{5 M
• cg's"n ;do ldnfP/ kl/jf/df
cleefjsTj;DaGwLdxTTjatfpg]/kl/jf/n]
k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ej / cfˆgf] cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df lgoldt 5nkmn rnfpg]
• c;n cleefjsTj;DaGwL lkmNd kl/jf/;Fu}
a;]/ x]g]{ Joj:yf ug]{
• cleefjsTj;DaGwL k':ts tyf klqsfdf
k|sflzt n]v /rgfx¿ ;ªsng u/L
kl/jf/sf nflu cWoog ug{ pknAw u/fpg]
/ 3/sf] ;fgf] k':tsfnodf ;ªu|x ug]{,
• ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfofsf] Jojxf/ ug{
l;sfpg / afnaflnsfn] ug]{ /fd|f] sfdsf]
k|;+zf ug{] .
• 6f]n l5d]ssf afnaflnsf dfly x'g] lx+;f
Go"gLs/0fdf ;dofg's"n 5nkmn rnfpg] .
• :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt afnljsf;
s]Gb|x?df ;do ldnfP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ /
afnljsf;;DaGwL gofF s'/fx? l;Sg] .
3/df afnaflnsfx?df cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu
d]n vfg] u/L cg'zf;gsf lgodx?
agfpg], cg'zf;g kfngsf nflu k|]l/t ug]{,
k'/:s[t ug]{ kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?sf
afnaflnsfx?k|ltsf] Jojxf/af/] cjnf]sg
ug]{ / afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf hLjgf]kof]uL
l;ksf] ljsf;sf nflu kl/jf/df 5nkmn
rnfpg] .

11
v08 b'O{
afnd}qL ljbofno
/ kl/jf/

12
@=! afnd}qL ljbofno s] xf] <
afnaflnsf;Fu ljleGg k|ltef /x]sf x'G5g .
pgLx¿n] cfkm"leq /x]sf] k|ltefsf] cfwf/df
l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfo{ klg km/s km/s x'g
;Sb5 eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] k|ltef b]vfpg
ljbofnodf cfjZos jftfj/0f x'g'kb{5 .
afnaflnsfsf] km/s km/s k|ltefsf] k|:km'6g
u/fO{ ;du| lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu
afnd}qL ljbofnosf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .
afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/
/dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljbofno
g} afnd}qL ljbofno xf] . o:tf ljbofnodf
afnaflnsf cg's'nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f
tof/ ul/G5, afnaflnsfx¿sf] cGt/lglxt
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/G5 . o;sf cltl/St o:tf
ljbofnox¿dfM
• afnaflnsfx¿n] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pj+
;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft tyf :j:y jftfj/0f
kfpFb5g .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf sb/
x'G5 / ;f]xLcg';f/ pgLx¿sf] l;sfOsf nflu
cfjZos jftfj/0f Pj+ kf7oqmdsf] Joj:yf
x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] d"Nofªsg
ug]{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lzIfssf] x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] hft, lnªu,
wd{, efiff, cfly{s :t/, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s
b'j{ntfsf cfwf/df lagf e]befj ljbofnodf
:jf:Yo Pj+ ;''/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 .
• ljbofnosf] gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df,
sfof{Gjog / d"Nofªsgdf afnaflnsf,
cleefjs / ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL
u/fOG5 .
• s'g} klgk|sf/sf]ef}lts,zf/Ll/sPj+dfgl;s
b08, ;hfo alh{t x'G5 / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/
¿kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljbofnodf
pgLx¿n] rfx]cg';f/sf] jftfj/0f l;Sg] l;sfpg]
Joj:yf 5 of 5}g eGg] s'/fn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] x'G5 . ljbofnodf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s8f
cg';fzgdf /fv]/ ljbofnosf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/
;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] unt dfGotf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ dgf];fdflhs
¿kdf c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5, h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿
lgoldt ¿kdf ljbofno gcfpg], cfkmgf s'/f
v'n:t /fVg g;Sg] / lardf ljbofno 5f]8g]
cj:yfdf klg k'Ug ;Sb5g .
ljbofno afnaflnsfsf] nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] .
ljbofno pd]/ ;d"xsf clwsf+z afnaflnsfsf]
;do ljbofnodf laTg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf]
;+/Iff0fsf] lx;fan] ljbofnonfO{ ljz]if Wofg
lbg' h?/L 5 . cem} klg ljbofnodf afnaflnsf
;'/lIft /xG5g eGg] s'/fdf afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/
lglZrGt x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f 5}g . ljbofno
egf{ ul/G5 . o;afx]s l j b o f n o l e q
leq / xftfleq tyf ljbofno hfg] cfpg]
qmddf slt aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ul/G5 .
• k9fO–n]vfOsf cltl/St afnaflnsfx¿sf]
afnaflnsf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g' kl//x]sf]
afnd}qL ljbofno / kl/jf/
@

13
cj:yf 5 .
s'g} klg afnaflnsfsf] cleJolSt tyf pgLx¿sf]
b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] pgLx¿
dfly cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . afnaflnsfx¿df b]lvg] c:jefljs
kl/jt{g tyf lqmofsnfkx¿n] pgLx¿sf] lzIffdf
k|ToIf ¿kdf c;/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cem
eGg] xf] eg] afnssf] t'ngfdf aflnsfx¿ a9L
hf]lvddf kg]{ / pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg
lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ljbofnodf tyf cfpg] hfg]
qmddf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;+/lIft /x]sf]
dx;'; u/fpg ljbofnon] ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L
5 . ljbofnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg ljbofnon]
ljbofnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfosf] cGTo ug]{,
ljbofnodfafnaflnsfdflyx'g]b'Jojxf/sf]cGTo
ug]{ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;+/If0f lbg],
ljbofnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|jw{g
ug]{ tyf ljbofnodf lgdf{0f x'g] k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{
afnd}qL agfpg] sfo{df ljbofno Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
@=!=! afnd}qL ljbofno lgdf{0fsf nflu
ljbofno / kl/jf/ larsf] ;DaGwM
cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfsf] pHHjn
eljiosf] sfdgf u5{g . lzz' hGd]b]lv g} eljio
pHHjn agfpgsf nflu pgLx¿sf] pd]/ j[blw
;Fu;Fu} :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, j[blw / ljsf;, k9fO,
n]vfO, v]n, cg'zf;g cflb h:tf ljifodf
cleefjsx¿;r]t/xG5g .o:tfclwsf+zs'/fx¿
afnaflnsfn] ljbofno hfg yfn]kl5 l;Sg] eP
tfklg Pp6f lglZrt :t/;Ddsf] k9fO, n]vfO
/ cg'zf;gsf ljifox¿ 3/df g} l;Sg] ub{5g
h;sf nflu cleefjssf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 . afnaflnsf ljbofno hfg yfn]kl5 klg
p;n] l;Sg] ljifodf cleefjssf] e"ldsf cem}
al9/x]sf] x'G5 . cleefjs afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO
k|lt hlt w]/} ;r]t /xG5g, afnaflnsfsf] Tolt
g} w]/} l;sfOdf ljsf; x'g] ePsfn] ljbofno hfg
yfn]kl5 cleefjsn] afnaflnsfn] l;Sg] s'/f k'/}
ljbofnosf] e/df dfq 5f]8bf ;f]r]h:tf] glthf
k|fKt gx'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] ljbofno k7fpg'
afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg] qmddf cfˆgf] bfloTj
afFl8Psf]] dfq ;Demg'k5{ . o;y{ afnaflnsf
ljbofno hfg yfln;s]kl5 afnaflnsfsf]
l;sfO / cGo ;du| ljsf;sf nflu afnaflnsf
/ ljbofno lardf cleefjssf] ;dGjofTds
e"ldsf / ;+nUgtf x'g'kb{5 .
@=!=@ cleefjs / ljbofno lar
;DaGwaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿
cleefjs / ljbofnolarsf] ;DaGw / ;+nUgtfsf]
sf/0f cleefjsn] lgoldt ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf]
k9fO, n]vfO / cGo l;sfOsf] ;DaGwdf rf;f]
/fVgfn] afnaflnsfsf] dgf]an j[blw x'g], cem
a9L l;Sg xf};nf a9g], afnaflnsf lgoldt
¿kdf ljbofno hfgsf] nflu k|]l/t x'g], lgoldt
u[xsfo{ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'g], cleefjssf]
cfkmgf] afnaflnsfx¿k|ltsf] cfTdljZjf;df
j[blw x'g], kfl/jfl/s ;fldKotf j[blw x'g], k9fO
nufot ;Dk"0f{ l;sfO / JolSTTj ljsf;df ;d]t
;xof]u k'U5 . To:t}], cleefjssf] ;xof]udf
afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmgf] k9fO, u[xsfo{ Pj+ cGo
s'/fx¿sf] af]em dx;'; ub}{gg . ;dodf g} sfdx¿
;DkGg ug{ ;S5g / tgfjaf6 d'St /xG5g .
ljbofnodf s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ eO/x]sf
5g / klxn] eGbf s] s:tf kl/jt{g ePsf 5g
eGg] ljifodf cbofjlws x'g]u/]df cleefjsn]
afnaflnsfsf] k7g kf7gdf w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
;S5g . afnaflnsfsf] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg]
cleefjsn] cGosf] eGbf cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf]
km/s cfjZostf jf Ifdtfsf af/]df ljbofnonfO{
hfgsf/L u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf nflu yk
of]ubfg lbg ;S5g . cleefjsn] afnaflnsfsf]
ljbofnok|ltsf] wf/0ff, lzIfs Pj+ ljbofnosf
cGo ultljlwx¿k|ltsf] wf/0ff / ;f]rfOaf/]
hfgsf/L /fvL afnaflnsfsf] s'g ljifo cWoogdf

14
?lr a9L 5 yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g . afnaflnsfsf]
cfTd;Ddfg / OR5fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb5g .
@=!=# cleefjsx¿ s;/L ;+nUg x'g
;S5g <
cleefjsn] afnaflnsfnfO{ u[xsfo{ ug{
;xof]u ug]{, k9]sf] a]nfdf Wofg lbP/ ;'lglbg],
ljbofnosf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)
sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn / ;xof]u ul/lbg],
ljbofno uPsf] lbgx¿df s] s] k9fO eof] eg]/
afnaflnsf;Fu 5nkmn u/L hfgsf/L lng] h:tf
sfo{x¿ cleefjsn] 3/}df ug{ ;S5g .
To:t}, ljbofnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿df
;xefuL x'g], ljleGg ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;do
;dodf ;Dks{ ub}{ /xg], ljbofnodf uP/ :jod
;]jssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{, ljbofnon] agfPsf]
ljbofno 8fo/L, a|f]l;o/, Sofn]G8/ cflb lgoldt
¿kdf x]g]{ / ;do ;dodf 8fo/Ldfkm{t eg]sf
;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{], ljbofnosf] j]e;fO6
x]g]{ ug'{k5{ . To:t} ljbofnosf] hg;Dks{ PsfO
ePdf a]nfavt uO{ cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ;du|
k|ultsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lng] ug{'k5{ . lzIfsn]
klg s'g} ljbofyL{sf] sdhf]/L km]nf k/]df t'?Gt
cleefjs;Fu 5nkmnsf] nflu af]nfpg ;S5g .
h;n] ubf{ ljbofno / afnaflnsf larsf]
b'/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} afnaflnsfsf]
x/]s dfl;s, q}dfl;s jf rf}dfl;s k/LIffsf]
k|ult l/kf]6{sf] ljifodf lzIfsx¿;Fu 5nkmn
ug]{, afnaflnsfsf] ;an / b'j{n kIfsf] klxrfg
ug{] / To;sf] cfwf/df ;d:ofx¿sf] cfjZos
;dfwfgsf] kxn ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=!=$ cleefjsx¿ / ljbofno ;DaGwsf
;Defljt afwfx¿
cleefjsx¿n] cfˆgf] b}lgs sfddf hfg' kbf{
ljbofnodf hfg] ;do ldnfpg k|fo ;Dej
gx'g klg ;Sb5 . sltko cj:yfdf lzIfsx¿n]
klg kof{Kt ;do lbg g;s]sf] x'g ;Sb5g .
ljbofnon] plrt jftfj/0f ldnfpg g;Sbf
cleefjsx¿nfO{ ljbofnodf uP/ v'n]/ s'/f
ug{ ;xh gx'g klg ;Sb5 . ljbofnodf lzIfs
sd x'gfsf sf/0f ;do ;Lldt eO{ JolStut
u'gf;f]sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf klg
cfO/x]sf] x'g;Sb5 . o:tf s'/fx¿n] ljbofno
/ cleefjs larsf] ;xh ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f
gx'g ;S5 .
cleefjsx¿sf] Go"g z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] sf/0f
afnaflnsfsf] u[xsfo{df ;xof]u ug{ g;Sg',
ljbofnodf cleefjssf u'gf;f] jf ;'emfjx¿nfO{
;'Gg] gLlt gx'g' cflb sf/0fn] klg cleefjssf]
;+nUgtf sd x'g;Sb5 . o;y{ cfjZostfcg';f/
ljbofno jf cleefjssf] tkm{af6 kmf]g ug]{,
va/ k7fpg], Od]n, EjfO; d]n cflbsf] k|of]u
ug]{, cGt/JolSt ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{,
b'j} kIfn] ;dfg'e'lt /fVg] ugf{n] ;d]t cfk;L
c;dembf/Lx¿ /fd|/L x6fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
o;n] ubf{ cleefjs / ljbofno larsf] ;+nUgtf
j[blw ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf sfo{n] afnaflnsfsf]
pHHjn eljio lgdf{0fdf yk of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg]
5 .
@=!=% gLltut Joj:yf
ljbofno / cleefjslarsf] ;DaGwnfO{
/fd|f] agfpg / ljbofnok|lt cleefjsx¿sf]
hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg ljbofno Joj:yf ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} afnaflnsfsf]
k7gkf7gdf k|efjsf/L agfpg / ljbofno
/ cleefjs larsf] ;DaGw / ;dGjo /fd|f]
agfpgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfnon]
lzIfs cleefjs ;ª3 agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o:tf lsl;dsf lgsfox¿n] ;a} cleefjs
/ lzIfs tyf ljbofno k|zf;g;Fu ;dGjo ug{
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g .

15
@=!=^ afnd}qL ljbofno lgdf{0fsf nflu
kl/jf/ / ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{
;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿
• :s'n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsx¿sf nflu
kl/jf/df k|]/0ff lbg cleefjsn] cg's"n
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; .
• cleefjs / :s'n;Fu lg/Gt/ ;';DaGw sfod
/fvL lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ug'{xf]; M
• :s'nsf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/L cfˆgf
afnaflnsfsf] cWoog / Jojxf/sf]
hfgsf/L lng] :s'ndf x'g] cleefjsx¿sf]
a}7sx¿df clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g]
• ljbofnodf afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhs
ljsf;, :jf:Yosf af/]df h]tgf hufpg]
/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug{
;xof]usf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{
• cfk"m;Fu s'g} lsl;dsf :s'nsf nflu
pko'St ;fdfu|L ePdf ljbofnodf lbg]
• cfˆgf afnaflnsfn] :s'naf6
l;s]sf /fd|f s'/fx¿sf nflu :s'nsf lzIfs
lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ wGoafb lbg] / k|;+zf
ug]{ .
@=@= afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/
Affnaflnsfsf] klxnf] kf7zfnf eg]sf] kl/jf/ g}
xf] . x/]s afnaflnsfn] hGd]kl5 kl/jf/af6 g}
w]/} s'/f l;Sg] / ToxL l;sfOn] pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf]
agfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'G5 . sltko
cfdfa'jfn] ;fgf afnaflnsf;Fu s'/f gug]{ tyf
pgLx¿sf lh1f;fx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L glbg]
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df
gsf/fTds c;/ ub{5 eg] pgLx¿ lj:tf/} kl/jf/
eGbf 6f9f /xg dg k/fpFb5g . o;sf nflu
x/]s cfdf a'jf tyf kl/jf/n] afnaflnsfsf]
cfjZostf tyf rfxgf cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/ ug'{
kb{5 . c;n Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{ / To;sf
nflu cfTdlge{/ x'g cleefjsn] 3/nfO{ afnd}qL
agfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfsf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿ Affnd}qL x'g' kb{5 . h:t}
6jfOn]6sf] 9f]sf p3fg{ / aGb ubf{ ;dfTg] xftf]
-XoflG8n_, 9f]sfsf] r'Ss'n, kfgL vf]Ng / aGb
ug{ ldNg] wf/f], e]l6g] 7fpFsf] ;fa'g, afnaflnsf
;lhn} r9g / emg{ ldNg] e¥ofª jf l;F9L /
lkF8Lsf] l8n cflb . To:t} afnaflnsfnfO{ v]Ng
kof{Kt k'Ug] ;kmf cfFug, :yfgLo :t/df kfOg]
;lhnf v]n ;fdu|Lx¿, k9g ;lhnf] x'g] kmlg{r/,
afnaflnsfsf] nflu v's'nf n'ufx¿sf] k|aGw klg
afn d}qL u/fpg' h?/L x'G5 .
@=@=! Affnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ s;/L lgdf{0f
ug]{
Affnd}qL kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/df
cg'zf;gsf] klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
afnaflnsfx¿n]l;Sg]qmddf;a}eGbfklxn]cfˆg}
cleefjssf] af]nL, efiff / ;fdfGo lzi6frf/;Fu
;DalGwt s'/fx¿ l;Sb5g . cg'zf;g l;sfpg'sf]
d'Vo pbb]Zo afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf] :jljj]såf/f
:yfoL ¿kdf g} ;xL Jojxf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'
xf] . cleefjsn] cfkmgf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dflhs
d"NodfGotf k|lts"n x'g glbgsf nflu /fd|f
Jojxf/ l;sfpg rfxG5g . cfdfafa'n] s:tf]
Jojxf/ /fd|f] cg'zf;g xf] / s:tf] xf]Og eGg]]
l;sfpg' kb{5 . ;hfo jf b'Mv lbP/ cg'zf;g
l;sfpg' g/fd|f] / lx+;fTds tl/sf xf] / To;af6
pgLx¿n] klg ToxL l;s]sf x'G5g . ;hfon]
leq}b]lv cfkm}Fåf/f lgb]{lzt :yfoL kl/jt{g
ug{ ;Sb}gg . cg'zf;g l;sfpg' / Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g ug'{ Tolt ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . cem
b'O{ jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
cg'zf;g l;sfpg' t emg hl6n x'G5 . cg'zf;g
l;sfpg cleefjs;Fu ljif]z u'0f x'g' cfjZos
5 . k|foM afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf dfG5]sf s'/f ;'Gg
eGbf pgLx¿n] u/]sf] Jojxf/k|lt a9L Wofg

16
lbPsf x'G5g . To;}sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿k|lt
;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/ u¥ofF} eg] pgLx¿n] klg ;f]xL
cg';f/ ;sf/fTds / ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{]
;+:sf/ l;Sb5g . afnd}qL 3/ kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf
nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{
cg'zf;gdf cEo:t u/fpgfn] afnaflnsfnfO{
hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/ / b'3{gfx¿af6 arfpF5 .
dfof u/]/ g} afnaflnsfdf cg'zf;gsf] ljsf;
ePdf afnaflnsfsf nflu klg cleefjs
k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfpg dbt ldNb5 .
;s/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf;n] cfTdljZjf;
a9fpF5 . cg'zfl;t afnaflnsfn] cGo JolStx¿
/ ;fyLx¿;Fu ;';DaGw :yfkgf u/L sfod /fVg
;Sb5g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} dgkg]{ s'/fsf] nf]e b]vfP/
sfd jf cg'zf;gsf Jojxf/ ug{ nufpg' eGbf
s'g} sfd ul/;s]kl5 k'/:sf/sf] ¿kdf t'?Gt
lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ lk6g] jf s'g}
klg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s oftgf x'g] ;hfo
lbg' x'Fb}g . s'g} 7"n} uNtL u/]df s'g} lgb]{lzt
7fpFdf gxlNnO{sg jf cfkm"n] eg]h:tf] u/L Ps
ldg]6;Dd a:g nufpg' k5{ . Ps ldg]6 cufl8
eg]h:tf] u/L ga;]df k'gM ;do yk ug{'k5{ .
afnaflnsfnfO{ w]/} lgodx¿sf] aGwg agfpg'
x'Fb}g . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lx+;fn] l;Sg ;xof]u
ub{}g . afnaflnsfnfO{ h] l;sfpg vf]lhPsf] 5,
To;sf af/]df cfkm"n] klg u/]/ b]vfpg'k5{ . h:t}M
vfgf vfg' cl3 jf lb;f ul/;s]kl5 ;fa'gkfgLn]
xft w'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpg cfkm"n] klg To:tf]
a]nfdf xft wf]P/ b]vfpg' kb{5 . afnaflnsfn]
s'g} sfd lauf/]df jf uNtL u/]df hjfkm lbg] jf
;f] af/] s]xL eGg] cj;/ lbg'k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿
cfkm"nfO{ cfgGb lbg] sfd ug{af6 alGrt x'g
rfxFb}gg . h:t}M afnaflnsfnfO{ t'?Gt} l6eL aGb
ug{ eGg' x'Fb}g . a? % ldg]6kl5 aGb u/L ;'Tg
jf k9g hfgsf] nflu eg]/ ;Demfpg ;lsG5 .
afnaflnsfn] s'g} uNtL u/]df afnaflnsfsf]
cfFvfsf] ;fd'Gg] uO{ cfkm"lt/ Wofgfsif{0f
u/fpg'k5{ . cfkm" sfd ul//x]sf] eP klg 5f]8]/
glhs hfg] / gd| / b[9 lsl;dsf] cfjfhdf
p;sf] gfdn] g} af]nfpg' k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] xft
;dfpg], cF==xF==! eGg], ca s] ug]{ eg]/ ;f]Wg], s'g
Jojxf/ 5f]8g'k5{ / s:tf] Jojxf/ rflxF ug'{k5{
egL ;f]Wg'k5{ / To;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfsf] dgl:ylt l7s gePsf]
;dodf Hofb} s8f lgodx¿ agfP/ ;hfo afkt
s'g} sfd ug{ afWo agfpg] k|of; ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;f/f+zdf, afnaflnsfsf] nflu cg'zf;g g} k|ult
/ pHHjn eljiosf] dfu{ lgb{]zg ug]{ dfWod xf] .
v_ ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ / Jojxf/ ug]{
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/ /
lzi6frf/ tyf ;+:sf/x¿ ;fg} pd]/b]lv l;sfpg'
cfjZos 5 . o:tf s'/fx¿ ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf
;dfh / 7fpFcg';f/ km/s km/s klg x'G5g .
tkfO{+n] slxn]sfxLF cfkmgf] afnaflnsfn]
gsf/fTds Jojxf/ b]vfpFbf s'g} ;dodf ;df{pg'
k/]sf] klg x'g;Sb5 . t/ To:tf Jojxf/nfO{
bf]xf]¥ofpg gkfpg] u/L ;do ldnfP/ d}qLk"0f{
lsl;dn] klg l;sfpg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] ;+:sf/
jf Jojxf/ hlGFdb} lnP/ cfpg] u'0f xf]Og . of]
t cfˆgf] cleefjsx¿af6 l;Sg] ljifo xf] .
afnaflnsfn] af]Ng ;'? ug]{ lalQs} b]lv cfr/0f
;DaGwLrngrlNtsf;dfGos'/fx¿eGgl;sfpg'
k5{ . h:t}M wGojfb, gd:t], ;Gr} x'g'x'G5, km]l/
e]6f}+nf cflb . To;}n] c;n Jojxf/sf] l;sfO
cfˆg} 3/af6 ;'? x'G5 . o;cGtu{t s]xL d'Vo
cfr/0f;DaGwL Jojxf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
• s]xL s'/f k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 jf s;}sf] ;xof]u
kfOof] eg] …wGojfbÚ eGg'k5{ .

17
• dflg;x¿ ljifout s'/f ul//x]sf] ;dodf
clt h?/L sfd gk/] ;Dd layf]Ng' x'Fb}g .
• sf]xL dflg; cfˆgf] 3/df cfPdf jf 7fpF
ljz]if st} e]6gf;fy ;do / p;sf] of]Uotf
cg';f/sf] clejfbg ug'{k5{ .
• s;}sf] 3/sf] 9f]sf PSsf;L vf]Ng x'Fb}g,
aflx/af6 9f]sf 9S9SofP/ jf cGo cfjfh
lbP/ dfq vf]Ng' k5{ .
• kmf]g ubf{ cfkmgf] kl/ro lbg'k5{ / sf];Fu
s'/f ug{ rfx]sf] xf] ;f]af/] eGg'k5{ .
• s;}nfO{ lh:Sofpg', xf]Rofpg', 3[0ff ug'{,
sdhf]/L k|lt xfF:g' h:tf sfd czf]egLo
dflgG5g .
• vf]Sbf jf xf5o'F ubf{ ?dfnn] d'v 9fSg'k5{ .
• 3/sf] 9f]sfdf jf dflg; lxF8g] af6f] 9fs]/
pleg x'Fb}g .
• s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx¿ d'vdf ePsf] a]nfdf
c?;Fu af]Ng] ug'{ x'Fb}g .
• d'vdf /fVbf s'g} vfg]s'/f w]/} tftf] /x]5
eg] y'Sg' x'Fb}g . Ps 3'8sL lr;f] kfgL jf
b"w lkpg'k5{ . tftf] vfgf vfg' cufl8 slt
tftf];Dd vfg ;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 .
• vfgf vfFbf d'vel/ 6Dd vfg]s'/f xfNg' x'Fb}g .
• w]/} hgf ePdf ;Fu} a;]sf ;a}nfO{ vfg]s'/f
lbO{ g;sL vfgf vfg ;'? ug'{ x'Fb}g .
• kmf]x/x¿ af6f]df kmfNg' x'Fb}g . af6f]df b]lvPsf]
kmf]x/ ;Dej eP;Dd l6k]/ plrt 7fFpdf
kmflnlbg' k5{ .
• l5d]sLx¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] gs/fTds
k|efj kg]{ sfd jf xf]xNnf ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;s];Dd l5d]sLnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
• g/d tl/sfn] af]Ng], ljlgt x'g], ;Ddfg ug]{ /
cf1fkfng ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
• cleefjssf] cg'dlt lagf s'g} j:t' -h:t}M
k};f, d"Nojfg j:t', cf}hf/ cflb_ lng'x'Fb}g .
• cleefjs tyf kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{
3/sf] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
• dflg;x¿ s'/f u/]sf] ;dodf s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] afwf k'Ug] sfd ug{ jf v]Ng' x'Fb}g .
h:t}M 7'nf] cfjfh lgsfNg]÷ahfpg], pkmfg]{,
u'8fpg] h:tf v]nx¿, cflb .
u_ afnaflnsfsf] lzIff
cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] lzIfs, 3/
klxnf] ljbofno / k9g' klxnf] sfd xf] .
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOsf] nflu cleefjssf]
;xof]usf] 7'nf] dxTTj x'G5 . lsgls cleefjsn]
g} c¿n] eGbf cfˆgf] afnaflnsfaf/] /fd|/L
a'em]sf x'G5g . To;} sf/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
plrt pd]/b]lv g} k9g n]Vg l;sfpg' clt
cfjZos 5 . lsgls k9fO g} ;a} lsl;dsf
l;sfOx¿sf] cfwf/ xf] . h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/d}
k9g] /fd|f] jftfj/0f kfO{ /fd|f] hu a;fn]sf
x'G5g, ljbofnodf klg pgLx¿ g} a9L ;kmn
x'g;S5g . h'g afnaflnsfn] 3/df k9g] n]Vg]
sfddf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; ul/;s]sf x'G5g,
pgLx¿sf] k9fOk|ltsf] ;f]r klg ;sf/fTds
alg;s]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L, h'g afnaflnsfn]
3/d} kl/j/;Fu k9g dg k/fpFb5g, To:tf
afnaflnsfn] k9g] s'/fnfO{ hLjgel/ g} dg
k/fO/xG5g . ;sf/fTds ;f]r agfO/xG5g
/ of]hgfdf ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ hfG5g .
afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf
sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 M
!= afnaflnsfn] s;/L k9g l;Sb5g <
slt pd]/af6 k9fpg] . afnaflnsfx¿n] :s'n
egf{ ug'{ cufl8b]lv g} k9g ;'? ug'{k5{ .
slnnf afnaflnsfx¿n] klg lstfa x]g{ /
k9g dg k/fpF5g . pgLx¿n] lrq x]/]/ /

18
uLtaf6 ;fjf cIf/ l56f] lrGb5g . k9g n]Vg
yfn]kl5 cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ cIf/sf ¿kdf n]Vg
;lsG5 eg]/ hflg;s]sf x'G5g . :s'ndf egf{ x'g'
cufl8 afnaflnsfn] 5fk]sf cIf/x¿n] syf
agfpg ldN5 eg]/ hfGb5g . pgLx¿n] cfjfh
/ cIf/ larsf] ;DaGw x'g] /x]5 eg]/ a'‰g
yfN5g . ha afnaflnsfx¿ :s'n egf{ x'G5g,
ta zAbx¿sf] cy{ hfGg] pkfox¿ yfxf kfpg
yfN5g . pgLx¿n] w]/} lsl;dsf kf7o;fdu|Lx¿
k9]kl5 pgLx¿n] k9g yfn]sf syfsf] cGTo
s;/L x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5g . To;}
u/L lstfaL 1fgnfO{ cfˆgf] Jojxf/df hf]8g
;Sb5g . o:tf] a]nfdf cleefjsn] lgs}
Wofg lbP/ ;xof]u ug{ cfjZos 5 .
@= cleefjsn] s;/L k9g l;sfpg]<
• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ck]Iffsf af/]df
cleefjs / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ljrf/
k'¥ofpg' kb{5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ k'/f ug{
cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . To:tf s]xL
ck]Iffx¿ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
• ljleGg lsl;dsf lstfa, kqklqsf,
l;;fsnd, /ªuLg snd h:tf kf7
o;fdu|Lx¿ 3/d} pknAw u/fOlbg'k5{ .
• cfk"m klg afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} k9g], k9g
l;ls;s]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k9gaf6
g/f]sL lgoldt ¿kdf k9g xf};nf
lbg'xf]; . pgLx¿n] u/]sf k|of;x¿k|lt
:ofjf;L lbg'k5{ .
• cfk"mn] s'g ljifo kl9/x]sf] xf] eGg] af/]df
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg atfpg] . o;f] ugf{n]
pgLx¿sf] ;f]r]/ dfq ljrf/ ug]{ l;k /
zAbe08f/sf] ljsf; ug{ dbbt k'Ub5 .
• afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9g' eg]sf] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{ xf] eg]/ a'emfpg' / dx;'; u/fpg'
kb{5 . olb cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfx¿sf]
l;sfO k|lqmofdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;+nUg
x'g] xf] eg] cfkmgf] afnaflnsfx¿
cleefjsk|lt ;sf/fTds x'G5g / k9fOdf
;w}Fel/ g} ;kmn x'g ;S5g .
#= afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu pko'St kf7o
;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L pknAw ug]{ <
• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] ljbofnodf
k':tsfno 5 eg] kf7o;fdu|Lsf] nflu
;aeGbf ;lhnf] ;|f]t x'g;S5 . To;f]
ePdf lzIfs jf k':tsfnosf] sd{rf/L;Fu
s'/f u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ pko'St ;fdu|L
pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf]; .
• :yfgLo :t/df ;fd'bflos k':tsfno jf
cWoog s]Gb| ePdf cfkmgf]
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Dks{ u/fO{ lbg'xf]; .
;Dej eP;Dd pko'St ;fdfu|Lx¿ pknAw
u/fOlbg'xf]; .
• ;a} ljbofno / ;d'bfox¿df k':tsfno
jf cWoog s]Gb|x¿ gx'g ;S5g . olb
gePdf lstfa k;naf6 lsg]/ klg pknAw
u/fOlbFbf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf dxTTjk"0f{
k|efj kb{5 / Tof] ;xL nufgL x'g;Sb5 .
• lstfax¿ 5fGbf km/skm/s syfsf
lstfax¿ 5fGg'xf]; . h:t} bGTo syf,
ljleGg b]z / ;+:s[ltx¿sf Aff/]df n]lvPsf
syfx¿ cflb .
• cfˆgf] afnaflnsfsf] OR5f / rfxgf
cg';f/sf] lstfa 5fGg'xf]; . k|foM
afnaflnsfx¿n] /dfOnf s'/f n]lvPsf
lstfax¿ dg k/fpFb5g .
• cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljljw lsl;dsf
lstfax¿ k9g pT;flxt ug'{xf]; . h:t}M
cfZro{, k|l;bw JolStsf rf;f] nfUbf
hLjgL n]lvPsf / u}/ cfVofg cflb .
• syfsf lstfa 5gf}6 ubf{ cleefjssf]
cfkmg} 36gfx¿;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf lsl;dsf
syfsf lstfa ePdf afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/,

19
qf; / dgf]efjgfx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb5 .
$= afnaflnsfnfO{ ul0ft s;/L l;sfpg]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ul0ftsf]
1fg / l;k ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu
dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]t JolSt x'g ;Sb5g . cfˆgf
afnaflnsfl;t lx;fa;DaGwL s'/f ug]{, k|Zg
;f]Wg], pgLx¿;Fu lx;fak|ltsf] ljrf/ a'‰g] /
v]nsf] ¿kdf ul0ftnfO{ cEof; ugf{n] ul0ft
k|lt ;sf/fTds ;f]rfOsf] ljsf; ug{ dbbt
k'Ub5 . h:t} M
• ul0ft;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ b}lgs lqmofsnfksf
¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg dbbt ug'{xf]; .
• afnaflnsfn] ul0ft;DaGwL 1fgdf /fd|f]
k|ult ug{ ;Sb5g egL afnaflnsfk|lt
cfˆgf] ljZjf; ePsf] s'/f b;f{pg'xf]; .
• ul0ftLo l;sfOdf slxNo} emsf]{ gdfgL
oy]i6 ;do lbO{ h'g;'s} a]nf ;sf/fTds
aGg'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfn] u/]sf lx;fa;DaGwLsf x/]s
k|of;x¿nfO{ v'n]/ k|;+zf ug'{xf]; .
• lgoldt ¿kdf ul0ftsf af/] rfvnfUbf
s'/f ug{'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljrf/ / cg'ej a'‰gsf
nflu pko'St k|Zg u/]/ pQ/ lbgsf nflu
xf};nf lbg'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ul0ft;DaGwL
1fg / l;k k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] cEof;
ug]{ ;dfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . h:t}M 6'qmf
ldnfP/ u0fgf ug{sf nflu sf7sf jf
Knfl:6ssf Ansx¿, hf]8g 36fpg, u'gf
ug{ cflbsf nflu k|of]u ug{ sfpG6/
OToflb .
• ul0ft;DaGwL v]n v]Nb} afnaflnsf;Fu
/dfOnf] ug{'xf]; . v]n v]Nbf ul0ft l;Sg,
xfF;v]n ug{ / cfkmgf] afnaflnsf;Fu
dfofn' ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ cj;/ ldNb5 .
• afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf dfG5]x¿;Fu lgoldt
¿kdf ul0ft;DaGwL v]n v]Ng] ubf{
pgLx¿sf] ul0ft;DaGwL 1fg / l;kdf
ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
• 3'dlkm/ ubf{ cªs;DaGwL uLt, Znf]s,
sljtf, cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug'{xf]; .
• afnaflnsf ;'Tg] a]nfdf u0fgf;DaGwL,
cfsf/ k|sf/ / cªs;DaGwL lstfa k9
g'xf]; .
• ahf/ hfFbf cfk"mn] lsg]sf] j:t'x¿sf]
u0fgf ug{ nufpg] .
• j:t'efp x]bf{ ufO{ j:t', afv|fsf] u0fgf
ug]{ / /ª;DaGwL 5'6ofP/ u0fgf ug{ klg
;xof]u ug]{ .
• cfkmgf] 3/ jl/kl/ ?v la?jf, 3/x¿, s'g
lb;fdf s'g pknAw j:t'x¿ 5g eGg]
1fg lbg] .
$=!= ul0ftsf] l;sfO cGt{ut lgDglnlvt
lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fpg ;lsG5 M
• ul0ftsf] l;sfOdf u0fgf ug]{, To;nfO{ 5''g],
qmdzM bf]xf]¥ofP/ uGg] / cGTodf pN6f]af6
klg uGg], u0fgf;DaGwL uLt ufpg], v]Ng],
Sofn]G8/ k|of]u ug]{, olt÷plt eg]/ atfpFbf
hf]8g], 36fpg], u'0ff ug]{ / efu ug]{ sfddf
k|of]u ul/G5 .
• qmdabwtf (Pattern) ;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx¿M tfnLsf] cfjfh, k}tfnf
tfn,h:tf qmdabwtfnfO{ u0fgf ug]{, syf,
sljtf, / uLtx¿sf] z}nLnfO{ ofb u/fpg],
hldgdf la5ofPsf 6fonsf] a'66f, leQfsf]
a'66f, sk8fsf] a'66f cflbsf af/]df s'/f
ug'{xf]; .
• Dffkg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿ M
afnaflnsfsf] hGd lbgdf k|To]s jif{
prfO / tf}n gfKg'xf]; / To;sf] af/]

20
s'/fsfgL ug'{xf]; . ljleGg ;fOhsf efF8fx¿
s'gdf slt kfgL 5 egL s'/f ug'{xf]; .
• nfdf], 5f]6f], xf]rf], cUnf], km/flsnf], afSnf],
kftnf] h:tf zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/L bfFHg]
s'/fx¿ af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf]; .
• e¥ofªsf v'8lsnfx¿ dfly b]lv tn;Dd
cfOk'Ug slt v'6lsnf kf/ ug'{k5{,
d'/nLsf Kjfnx¿ slt 5g eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf]; .
To;}u/L 3/sf] s'g 7fpF b]lv s'g 7fpFdf
hfg slt sbd 5 lxF8]/ sbd uGg nufpg
;lsG5 .
• y/Ly/Lsf l;Ssfx¿ b]vfP/ To;sf] d"No
af/]df s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=@=@ afnd}qL 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu kl/jf/
/ ;d'bfo :t/df cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg]
dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿
• kl/jf/df afnaflnsfsf] nflu cg'zf;gsf
lgodx¿ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' hlQs}
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] klg cg'zf;gsf
lgod plQs} ckgfpg kg]{ x'gfn] kl/jf/df
cfˆgf] / ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] cg'zf;g;DaGwL
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf nflu ;dofg's"n
5nkmnu/fpg'xf]; .o;n]ubf{afnaflnsfnfO{
klg cg'zf;gdf a:g / lgod cjnDag ug{
k|]/0ff ldNb5 / kl/jf/k|lt pQ/bfoL aGg kg]{
dx;'; x'g an ldNb5 .
• cg'zf;gn] ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ tyf ;+:sf/
a9fpg dbt ub{5 . To;}n] cleefjsn]
cg'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿nfO{ o;sf af/]df ;r]t u/fpg'xf]; .
• afnaflnsfx¿;Fu lgoldt s'/f ugf{n]
pgLx¿df efiffsf] l;k /fd|f];Fu ljsf;
x'g;S5 .
• ;a}n] ;'Gg]u/L k9]sf] v08df kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{
;b:ox¿nfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg ;S5 .
• lgoldt ¿kn] k9g] jftfj/0f agfOlbg
cfk"mn] klg ;Fu;Fu} k9gfn] afnaflnsfsf]
;f]xL cg'¿k b}lgs k9g] afgLsf] ljsf;
x'g'sf ;fy} To;sf] cg';/0f u/L k9g'sf]
dxTTj /fd|/L a'‰g]5g .
• cfkm"n] kl9/x]sf]] lstfasf af/]df
afnaflnsfnfO{ atfOlbgxf];, / k9gsf
nflu xf};nf lbg'xf]; . To; k':tssf af/]
pgLx¿sf] k|ltlqmof Wofg k"j{s ;'lglbgfn]
k9g] l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 .
• afnaflnsfsf] nflu eg]/ g} 3/df ;fgf]ltgf]
k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf]; . ;Dej
eP;Dd Pp6f ;fgf] b/fh / 6]a'n s';L{sf]
Joj:yf ul/lbg'xf]; .
• 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9g] ljifox¿ km/s x'g ;S5g,
;f]xL cg';f/sf] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf
ul/lbg'xf]; .
• ;dofg's"n afnaflnsfsf] :s'ndf k'u]/
lzIfs;Fu afnaflnsfsf] k9fOsf af/]df
hfgsf/L lnPdf afnaflnsfx¿n] a9L ;'/lIft
/ lgw{Ss dx;'; ub{5g .

21
v08 ltg
kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf
nflu of]hgf

22
#=! kl/jf/sf] of]hgf
gjljjflxt bDkltn] slxn] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] /
slt hGdfpg] eg]/ v'n]/ 5nkmn ug{ / ;xdltdf
plrt lg0f{o lng cfjZos 5 . o;/L ul/g] lg0f{on]
cfˆgf] cWoog, Joj;fo jf gf]s/L, afnaflnsfsf]
x]/rfx ug]{ ;xof]uL ;b:osf] pknAwtf cflbsf]
;d]t plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;xof]u ldNb5 . of]
g} kl/jf/ ljsf; of]hgfsf] d'Vo k|j]z cj:yf
xf] . kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu klxnf]
of]hgf xf] .
bDkltlarsf] ;dembf/Ln] ul/g] kl/jf/sf]
of]hgfn] hGdg] gofF ;Gtfgsf] plrt :ofxf/,
dfof, /fd|f] lzIfflbIff cflbdf k"0f{¿kn] Wofg
lbg ;lsG5 . of]hgf cg';f/sf] ;dodf aRrf
hGdfpg, csf]{ hGdfpg kv{g kg]{ ;dofjlwsf
nflu klg ue{lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ;fwg ckgfpg
;lsG5 / Tof] klg bDkltlarsf] ;Nnfxn] s'g
;fwg jf ljlw ckgfpg] eGg] lg0f{o lnFbf emg}
/fd|f] x'G5 . s'g} bDklTtn] aRrf hGdfpg rfx]sf]
;dodf klg aRrf hlGdPg eg] ;f]sf] pkrf/df
klg cfk;L ;Nnfx u/]/ g} ;DalGwt lj1;Fu
k/fdz{ ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .
>Ldfg / >LdtL larsf s'/fx¿df b'j}n] Wofgk"j{s
;'Gg], ;'g]sf s'/fx¿k|lt ;sf/fTds ;Daf]wg
ug]{, k|z+;f ug]{, efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{ / b'j}sf]
;xdltdf dfq s'g} lg0f{o ugf{n] cfk;df dfof
sfod /xG5 . b'j} hgf ;w}F v';L /xg ;lsG5 .
cWoogx¿n] atfPcg';f/ cfdf k|zGg ePdf
hlGdg] aRrf klg :j:y aGb5 .
#=@ ;'/lIft dft[Tj
;'/lIft dft[Tj eGgfn] dlxnfn] OR5f u/]cg';f/
ue{jtL x'g jf gx'g, ue{jtL cj:yfdf :j:y
/xg, ;'/lIft ¿kdf k|;"lt x'g, ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf
:j:y /xg tyf :j:y lzz' hGdfpg / gjhft
lzz'nfO{ :j:y /xgsf nflu :t/o'St ;]jfx¿
pknAw x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ xf] . ;'/lIft
dft[Tjsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, :jf:y dGqfnon]
ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfo :t/;Dd ;~rfng
u/]]sf] 5 .
#=@=! ue{jtL aGg' cufl8 bDkltx¿n] lgDg-
lnlvt s'/fx¿df Vofn /fVg' k5{ M
s= ue{wf/0f ug{ pko'St pd]/ @) b]lv #%
jif{;Ddsf] xf] . To; cufl8 jf kl5sf] pd]/df
aRrf hGdfpFbf cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf nflu
vt/f x'g;S5 . @) jif{ eGbf cufl8 jf #%
jif{ eGbf k5fl8 ue{wf/0f ubf{ hGdg] aRrf
s'kf]lift jf ;':tdgl:yltsf] x'g] ;Defjgf
x'G5 .
v= cl3Nnf] ue{ v]/ uPsf] ePdf jf ue{ktg
u/]sf] ePdf sDtLdf 5 dlxgf;Dd ue{jtL
aGg' x'Fb}g .
u= Pskl5 csf]{ aRrfsf] pd]/df sDtLdf b'O{
jif{sf] km/s x'g''kb{5 . aRrf hGdfpg] lg0f{o
ul/;s]kl5 dlxnfn] ljz]if :ofxf/ kfpg'
kb{5 .
3= ue{wf/0f ug'{ klxnfb]lv g} dlxnfx¿df
s'g} lsl;dsf ;"tL{hGo -h:t}M r'/f]6, v}gL,
tdfv', k/fu, kfg, u'6vf cflb_ / s'g} klg
lsl;dsf dlb/fhGo kbfy{ h:t} hfF8, /S;L,
XjL:sL, lao/ cflb ;]jg ug]{] afgL 5 jf
s'g} nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{ u/]sf] ePdf k'/}
¿kdf 5f]8g' kb{5 . lsgls tL ;a} v/fa
lrhx¿ x'g h;n] ue{sf] afnaflnsfnfO{
gsf/fTds c;/x¿ kfb{5 . aRrf hGdfpg]
of]hgf ul/;s]kl5 sd;]sd ue{wf/0f ug'{
eGbf & dlxgf cufl8 g} tL afgL 5f]8]sf] x'g'
kl/jf/sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu of]hgf
#

23
kb{5, clg dfq ue{jtL x'g pko'St x'G5 .
ª= ue{jtL x'g' cufl8 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx
ug{' w]/} plrt x'G5 / ;Nnfx lnP/ g}
sDtLdf ltg dlxgf;Dd k|To]s lbg kmf]lns
Pl;8 ;]jg ug]{, bd, dw'd]x, l8k|];g, pRr
/Strfk, df]6f]kg, 5f/] /f]u jf yfO/fO8
;DaGwL :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ 5g eg] To;sf]
lgoGq0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
#=# kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] pkof]lutf
kl/jf/ lgof]hg eg]sf] bDkltn] agfpg] kl/jf/sf]
of]hgf xf] . To;cGtu{t w]/} s'/fx¿ kb{5g .
h; dWo], k|d'v kIf xf] – aRrf hGdfpg] jf
ghGdfpg], slxn] hGdfpg], slt hGdfpg], Pp6f
kl5 csf]{sf] hGd cGt/ slt sfod ug]{, To;
lardf jf s'g lsl;dsf ue{ lg/f]wsf] ;fwg
ckgfP/ ;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] cflb ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ g} x'g .
plrt hGdfGt/ ePdf cfdfnfO{ kl5Nnf] aRrfsf
nflu zf/Ll/s, efjgfTds / cfly{s tj/n] k"0f{
tof/L /xg ;xof]u k'¥ofp5 . ue{jtL tyf
;'Ts/L Joyfsf sf/0faf6 csfndf Hofg hfg
;Sg] vt/fdf sdL cfpg ;Sb5 . To:t}, sd
tf}n ePsf] aRrf hlGdg], d[t aRrf hlGdg] jf
clwu|f] hfg] h:tf vt/fx¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
aRrf / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu kof{Kt ;do
lbg ;lsg] x'gfn] aRrfsf] plrt :ofxf/, lzIff,
dfof / kfl/jfl/s ;befj j[blwdf klg ;xof]u
k'Ub5 .
plrt hGdfGt/ ePdf aRrfn] nfdf] cjlw;Dd
:tgkfg ug{ kfpg] xF'bf /fd|f] kf]if0f kfP/ Åi6k'i6
x''g'sf ;fy} ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] ;ªqmd0faf6 klg
aRg ;Sg] x'G5g . aRrfn] afa'cfdfaf6 nfdf]
;do;Dd dfof / x]/rfx ;d]t kfpg ;Sb5g .
aRrf / cfdfsf] :jf:Yo / enfOsf nflu a9L
Wofg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] xF'bf ;Gt'li6 k|fKt x'G5 .
cl3Nnf] aRrf x'sL{ ;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ hGdfpg]
lg0f{o ubf{ cfly{s of]hgf agfpgsf] nflu klg
ko{fKt ;do x'g'sf ;fy} >Ldfg >LdtL lar klg
;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fVg klg ;3fp k'Ub5 .
#=$ ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL ljlwx¿
tn pNn]v ul/Psf ue{ lg/f]wsf c:yfoL
;fwgx¿n] ue{ /xg lbFb}gg . To;}n] oL
;fwgx¿nfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf c:yfoL ;fwg
klg elgG5 / tL ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ c:yfoL
ljlw elgPsf] xf] .
sG8dM of] k'?ifn] k|of]u ug]{ ue{lg/f]wsf] c:yfoL
;fwg xf] . of] kftnf] g/d / pRr u'0f:t/Lo
/a/n] ag]sf] x'G5 . sG8d ;Def]u ug'{ cufl8
k'?ifsf] pQ]lht lnªudf nufOG5 . o;nfO{ ;xL
tl/sfn] k|of]u ugf{n] dfq} ue{lg/f]wsf ;fy}
PrcfO{eL÷P8; / c? of}ghGo ;ªqmd0fx¿
;g{af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
lkN;M of] dlxnfn] lbgx'F vfg] rSsL xf] . o;sf]
k|of]un] ue{ /xgaf6 /f]Sg dbbt k'Ub5 . hGd
cGt/sf nflu of] e/kbf]{ c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of]
lkN; vfg' cufl8 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng'
cfjZos 5 . of] k|To]s lbg Ps rSsL Ps} ;do
kf/]/ vfg] ul/G5 .
sk/ 6LM of] dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/df /flvg]
ue{lg/f]ws c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . of] Knfl:6s /
tfdfn] ag]sf] x'G5 . PskN6 nufPkl5 o;n] !@
jif{;Ddsf nflu sfd ub{5 . sk/ 6L nufpg
c:ktfn jf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] lSnlgsx¿df
tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .
l8kf]k|f]e]/fM o;nfO{ ufpF3/df …ltg dlxg] ;'O{Ú
klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dlxnfsf] kfv'/f jf
lkmnfdf ;'O{af6 nufOG5 . of] ;'O{ Psk6s
nufpFbf ltg dlxgf;Dd ue{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of]
;'O{ :jf:Yo ;+:yf tyf cf}ifwL k;nx¿df tflnd
k|fKt :jf:YosdL{n] nufO{ lbG5g .
g/KnfG6M dlxnfsf] kfv'/fdf /flvg] ue{lg/f]wsf]

24
c:yfoL ;fwg xf] . o;sf] k|of]un] & jif{;Dd
ue{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of] nufpg c:ktfn jf
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] lSnlgsx¿df tflnd k|fKt
:jf:YosdL{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .
dfly pNn]v ePsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿ a9L
k|rngdf 5g / clwsf+z ;fwgx¿ ;/sf/L
lgsfo jf s]xL ;ª3;+:yfx¿n] g]kfnsf k|fo ;a}
lhNnfx¿df lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul//x]sf x'G5g .
oL afx]s cGo w]/} lsl;dsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿
klg 5g . h:t} Kofr, dlxnfn] nufpg] sG8d,
6ofDkf]g, lkmFh rSsL / c? klg gofF lsl;dsf
;fwgx¿ klg ahf/df cfO/x]sf x'G5g .
ue{lg/f]wsf] :yfoL ljlw -:yfoL aGWofs/0f_ M
cfk"mnfO{ ;Gtfgsf] OR5f k'/f eO;s]kl5 k'?if jf
dlxnfn] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] :yfoL ljlw ckgfpg
;Sb5g . tL :yfoL ljlwx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5gM
dlxnfx¿sf nflu Nofk|f]:sf]kL jf ldlgNofkM
of] dlxnfsf nflu ul/g] :yfoL aGWofs/0fsf]
ljlw xf] . of] ljlw cg';f/ dlxnfx¿sf] kf7]3/
eGbf dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf] l8Da gnLdf af6f]
5]lslbOG5 . h;n] ubf{ l8Daf;odf pTkfbg
ePsf] l8Da -cG8f_ Tof] gnLsf] af6f] x'Fb}
cfpFbf z'qmls6;Fu e]6 x'g kfpFb}g . c;fWo}
;fwf/0f tl/sfn] ;fgf] ck/];g -zNolqmof_ u/L
tflnd k|fKt 8fS6/x¿n] ub{5g . ldlgNofk jf
Nofk|f]:sf]kL ubf{ dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
Ifdtfdf s'g} klg c;/ kfb}{g / b}lgs sfd ug{
klxnfsf] h:t} u/L ;lsG5 .
k'?ifx¿sf nflu e];]S6f]dLM ;Gtfgsf] /x/
k'lu;s]sf k'?ifx¿sf nflu :yfoL ¿kdf ul/g]
aGWofs/0f ljlw xf] e];]S6f]dL . of] ljlwdf
aGWofs/0f ubf{ z'qmsL6 lg:s]/ jLo{ y}nLdf
cfpg] af6f] aGb ul/G5 . To;} sf/0f of}g
;Dks{ ubf{ ljo{ dfq} lg:sG5 . e];]S6f]dL
u/]kl5 klg b}lgs ¿kdf ul/Fb} cfPsf] sfd
-h:t}M d]nfkft ug]{, ef/L af]Sg], lxF88'n ug]{,
v]ns'bdf efu lng] cflb_ plQs} ug{ ;lsG5 .
of}g;Dks{df klg klxnfsf] hlQs} ;lqmo /xg
;lsG5 . aGWofs/0f u/]sf] ;doaf6 k'?ifn]
sDtLdf @) k6s;Ddsf] of}g;Dks{ ubf{ sG8d
k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 jf x:td}y'g u/]/ ljo{ kmfNg
klg ;lsG5 . lsgls e];]S6f]dL ug'{ cufl8 g}
z'qmsL6 ljo{ y}nLdf cfP/ al;/x]sf] klg x'g
;Sb5 . e];]S6f]dL u/]kl5 Ps dlxgf;Dd ;fOsn,
l/S;f / df]6/;fOsn grnfpg :jf:YosdL{x¿n]
;'emfj lbG5g lsgls e];]S6f]dL ubf{ z'qmsL6
lxF8g] gnL k'mSg ;Sb5 .
cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wM s'g} klg sf/0fn] c;'/lIft
of}g ;Dks{ x'g uPdf &@ 306f -ltg lbg_ leq
ue{lg/f]wsf] c:yfoL ;fwg vfg] rSsL -lkN;_
vfP/ ue{jtL x'gaf6 arfpg] pkfonfO{ cfsl:ds
ue{lg/f]w elgG5 . c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{ ePsf]
hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] of] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ul/of] Tolt g}
k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wsf] cf}ifwL
k|of]usf af/]df :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx
lng ;lsG5 .
#=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf
cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{x¿
• gjbDktLn] aRrf hGdfpg] ghGdfpg] jf
slxn] / slt hGdfpg] eGg] af/]df cfk;L
;xdltdf lg0f{o ug]{
• lkN; vfg lal;{of], sG8d k'm6of],
cfOo'l;8Lsf] k|of]udf ;d:of cfof] jf
c? s'g} c:yfoL ;fwg;DaGwL ;d:of eP
:jf:YosdL{;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{
• cfsl:ds ue{lg/f]wsf] ;fwg k|of]u ug'{
cufl8 To:tf ;fwgsf] a66fdf /flvPsf]
lgb]{lzsf xf]l;of/Lk"j{s cWoog ug]{
• :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿df kfOg]
lzIff tyf ;"rgfd"ns cWoog ;fdfu|Lx¿
;ªu|x ug]{ / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg
cWoog ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg] .
• :yfoL aGWofs/0f ug''{ cufl8 s;n] ug]{
eGg] af/] bDkQL lardf ;Nnfx u/L lg0f{o
ug]{ .

25
v08 rf/
ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/

26
ue{jtL dlxnfsf] :ofxf/
$$=! ue{jtL :ofxf/
ue{jtLsf] :ofxf/ / x]/rfx eg]sf] dlxnf ue{jtL
x'Fbf ul/g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ;xof]u
xf] . plrt lsl;dn] ul/g] ue{jtL :ofxf/n]
:j:y aRrfsf] hGd x'''G5, dft[ d[To'af6 arfpg
;lsG5 . dlxnfx¿ ue{jtL x'Fbf / aRrf hGdFbf
x'g;Sg] hl6n ;d:of / dft[ d[To' tyf czSt
cj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ue{jtLsf] ;xL x]/rfx tyf
kl/jf/af6 klg k"0f{ ;xof]u kfPsf] v08df To:tf
;d:ofx¿df pNn]vgLo sdL Nofpg ;lsG5 .
Ufe{jtL cj:yf eg]sf] dlxnfsf] cToGt} hl6n
cj:yf xf] . To;}n] ue{jtLsf nflu kl/jf/n]
ug]{ ;xof]u eg]sf] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ug]{ x]/rfx
dfq xf]Og . a? pgLx¿sf nflu dfgl;s tyf
dgf]j}1flgs ;xof]u klg xf] eg]/ a'‰g' cfjZos
5 . o; cj:yfdf >Ldfgsf] ;xof]u ;a}eGbf
dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tYofªsx¿ cg';f/ g]kfndf
$) k|ltzt >Ldfgn] dlxnf ue{jtL x'Fbf /
;'Ts]/L u/fpg' k"j{ ug'{kg]{ cfjZos tof/Ldf ;fy
lbg] ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .
zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y cfdfaf6 hGdg]
lzz' klg :j:y g} x'G5 . cfdfsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f]
agfpg ue{wf/0f ug]{ tof/L x'Fb}b]lv k|z:t dfqfdf
kf]l;nf] vfgf, sfdsf] af]emdf sdL u/fpg] /
d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kf]l;nf]
vfgf eGgfn] ldl>t vfgf xf] h:t}M xl/of] ;fukft,
kx]Fnf kmnk"mn, tfhf t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L, b'w /
b'waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/ tyf cG8f / df+;xf/Lsf
nflu df5f df;' eGg] a'lemG5 . ue{jtL dlxnfsf
nlu ;flas eGbf sDtLdf klg Ps 5fs a9L
vfgf cfjZos x'G5 . kf]l;nf vfnsf s'g} klg
vfg]s'/f afg{ cfjZos 5}g . tgfj sd ug{sf
nflu ue{jtL cj:yfsf dlxnfnfO{ pgLx¿sf]
sfddf kl/jf/n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . To;n] ubf{
pgLx¿n] cf/fd klg ug]{ ;do kfpFb5g . cf/fd
eGgfn] b}lgs /ftL * 306f / lbpF;f] ! b]lv
@ 306f ;'Tgsf nflu rflxg] ;do xf] eGg]
a'emg'k5{ .
;'Ts]/L dlxnfn] w]/} an kg]{ sfd ug'{ jf ug{
nufpg' x'Fb}g . h:t}M ef/L prfNg'÷af]Sg', vghf]t
ug'{, nfdf] psfn] cf]x|fn] lxF8fpg', cflb s'g} klg
lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ysfj6 x'g] sfd
ug{÷u/fpg x'Fb}g . ux|f}+ ef/L prfNg] / af]Sg]
ugf{n] aRrf v]/ hfg ;Sg] tyf cfª -kf7]3/_
v:g] h:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5 .
$=!=! ue{sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
ue{jtL dlxnfn] lgDgfg';f/ sDtLdf rf/k6s
ue{sf] :jf:Yo hFfr u/fpg'k5{ M
• klxnf] k6sM ue{jtL ePsf] rf}yf] dlxgfdf
• bf];|f] k6sM ue{jtL ePsf] 5}F6f} dlxgfdf
• t];|f] k6sM cf7f}F dlxgfdf
• rf}yf] k6sM gjf}F dlxgfdf
ue{jtL cj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo
;d:of cfpg] lalTtSs} jf s'g} klg hfgsf/L
lng k/]df :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ;Dks{ ul/xfNg' kb{5 .
To;}n] uef{j:yfdf cfjZstfcg';f/ rf/ k6s
eGbf a9L klg hfFr u/fpg ;lsG5 . ue{jtL
hfFr ug{ hfFbf ljleGg ;]jfx¿ kfOG5 h:t}M
/Strfksf] hFfr, aRrfsf] cj:yf x]g{ k]6sf] hFfr
ul/G5, cfO/g rSsL lbOG5, 6L=6L=nufOG5 /

27
h'sfsf] cf}ifwL lbOG5 . kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿n]
ue{jtL dlxnfn] lgoldt ¿kdf cfO/g rSsL
vfP÷gvfPsf] olsg ug'{k5{ . cfO/g rSsL
dlxnfn] ue{jtL hfFr u/fpg hfFbf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn]
pknAw u/fpF5 jf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf;Fu
klg lng ;lsG5 . ue{jtL ePsf] # dlxgf
k'/f ePb]lv ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtf -8]9 dlxgf_
;Dd lbgsf] Ps Kf6s cfO/g rSsL vfg'kb{5 .
:jf:YosdL{;Fusf] lagf ;Nnfx hyfefjL cf}ifwL
vfg' x'Fb}g . cfO/g rSsL /fVg] efF8f]sf] lasf]{
xfjf gl5g]{ u/L aGb ug'{kb{5 / cf]l;nf] / w]/}
tftf] jf udL{ 7fpFdf /fVg' x'Fb}g .
ue{jtL ePsf] # dlxgf k'/f ePkl5 Ps rSsL
h'sfsf] cf}ifwL vfg'k5{ . ue{jtL dlxnfn] bf];|f]
k6s ue{jtL hFfr u/fpFbf klxnf] l6=6L= vf]k
nufpg'k5{ / klxnf] vf]k nufPsf] sDtLdf !
dlxgfsf] km/sdf bf];|f] 6L=6L= vf]k nufpg'k5{ .
6L=6L= vf]k :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf vf]k lSnlgsaf6
nufpg ;lsG5 .
cf}nf] k|efljt :yfgx¿df nfdv'66]sf] 6f]sfOaf6
aRg ue{jtL dlxnfn] e'mnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . /ftL
cFfvf gb]Vg] ;d:of ePdf :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Dks{
ug'{k5{ . ue{jtL dlxnfn] bfFt df‰g], xft, gª,
of}gfªux¿ tyf z/L/nfO{ ;w}F ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
o;n] /f]u nfUg tyf ;ªqmd0f x'gaf6 arfpF5 .
dlb/fhGo jf ;"lt{hGo s'g} klg kbfy{ ;]jg ug'{
x'Fb}g . o:tf kbfy{sf] ;]jgn] ue{ktg x'g ;Sg],
ue{df lzz'sf] j[blw ljsf;df c;/ kg]{, af}blws
ljsf; /f]lsg], sd tf}n ePsf aRrf hlGdg]
cflb c;/x¿ x'g ;Sb5g .
$=!=@ ;fdfGo uef{j:yfdf tyf cfsl:ds
cj:yfsf nflu ug'{ kg]{ k"j{ tof/Lx¿
ue{wf/0fsf] tof/Lb]lv g} vr{sf] Joj:yf
ug'{kb{5 . cfsl:ds cj:yfdf ug{ kg]{ pkrf/
vr{, cf}ifwL pkrf/ tyf ;'Ts]/L u/fpFbf cfjZos
vr{, / gjhft lzz' / cfdfsf] :ofxf/sf] nflu
vr{ cfjZos kb{5 . vr{sf cnfjf tTsfn
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu 7fpF cg';f/sf]
pko'St oftfoft jf cGo ;fwgx¿ -h:t}M 8f]sf],
:6«]r/, aonuf8f, 8f]nL, tfDbfg -sfk]{;_, l/S;f,
PDa'n]G; cflb_ sf] tof/L, :jf:YosdL{sf]
sfo{:yn jf af;:yfg :yfgsf] hfgsf/L, l5d]sdf
;xof]uLx¿sf] tof/L cflb s'/fsf] klg k"j{ tof/L
jf hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L xf]l;of/L
ul/Pdf csfn d[To' x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] 7fpFdf PDa'n]G; jf cGo
oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf rfns, :jf:Yo ;++:yf, An8
a}ªs / cfjZos k/] /ut lbg;Sg] dflg;x¿sf]
;Dks{ kmf]g gDa/ lnO{ /fVg'kb{5 .
aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf s;sf] ;xof]u lng],
;'Ts]/L sxfF x'g] / cGo cfjZos ;Nnfx lngsf
nflu cfˆgf] glhssf] bIf k|;"ltsdL{ sf]—sf] x'g
klxNo} yfxf kfO/fVg'k5{ / k|;"ltsdL{sf] gfd /
;Dks{sf] nflu kmf]g gDj/ klg lnO/fVg'kb{5 .
pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lngfn] cfjZos hl6ntfx¿
yfxf kfpg / a]n}df plrt Joj:yf ug{ dbbt
k'Ub5 .
s'g ;+:yfdf aRrf hGdfpg] eg]/ klxn] g} lgwf]
u/L cfjZos tof/L ug{'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L x'Fbf s;}
s;}nfO{ w]/} /ut au]df /ut lbg'kg]{ cj:yf klg
cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] t'?Gt} /utsf] Joj:yf ug{
nflu sDtLdf # hgf /ut bftfnfO{ klxn]b]lv
tof/ u/L /fVg'kb{5 .
$=!=# ue{jtL dlxnfdf b]lvg ;Sg]
vt/fsf nIf0fx¿
• ue{jtL dlxnfsf] 6fpsf] lgs} b'v]df
• xft jf d'v ;'lGgPdf
• xftv'66f cx|/f] eO{ sDk -sfd_ 5'6]df jf d'5f{
k/]df
• Hj/f] cfpg' jf of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL aUg'

28
• cfFvf lt/ld/fP/ wldnf] b]Vg] ePdf
• tNnf] k]6 w]/} b'v]df
• clnslt klg /ut au]df
olb dflysf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf
ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ pkrf/sf nflu t'?Gt} :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . lsgeg] o:tf lrGxx¿
b]lvPkl5 ue{jtL dlxnfn] t'?Gt} pko'St pkrf/
kfOgg eg] ue{jtL dlxnf / pgsf] k]6df ePsf]
aRrfsf] Hofg hfg;S5 . t;y{ oL ;a} vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ ;lDem/fVg'k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ s]xL cK7of/f]
k/]df jf cfk"mdf s'g} vt/fsf] nIf0f b]lvPdf
ue{jtL dlxnfn] nfh gdfgLsg t'?Gt} cfˆgf]
kl/jf/nfO{ eGg'k5{ tfls pgnfO{ t'?Gt} :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf pkrf/sf nflu n}hfg ;lsof]; . olb
ue{jtL dlxnf / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ s'g} klg
;dodf ue{sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lng k/]df
pgLx¿n] t'?Gt} dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf jf
:jf:YosdL{nfO{ e]6L ;Nnfx lng ;Sb5g .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ bIf k|;"ltsdL{åf/f aRrf
hGdfpg'k5{ .
$=!=$ 3/df ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' k/]df ul/g]
tof/L
k|;"lt u/fpg :jf:Yo ;+:yf g} n}hfg' kb{5 .
lsgls 3/df k|;"lt u/fpFbf k|;"lt;DaGwL
hl6ntfx¿ / ;Ts]/L cfdfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf]
;ªqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] 3/df k|;"lt
u/fpFbf bIf k|;"lt sdL{sf] cefj / :yfg klg
cg's"n gx'g] x'gfn] aRrf / cfdf b'a}sf] Hofg
hf]lvddf kb{5 . olb :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt
u/fpg s'g} klg ;Defjgf 5}g eg] dfq 3/df
;'Ts]/L u/fpg ;lsG5 . of] cj:yf cfPdf lgDg
cg';f/sf] tof/Lx¿ ug'{ cfjZos 5 M
• ;'Ts]/L x'g'k"j{ ;kmf ;'Ts]/L ;fdu|L lsg]/
3/df tof/L ¿kdf /fVg'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L
;dfu|Lsf] k|of]un] ljleGg /f]u;Fu ;DalGwt
;ªqmd0fx¿ / wg'i6ªsf/ x'gaf6 cfdf /
lzz' b'j}nfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .
• ;'?d} dft[;'/Iff rSsLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• ;'Ts]/L u/fpgsf] nflu 3/df pHofnf] /
;kmf sf]7f -7fpF_ x'g' cfjZos 5 .
• ;'Ts]/L cfdf / gjhft lzz'sf] nflu
cfjZos ;kmf ;'tLsf] sk8fx¿ tof/
ul//fVg' kb{5 .
• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg jf gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx
ug'{ cl3 xft /fd|f];Fu ;fa'gkfgLn] w'g'kb{5 .
• k|;"lt u/fpg bIf -k|;"lt u/fpg] tflnd
k|fKt :jf:YosdL{_ k|;"ltsdL{sf] g} ;xof]u
lng'k5{ . pgLx¿n] cfdf tyf gjhft
lzz'nfO{ ;ªqmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg, plrt
x]/rfx ug{, aRrfnfO{ k'5]/ Gofgf] /fVg,
;xL tl/sfn] :tgkfg u/fpg, s'g} vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ ePdf ;dod} kQf nufO{ plrt
Joj:yf ug{df ;xof]u ub{5g .
$=!=% k|;"lt ;]jf :ofxf/df :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{sf] cfjZostf
k|;j Joyf nfUg] lalQs} t'?Gt} k|;"lt ;]jf
kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' g} ;a}eGbf pQd
pkfo xf] . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf]
;xof]udf aRrf hGdfpg'k5{ . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
aRrf hGdfpg kg]{ lgDglnlvt sf/0f 5gM
• ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf cf}hf/x¿
k|of]uul/g]ePsfn]cfdf/lzz'nfO{;ªqmd0f
x'g kfpFb}g .
• cfdf jf gjhft lzz'nfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL
s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} plrt
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;'O{åf/f kf7]3/ v'Drg] cf}ifwL -clS;6f]l;g_
sf] k|of]u u/L /St>fj /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
• plrt tl/sfn] ;fn lgsfNg ;lsG5 /
kf7]3/ v'DRofpgsf nlfu plrt tl/sfn]

29
k]6sf] dfln; ug{ ;lsG5 .
• gjhft lzz'nfO{ s'g} hl6ntf cfPdf
h:t}M lg:;fl;g], g?g] cflbdf t'?Gt} plrt
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
• :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fP jfkt s'g} klg
z'Ns ltg{' kb}{g, ;fy} ;/sf/n] tf]s]cg';f/
oftfoft vr{ klg kfOG5 .
$=!=^ aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf b]vfkg{ ;Sg]
vt/fsf nIf0fx¿
tn lbOPsf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]vfk/]df
dlxnfnfO{ t'?Gt} cfsl:ds -Odh]{G;L_ k|;"lt ;]jf
kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .
• cf7 306f eGbf nfdf] k|;j Joyf nfu]df,
• klxnf xft, v'66f jf ;fngfn lg:s]df,
• ;'Ts]/Lsf] xft v'66f cx|/f] eO{ sfd 5'6]df
jf d'5f{ k/]df,
• aRrf hGdfpg' cl3 jf aRrf hlGd;s]kl5
klg w]/} /ut au]df, cflb .
dflysf s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf
tTsfn pkrf/ ePg eg] dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg
klg ;Sb5 . To;df klg cTolws /ut aUg',
;a}eGbf a9L vt/gfs dflgG5, h;sf] sf/0f
dlxnfsf] Hofg @ 306fdf g} klg hfg ;S5 .
o:tf vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf kl/jf/n]
dlxnfnfO{ pko'St :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg l9nfO
ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;dod} ul/g] pkrf/n] dfq dlxnfsf]
Hofg arfpg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f klg :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf g} nu]/ ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
$=!=& kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{
;Sg] dxTTjk"0f sfo{x¿M
• kl/jf/sf ;a}nfO{ ue{jtLsf af/]df
hfGg kg]{ / Wofg lbg kg]{ sfdsf af/]df
/fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L lbg] / ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{
jftfj/0f agfpg] .
• :j:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ ue{jtL
hfFr u/fpgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
• :jf:Yo hfFr tyf ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿
:jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 lnP glnPsf] lgoldt
hfgsf/L lng] .
• ;'Ts]/L u/fpg' kbf{ jf s'g} lsl;dsf]
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cfsl:ds
¿kdf k|of]u ug{sf nflu PDa'n]G; jf
7fpFcg';f/sf] ;fwgsf] k|aGw ug{ 6f]n
;dfhsf] ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutfdf plrt
k|aGw ldnfpg cu'jfO ug]{ .
• 6f]n l5d]sdf :jf:YosdL{sf] cefj eP
To;sf] k|aGw ldnfpg ;fd"lxs ;xof]usf
nflu cu'jfO ug]{ .
• ;'/lIft dft[Tjsf dxTTj a'emfpg 6f]n
l5d]sdf 5nkmn rnfpg] / To:tf cj:yfsf
kl/jf/sf nflu pTk|]/ssf] e"ldsf lgjfx
ug]{ .
• 6f]n l5d]ssf] nflu ;'/lIft dft[Tj ;DalGwt
hfgsf/Ld"ns ;|f]t ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf
ug]{ .
• :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug]{
;'/lIft dft[Tj;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmdx¿df
;xof]u ug]{ .
$=@ k|;"lt tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/
$=@=! k|;"lt :ofxf/
dlxnfsf nflu k|;"lt jf ;'Ts]/L cj:yf ljz]if
;+j]bgzLn ;do xf] . ;]jf / :ofxf/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg x'g g;s]df Hofg hf]lvddf kg{
;Sb5 . aRrf h;/L klg hlGdxfN5 lg egL 3/d}
;'Ts]/L u/fpg' x'Fb}g . k|;j Joyf nfUg] lalQs}
k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k'¥ofO bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf]

30
;xof]udf aRrf hGdfpg'kb{5 . ToxfF aRrf
hGdfpgfn] ;/;kmfO / lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf
cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u ul/g] ePsf]n] cfdf / lzz'nfO{
;ªqmd0f x'g kfpFb}g .cfdf jf gjhft lzz'nfO{
s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf ;dodf g} plrt Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'Ts]/L x'g cufl8 jf k5fl8 /ut
w]/} au]df To;sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . plrt
tl/sfn] ;fn -;fyL_ lgsfNg ;lsG5 / kf7]3/
v'DRofpgsf nlfu plrt tl/sfn] k]6sf] dfln;
ug{] l;k ePsf :jf:YosdL{ x'G5g . gjlzz'nfO{
s'g} hl6ntf cfPdf h:t}M lg:;fl;g], g?g]
cflbdf t'?Gt} plrt Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt u/fP afkt s'g} klg z'Ns
ltg{'kb}{g, ;fy} oftfoft vr{ klg kfOG5 .
;g @)!! Dff g]kfndf ul/Psf] :jf:Yo tyf
hg;fªlvs ;j]{If0f cg';f/ #) k|ltzt cfdfx¿n]
;'Ts]/L ePsf] @ lbg leqdf / @* k|ltzt
cfdfx¿n] ;'Ts]/L ePsf] Ps 306f leqdf ;'Ts]/L
hfFr u/fPsf]] kfOof] . o:tf tYofªsn] w]/} ;'Ts]/L
cfdfx¿ / lzz'sf] :jf:Yo hf]lvddf 5 eGg] s'/f
b]vfpF5 . To;}n] ubf{ cfdf / lzz'sf] ;'/Iffsf
nflu ;/sf/n] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf g} ;'Ts]/L u/fpg
k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] xf] .
$=@=@ aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg]
vt/fsf nIf0fx¿
s'g} klg vt/fsf nIf0fx¿ h:t}M k|;"lt x'g'
cufl8 / kl5 w]/} /ut aUg', xft jf cg'xf/
;'lGgg', tf/Gtf/ !@ 306feGbf a9L a]yf nfUg',
Hj/f] cfpg' jf of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL aUg',
sDkg cfpg' jf d'5f{ kg'{ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ k|;"lt
cj:yfdf b]vfkg]{ / Hofg} klg hfg;Sg] vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ x'g . To:t} o:tf] cj:yfdf b]vf kg{
;Sg] cGo ;fdfGo ;d:ofx¿ h:t}M klxn] aRrfsf]
xft, v'§f jf gfn lgl:sg', kfgL au]sf] !@
306f;Dd k|;"lt gx'g', xft v'66f cx|/f] eO{ sfd
5'6g' jf d'5f{ kg'{, aRrf hGdfpg' cl3 jf aRrf
hlGd;s]kl5 klg w]/} /ut aUg', aRrf hlGdPsf]
cfwf 306f;Dd klg ;fn gemg'{ h:tf ;d:ofx¿
b]lvPdf dlxnfnfO{ t'?Gt} cfsl:ds k|;"lt ;]jf
kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ . tTsfn pkrf/
ePg eg] dlxnfsf] Hofg hfg klg ;S5 . To;df
klg cTolws /ut aUg', ;a}eGbf a9L vt/gfs
dflgG5 . h;sf] sf/0f @ 306fdf g} dlxnfsf]
Hofg hfg ;S5 .
$=@=# bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg]
bIf k|;"ltsdL{{ eGgfn] 8fS6/, g;{ jf cgdL
eGg] a'lemG5 . ;'/lIft k|;"lt u/fpg log}
bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg' k5{ . bIf
k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f k|;"lt u/fpg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf]
klxrfg ug'{k5{ . k|;"lt u/fpg] bIf k|;"ltsdL{{åf/f
g} gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/ klg u/fpg' k5{ .
;'Ts]/L ePsf] @$ 306f;Dd cfdf / gjhft
lzz'nfO{ ljz]if lgu/fgL /fVg' kb{5 .
Wofg lbg'kg]{ ^ cf]6f ;/;kmfOx¿ h:t}M ;kmf
xft, ;kmf of]gL, ;kmf ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] 7fpF, gfeL
sf6g] ;kmf An]8 / wfuf], gfeL ;kmf /fVg] cflb
sfdsf af/]df klxnfb]lv g} Wofg lbg'k5{ . s'g}
;d'bfodf ;'Ts]/L u/fP kl5 of]gLleq s]xL lrh
/flvlbg] k|rng 5 . of]gLdf To:tf] s'g} j:t' jf
cf}ifwLx¿ /fVg' x'Fb}g .
$=@=# k|;"lt ;]jf tyf k|;"lt x'“bf bIf
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] ;xof]u
k|;j Joyf nfu]sf] yfxf kfpg] lalQs} jf
ue{jtLnfO{ s'[g} klg hl6ntf b]lvPdf t'?Gt}
k|;"lt ;]jf kfOg] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg' kb{5 .
cfdf jf gjhft lzz'df s'g} hl6ntf b]lvPdf
;dodf g} bIf :jf:YosdL{x¿n] yk pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;Sb5g . plrt tl/sfn] ;fn
-;fyL_ lgsfNg] pgLx¿;Fu ljz]if l;k / Ifdtf
x'G5 . ;'Ts]/L / gjhft lzz'sf] cj:yfcg';f/

31
3/df s:tf] lsl;dsf] :ofxf/ / ;]jf cfjZos
5 / s] s] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg] eGg] af/]df
:jf:YosdL{x¿af6 ;Nnfx kfpg ;lsG5 .
$=# ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/
lzz' hGd]kl5 $@ lbg jf ^ xKtf;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{
;'Ts]/L cj:yf elgG5 . of] ;dofjlwdf ;'Ts]/L
ePsf dlxnf w]/} sdhf]/ x'g] x'gfn] To;sf nflu
tftf], emf]lnnf] / kf]if0fo'St vfg]s'/f lbg'k5{ .
;fy}, cfTdan a9fpg dfof / cfb/k"0f{ Jojxf/sf]
klg plQs} cfjZostf kb{5 . ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf
lbOg] vfgfdf h:t}M Hjfgf]sf] emf]n, u]8fu'8Lsf]
emf]n, l3p, eft cflb lbg' kb{5 . uef{j:yfdf
lbPsf] cfO/g rSsL :jf:YosdL{n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx
cg';f/ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf klg lgoldt vfO/xg'
kb{5 .
ue{jtL cj:yfdf h:t} ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf klg
cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf vt/fx¿ cfpg ;Sb5
eGg] s'/fdf ;w}F x]Ssf /fVg'kb{5 . h:t}M of]gLaf6
xjfNxjfNtL jf rf]S6f rf]S6f /ut au]df, cfwf
306fdf b'O{cf]6f eGbf a9L 6fnf k'/} leh]df, Hj/f]
cfPdf, of]gLaf6 uGxfpg] kfgL au]df jf tNnf]
k]6 b'v]df, 6fpsf] ;fx|} b'v]df, xftv'66f cx|/f] eO{
d'5f{ k/]df la/fdLsf] cj:yf x]/L t'?Gt :jf:Yo
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfOxfNg' kb{5 .
$=#=! :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf x'g] ;'Ts]/L h“”rdf
pknJw x'g] ;]jfx¿
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ue{ hfFr tyf ;'t]l/;DaGwL
;]jfsf af/]df dfly pNn]v ePsf 5g / tL afx]s
c? yk pkrf/ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿ lgDg cg';f/
pknAw x'g;Sb5M
• k"0f{ :tgkfg, ;/;kmfO, cf/fd, kf]if0f,
gjhftlzz' :ofxf/, vf]k, em'nsf] k|of]u
;DaGwL k/fdz{,
• sd tf}n -@=% s]=hL=eGbf sd_ ePsf gjhft
lzz'x¿sf] nflu ljz]if :ofxf/,
• cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] nflu k"j{ tof/Laf/]
5nkmn, cfdf / gjhft lzz'df vt/fsf
nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf s'g ;+:yfdf s;/L k'Ug] /
k};fsf] art ug]{ ;DaGwdf k/fdz{,
• cfdfnfO{ Ps k6s le6fldg P / $@ lbg
leqdf v'jfOg] cfO/g rSsL,
• gjhft lzz'nfO{ hlGdg] lalTts} ! k6s
la=;L=hL= vf]k
• kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL k/fdz{ tyf ;]jf
cflb .
$=#=@ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{
s'/fx¿
• ;kmf sf]7f / ;kmf sk8fsf] k|of]u ug]{ /ut
aUg g/f]lsGh]n;Dd ;kmf Kof8 jf ;kmf
sk8fsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
• vfgf vfg' cl3, lb;f lk;fa u/]kl5, :tgkfg
u/fpg' cufl8 tyf aRrf ;dfpg' cufl8 /
k5fl8 ;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g],
• g'xfpFbf of}gfªux¿ klg /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug]{,
• cfkmgf] :tg ;w}F ;kmf /fVg] / ;kmf a|f /
Gofgf] lsl;dsf sk8f nufpg],
• ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ;fljs eGbf a9L g} cf/fd
ug]{, ux|f}F ef/L prfNg] jf an kg]{ sfd gug]{
lsgls o:tf] ubf{ /ut aUg] jf cfª v:g
;Sb5 . ;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ub}{ cfPsf] sfddf
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿n] ;xof]u ul/lbg] .
• ;'Ts]/LnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu} /fVg], w'jfF
w'nf] gnfUg], pHofnf] / ;kmf sf]7f jf 3/
leqsf] s'g} 7fpFdf /fVg],
• :tgdf b'w uflggaf6 /f]Sg / 3fp x'gaf6
arfpg aRrfnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf b'w r';fO{
g} /xg' kb{5 / olb aRrfnfO{ klg b'w a9L
ePdf, kl/jf/ jf l5d]sLsf c¿ aRrfnfO{

32
v'jfpg jf b'x]/ kmflnlbg klg ;lsG5 t/
uflgPsf] cj:yfdf /flv/xg x'Fb}g .
$=#=# ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kf]if0f;DaGwL
hfGg' kg]{ s'/fx¿
;'Ts]/L cfdfn] ;fljs eGbf a9L k6s / w]/}
lsl;dsf kf]l;nf] vfg]s'/f vfg'k5{ . ;'Ts]/L
cfdfn] cfˆgf] b}lgs vfgfdf tnsf ljleGg
;d"xsf vfgfdWo] sd;]sd Pp6f ;d"xaf6 Ps
lsl;dsf] vfgf clgjfo{ ¿kdf kg]{ u/L Ps lbgdf
sDtLdf ;fljs eGbf Ps 5fs a9L v'jfpg'k5{ .
• cGg ;d"xaf6 h:t}M rfdn, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf],
kmfk/, hf} OToflb .
• u]8fu'8L ;d"xaf6 h:t}M e6df;, af]8L, rgf,
s]/fp, s'g} klg bfn OToflb .
• cG8f, df;', df5f OToflb -df+;fxf/Lsf nflu_ .
• b'w bxL, l3p, gf}+gL, t]n OToflb .
• ;fu jf xl/of] hftsf t/sf/Lx¿
• df};d cg';f/sf kxF]nf jf cGo kmnkm"nx¿
• b'O{ afaflnsf 5fk cªlst cfof]l8go'St
g'gsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
• ^ xKtf leqdf ;s];Dd rfF8f] Ps k6s
le6fldg ‘ P’ rSsL v'jfpg'k5{ eg] cfO/g
rSsL ^ xKtf;Dd nuftf/ vfg'kb{5 .
;'Ts]/L cfdfn] s'g} vfg]s'/f afg{' kb}{g . ;'Ts]/L
cjlwdf x/]s lbg k|z:t cf/fd ug'{k5{, lsgls
kf]l;nf] vfgf / k|z:t cf/fd ugf{n] g} cfdfsf]
b'w a9fpg dbbt k'Ub5 .
$=$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL hfGg'
kg{ s'/fx¿M
;'Ts]/L ePkl5 kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf s'g ljlw
ckgfpg] / s;n] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] af/]df
>Ldfg÷>LdtL lar 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o lng'
k5{ . kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwfgx¿ k|of]u gu/Lsg
of}g;Dks{ ePdf ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtfb]lv g}
csf]{ ue{ /xg ;Sb5 . To;}n] ;'Ts]/L kl5 5}7f}F
xKtfsf] :jf:Yo hfFrsf ;dodf :jf:YosdL{af6
kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL klg k/fdz{ lng'kb{5 .
cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ;'wf/ x'g], aRrfn] nfdf]
;do;Dd cfdfsf] b"w vfg kfpg] cflb sf/0fn]
ubf{ b'O{ aRrf lar # b]lv % jif{sf] hGdfGt/
sfod ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . :tgkfg u/fO/x]sf] ;dodf
lkN; rSsL ;s];Dd k|of]u ug{' xF'b}g . o;sf] k|of]
un] cfdfsf] b'wsf] dfqf 36fpF5 .
$=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf
cleefjsn] ug{ ;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{x¿
• k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿n] v]Ng kg]{ e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf
• ;dod} hfgsf/L u/fpg]
• 3//:jf:Yo;+:yfdflbg'kg]{k|;"lttyf;'Ts]/L
:ofxf/ -kf]if0f, ;'Ts]/L hfFr / kl/jf/lgof]hg
• ;]jf cflbsf af/]df_ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf c?
;b:on] 3/sf] sfd ;3fpg] jftfj/0f tof/
ug]{ .
• 6f]nl5d]sdf k|;"lt / ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf lbg'
kg]{ ;]jfsf af/]df ;d'bfonfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg] .

33
v08 kfFr
gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx

34
%gjhft lzz'sf] x]/rfx
%=! gjhft lzz' :ofxf/
cfdf / gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 . tLdWo] dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] ;/;kmfO / :ofxf/
;DaGwL xf]l;of/L ckgfpg] . hGd]sf] gjhft
lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cl3 /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'kb{5 . o;f]
ubf{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;Defljt ;ªqmd0faf6
arfpg ;lsG5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 lzz'nfO{ g/d,
wf]Psf] ;kmf / ;'Vvf ;'tLsf] sk8fn] k'5L t'?Gt}
cfdfsf] gfªuf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg'k5{ . lzz'nfO{
;kmf sk8fn] a]/]/ Gofgf] agfO{ /fVg'kb{5 . hlGdg]
lalQs} gfeLdf s]xL klg gnufO{ ;'Vvf / ;kmf
/fVg'k5{ . gfeL sf6g] ;fwg / afWg] wfuf] klg
;kmf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ugf{n] cfdf / aRrf b'j}nfO{
l66fg; nufot c¿ lsl;dsf ;ªqmd0f x'gaf6
arfpg ;lsG5 . ljz]if u/L gfeL kfSg] ;d:ofaf6
arfpg ;lsG5 . lzz' hGd]sf] sDtLdf @$
306f;Dd g'xfOlbg' x'Fb}g . o;f] ugf{n] lzz'nfO{
s7ofªlu|g jf lztfªu x'gaf6 arfpF5 . hGd]sf]
@$ 306f kl5 g'xfOlbFbf lr;f] gnfuf]; eg]/
dgtftf] kfgLn] Gofgf] sf]7fdf cyjf 3fddf
g'xfO{ lbg'k5{ . Gfjhft lzz' hGdFbfsf] ldlt /
;do;Fu} tf}n klg yfxf kfO/fVg' kb{5 lsgls
p;sf] j[blw ljsf; ePsf] cg'udg ug{'k5{ .
csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]], lzz' hGd]sf] ! 306f
leq} cfdfsf] ljuf}tL b'w v'jfpg'k5{ . ;'?df b'x]/
kmfNg' x'Gg, lsgls o;df lzz'sf nflu cfjZos
vf]k ;/xsf] cf}ifwLsf] sfd ug]{ tTTjx¿ x'G5g,
h;n] lzz'nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]u;Fu n8g]
zlSt lbG5 . ljuf}tL b'waf6 lzz'nfO{ /fd|f] kf]if0f
k|fKt x'G5 . cfdfn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg
u/fpFbf /ftL / lbgdf u/L sDtLdf klg *
k6s u/fpg' kb{5 . Pp6f b'w gl/lQGh]n;Dd
-sDtLdf !% ldg]6;Dd_ r';fO/xg'kb{5 . hlt
w]/} k6s :tgkfg u/fof] Tolt g} pTkfbg x'G5 .
k|To]s k6s b'w v'jfO ;s]kl5 la5of}gfd} a;]/
lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] sfFwdf d'G6f] c8ofP/ af]Sg'
kb{5 / lk7o'Fdf d';f/L lj:tf/} cfˆgf] xftn]
y'Dy'DofFpg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ k]6sf] xfjf aflx/
lg:sg dbbt k'Ub5 / lzz'n] afGtf ub}{g .
lzz'n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf gc3fP;Dd b'j} :tgaf6
:tgkfg u/fpg'k5{ .
lzz' ^ dlxgf gk'Ubf;Dd p;sf] Ps dfq vfgf
cfdfsf] b'w xf] . o;n] lzz'nfO{ k"0f{ kf]if0f lbG5
/ /f]u;Fu n8g] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5 . k"0f{
:tgkfg u/fOPsf] lzz'nfO{ ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/;Dd
cGo s'g} klg vfgf v'jfpg cfjZostf kb}{g .
lzz'nfO{ rflxg] hlt b'w pTkfbg ug{ cfdfn] klg
kf]l;nf] vfgf tyf k|z:t emf]n s'/fx¿ vfg'kb{5 .
;fy} k|z:t cf/fd klg ug'{k5{ . olb cfdfn]
cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg s'g} ;d:of
dx;'; u/]sf] 5 eg] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]
:jf:YosdL{;Fu ;Nnfx lng'k5{ .
lzz'sf] cfFvf kx]Fnf] x'g], sdnlkQ -hlG8;_
b]lvPdf x/]s lbg s]xL a]/ laxfgsf] slnnf]
gkf]Ng] 3fddf gfªu} kf/]/ cfFvfdf 3fd gkg]{
u/L /fVg'k5{ . cfdf / aRrf b'j}df la/fdLsf] s'g}
lrGx÷nIf0f 5g ls x]g'{k5{ . olb s'g} vt/fsf
nIf0f 5g eg] t'?Gt glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
n}hfg'kb{5 .

35
%=!=! gjhft lzz'df b]vf kg{ ;Sg]
vt/fsf lrGxx¿ / To;sf] Joj:yfkg
;ªqmd0f jf cGo sf/0fn] gjhft lzz'df ljleGg
lsl;dsf vt/fsf lrGxx¿ h:t}M cfdfsf] b'w
/fd|/L r':g g;s]df, ;':t jf a]xf]; jf lhp
grnfpg g;s]df, l56f]l56f] ;f; km]/]df -Ps
ldg]6df ^) jf ;f] eGbf a9L k6s_, s8f lsl;dn]
sf]vf xfg]df, w]/} Hj/f] cfPdf, lztfªu ePdf,
gfO6f] kfs]df jf 5fnfdf lkkn] el/Psf kmf]sfx¿
cfPdf gjhft lzz'sf] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ x'g .
oLdWo] cGo s'g} klg vt/fsf lrGxx¿ b]lvPdf
lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg'k5{ .
cfFvfsf] ;ªqmd0f eO{ /ftf] b]lvPdf cfdfsf] b'w
/flvlbg'k5{ t/ cfFvfaf6 lkk ;d]t alu/x]sf]
b]lvPdf eg] aRrfnfO{ t'?Gt} :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
n}hfg'k5{ .
%=!=@ gjhft lzz'sf] hf“r
gjhft lzz'nfO{ sDtLdf # k6s glhssf]
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{åf/f hfFr u/fpg'k5{ . o:tf]
hfFr klxnf] k6s hGd]sf] @$ 306f leq, bf];|f]
k6s # lbgdf / t];|f] k6s & lbgdf u/fpg'k5{ .
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :jf:YosdL{n] gjhft lzz'sf]
hfFr u/L s'g} vt/fsf lrGx jf nIf0fx¿ ePdf
t'?Gt Joj:yf ug]{5g . aRrfsf] tf}nsf] cg'udg
ub{5g . vf]k / :tgkfgaf/] cfjZos ;/;Nnfx
lbg]5g .
%=!=# hGd”bf sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'sf]
:ofxf/
dlxnf @) jif{eGbf sd pd]/df ue{jtL ePdf,
ue{jtL x'geGbf cufl8 / ue{jtL ePsf] cjlwdf
s'kf]lift ePdf, ue{jtL cj:yfdf nfdf] ;do;Dd
gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ ;DaGwL s]xL k|rlnt e|d / oyfy{x¿
e|d gjhft lzz' hgdgf;fy sb{n] gfeL sf6g' kb{5 / ToxfF uf]a/ nufOlbg' kb{5 .
oyfy{ lgd{nLs/0f gul/Psf s'g} klg cf}hf/n] gfeL sf6bf aRrfnfO{ cg]sf}F /f]usf] ;ªqmd0f
x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nflu aRrfsf] Hofg hfg ;Sb5 . gfeL sf6]sf 7fpFdf uf]a/ nufO{
lbFbf t ;ªqmd0f emg l566} x'g] / l66fg; /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf cem} w]/} x'G5 .
e|d gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGdgf;fy g'xfOlbg' kb{5 .
oyfy{ hGdgf;fy g'xfpg' x'Gg lsgls hGdg' cufl8 cfdfsf] k]6sf] Gofgf]kgf eGbf
aflx/L jftfj/0f lr;f] x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0f aRrf s7ofªlu|g ;S5 . a? ;kmf
;'tLsf] ;'Vvf sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu k'5]/ ;kmf sk8fdf u'6'd'6' a]/]/ cfdfsf] gfªuf]
5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /flvlbg' kb{5 lsgls p;n] cfdfsf] Gofgf]kgfdf p;sf] cg's"nsf]
tfkqmd kfpFb5 .
e|d hGd]sf] lbg gjhft lzz'nfO{ b'w r';fpg' x'Gg .
oyfy{ aRrf hGd]sf] ! 306fleq b'w r';fpg' kb{5 . lsgls p;nfO{ cfdfsf] b'wsf] klxnf] k6s
cfpg] b'wn] kf]if0fsf ;fy} /f]ulj?4 n8g] zlSt To;}af6 k|fKt ub{5 .
e|d aRrfnfO{ !! lbgsf] Gjf/fg gu/];Dd aflx/ 3fddf lgsfNg' x'Fb}g .
oyfy{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 g} 3fddf /fv]/ g'xfO{ lbg'kb{5 . gjhft lzz'n]
3fdaf6 g} p;sf] z/L/nfO{ cTofjZos SoflN;od eGg] TTj kfpg] x'Fbf lbgsf] Ps k6s
d'vdf 3fd gkg]{ u/L ! jf @ 306f 3fddf /fVg' g} pQd x'G5 .

36
la/fdL ePdf, aRrf @ jif{ gk'Ub} k'gM ue{jtL
ePdf, ue{jtLn] w'd|kfg jf dlb/fkfg ug]{ u/]sf]
ePdf / uef{j:yfdf kof{Kt cf/fd gu/]sf] ePdf
sd tf}nsf] aRrf hlGdg ;S5 . o;/L hlGdbf
sd tf}n ePsf] lzz'df hl6ntf x'g] ;Defjgf
x'G5 . To;}n] s'g} klg vt/fsf lrGxx¿ b]vf
k/]df t'?Gt} c:ktfn n}hfg'k5{ . hGdFbf @
s]= hL= eGbf sd tf}n ePsf gjhft lzz'nfO{
c:ktfndf g} /fv]/ ljz]if :ofxf/ ug'{k5{ . To:tf
lzz'nfO{ sªuf? ljlwåf/f Gofgf] u/L /fVg] /
lbg / /ftdf u/]/ sDtLdf * k6s :tgkfg
u/fpg'k5{ .
%=!=$ cleefjsn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ d'Vo
s'/fx¿
gjhft lzz' :ofxf/df kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf]
e"ldsf w]/} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cufl8
xft /fd|f];Fu wf]Psf] x'g' kb{5 . hGd]sf] aRrfnfO{
klg ;kmf ;'tLsf] ;'Vvf / g/d sk8fn] /fd|f];Fu
k'5]/ clg csf]{ ;kmf;Fu wf]Psf] sk8f -yfªgf_
df u'6'd'6' kf/]/ cfdfsf] gfªuf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/
/flvlbg' kb{5 / hGd]sf] @$ 306fkl5 dfq
Gofgf];Fu g'xfOlbg ;lsG5 . aRrf hGd]sf !
306f leq cfdfsf] ljuf}tL b'w gkmfnLsg r';fpg'
kb{5 . o:tf] b'waf6 /f]u;Fu n8g] zlQm k|fKt
ub{5 . @$ 306fdf sDtLdf * k6s / k|To]s
k6sdf sDtLdf klg !% ldg]6;Dd :tgkfg
u/fpg' kb{5 . lzz'df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} klg
lsl;dsf vt/fsf lrGx b]lvg] lalTts} :jf:Yo
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/xfNg' kb{5 .
%=!=% kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf cleefjsn] ug{
;Sg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿M
• gjhftlzz'sf]:jf:Yodfc;/gkg]{lsl;dsf
Joxf/x¿sf af/]df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{
/fd|f];Fu hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;f]sf] af/]df
cg'udg ug]{ .
• ;'Ts]/Lsf nflu cfxf/ / cf/fdsf nflu
;xof]uL aGg] / :jf:Yo hfFr tyf pkrf/sf
nflu cu'jfO ug]{ .
• cfdfn] gjhftsf] lzz'sf nflu ug'{kg]{
sfdx¿ x'g ;s]÷g;s]sf] lgu/fgL ug]{ /
cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ .
• gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} vt/fsf
lrGxx¿ kfOPdf t'?Gt} pkrf/sf nflu
n}hfg] .
• tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DalGwt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf
nuL lzz'sf] :jf:Yo hfFr u/fpg] .
• 6f]n l5d]sdf gjhft lzz' ePdf ;f];DaGwL
cg'ej atfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
%=@ gjhft lzz'sf] nflu :tgkfg /
k"/s vfgf
ue{sf] lzz'nfO{ rflxg] ;a} lsl;dsf kf]if0f
tTTjx¿ cfdfsf] ue{af6 g} k|fKt eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
To;}n] ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf /
;fljssf] eGbf yk Ps k6s lbg'k5{ elgPsf]
xf] . hGd]kl5 klg lzz'n] ;j{k|yd cfdfsf] b'w
g} vfG5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 ^ dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf]
b'w dfq v'jfP k'U5 . lzz' hGd]kl5 :j:y /
lg/f]uL eO{ a9g / x's{gsf] nflu cfdfsf] b'w g}
;jf]{Ts[i6 cfxf/ xf], cd[t xf] .
%=@=!= :tgkfgsf] dxTTj
cfdfsf] b'w lzz'x¿sf nflu Psdfq ;jf]{Qd
vfgf xf] . lsgls –
• cfdfsf]b'whGd]b]lv^dlxgf;Ddsflzz'x¿sf]
zf/Ll/s j[blw Pj+ dfgl;s÷af}blws
ljsf;sf nflu cToGt cfjZos kb{5 .
cfdfsf] b'w ;Dk"0f{ kf}li6s TTjx¿n] el/k"0f{
x'G5 . t;y{ ^ dlxgf;Dd lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf]
b'w afx]s s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx¿ v'jfpg' kb}{g .
• cfdfsf] b'w ;w}F tof/L cj:yfdf x'G5 .

37
lzz'n] rfx]sf] a]nfdf hlxn] klg hxfF klg
v'jfpg ;lsG5 .
• cfdfsf] klxnf cfpg] ljuf}tL b'w lzz'sf
nflu klxnf] vf]k klg xf] . o;df /f]u;Fu n8g
;Sg] TTjx¿ x'G5 . To;}n] aRrf hlGdP/
nuQ}sf] ljuf}tL b'w b'x]/ ˆofSg' x'Fb}g .
• nfdf] ;do;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfx¿sf]
:tg / kf7]3/df SofG;/ x'g] ;Defjgf klg
w]/} sd x'G5 .
• hGdfGt/ sfod /fVg klg aRrfnfO{ lgoldt
¿kdf u/fOg] :tgkfgn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
• k"0f{¿kdf :tgkfg ug{ gkfPsf lzz'x¿ kl5
lszf]/fj:yfdf k'Ubf emu8fn' :jefjsf x'g],
c?;Fu 3'nldn ug{ g;Sg] :jefjsf x'g]
cWoogx¿n] atfPsf] 5 .
%=@=@= lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] tl/sf
• :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdf dfgl;s tgfj
ljgf cf/fd;Fu a;]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
• lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu 6fFl:;Psf] / d'v
:tgtkm{ kf/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
• lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / z/L/ ;Lwf x'g'k5{ .
• lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] cfdfsf] :tgnfO{ 5f]Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
• cfdfsf] b'j} xftn] lzz'sf] lk7o'Fdf /fd|f];Fu
;dft]sf] x'g'k5{ .
%=@=# pko'St b'w r';fO
b'w r';fpFbf lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tglar
;xL tfnd]n x'g' cfjZos 5 . lzz'sf] d'v /
cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]larsf] tfnd]n ldn]sf] 5
eg] lzz'n] :tgdf ePsf] ;a} b'w lgvf/]/ lkpg
;S5 . o;/L :tgdf ePsf] ;a} b'w lgvfl/g]
u/L lzz'sf] d'v / cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'G6f] larsf]
tfnd]n ldnfP/ :tgkfg u/fOG5 eg] To;nfO{
pko'St b'w r';fO elgG5 .
%=@=$ cfdfn] :tgkfg u/fPsf] cjnf]sg
s;/L ug]{<
• lzz'n] :tgkfg ubf{ :tgsf] d'G6f] k5fl8sf]
uf]nfsf/sf] sfnf] efu;d]t lzz'sf] d'v
leq k;]sf] 5 ls 5}g .
• lzz'n] :tgsf] d'G6f] nfdf] kfg{ :tgnfO{
tGsfPsf] 5 ls 5}g .
• lzz'n] :tgkfg jf :tgsf] d'G6f] kfg
u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g .
• b'w r'l;/xFbf lzz'sf ufnf k'i6 uf]nf]
k/]sf] 5 ls 5}g .
• lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] cfdfsf] :tgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu
5f]Psf] 5 ls 5}g .
oL k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ …5Ú cfpg] lqmofsnfk
x'g'kb{5 .
%=@=% ;xL tl/sfn] b'w gr';fPdf cfOkg{]
;d:ofx¿
aRrfnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] b'w gr';fPdf cfdfsf]
:tgsf] d'G6f]df 3fp x'g ;Sb5 h;n] ubf{ lzz'n]
:tgkfg ubf{ cfdfnfO{ b'Vg ;Sb5 . cg'ko'St
cf;gdf /fvL b'w r';fOPdf :tgdf b'w hDdf
eP klg b'w gcfpg ;S5 . k|z:t b'w gcfPdf
lzz'nfO{ ;Gtf]if x'Fb}g / b'w r'l;/xg vf]H5 .
To:t} :tgdf ePsf] b'w s'g} sf/0fn] lzz'n]
lgvfl/g] u/L gr';]df :tgdf w]/} b'w hDdf x'g
;S5 / b'w uflgg ;S5 . nuftf/ o:tf] eO/x]df
:tgdf b'w 36b} hfG5 / lzz'n] rflxFbf] dfqfdf
b'w kfpFb}g . kof{Kt b'w vfg gkfPsf aRrfsf]
tf}n a9b}g .
%=@=^ lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w k'u]sf] 5 jf 5}g
eg]/ s;/L yfxf kfpg] <
lgoldt ¿kdf lzz'sf] tf}n hfFr ug]{M k|To]s
dlxgf lzz'sf] tf}n sd;]sd %)) u|fd a9]sf]
x'g'k5{ . olb lzz'sf] tf}n Ps dlxgfdf sDtLdf
klg %)) u|fd klg a9]sf] 5}g eg] lzz'n] k|z:t

38
dfqfdf cfdfsf] b'w vfg kfPsf] 5}g eg]/ yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf] nflu lzz'sf] lgoldt tf}n
lng'k5{ . olb lgoldt tf}n lng ;Dej 5}g eg]
aRrfsf] ;fdfGo j[blw cjnf]sgaf6 klg yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tf}n lng ;Dej
gePsf jf lng ghfGg] cleefjsn] lzz'sf] gf8L
jf sDd/df 8f]/f -sGbgL_ afFw]/ p;sf] j[blw eP
gePsf] x]g]{ rng ufpF 3/df cem} klg 5 .
lzz'n] @$ 306fdf slt k6s lk;fa km]b{5
ljrf/ ug]{M b'w k'u] gk'u]sf] yfxf kfpg] csf]{
dfWod lk;fa km]/]sf] x]g]{ xf] . b'w k|z:t k'u]sf]
lzz'n] Ps lbg -@$ 306f_df sd;]sd ^ b]lv
* k6s;Dd lk;fa km]b{5 / lk;fasf] /ª ;kmf
x'G5 . olb Tof] eGbf sd lk;fa km]/]df / lk;fasf]
/ª uf8f kx]Fnf], afSnf] / Psbd uGxfpg] ePdf
lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'w k'u]sf] 5}g eg]/ yfxf
kfpg'k5{ .
%=@=& cfdfsf] b'w pTkfbgdf c;/ kfg]{
cj:yfx¿
cfdfx¿n]lzz'sfnfluk'Ubf]dfqdfb'wcfpFb}gls
eg]/ kL/ u/]sf x'G5g . jf:tjdf k|foM cfdfx¿n]
lzz'nfO{ rflxg] dfqfdf b'w pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g .
Pp6f lzz'dfq xf]Og h'DNofxf jf ltDNofxf aRrf
hGdFbf klg ;a}}nfO{ v'jfpg k'Ug] b'w pTkfbg
ug{ cfdfx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g . t/ b'w r';fpFbf lgDg
s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
• r';fpg] cf;g l7s x'g'k5{ .
• b'w r';fpFbf :tgsf] b'w lgv|g] u/L
r';fpg'k5{ .
• Pp6f :tgdf b'w lgvf/]/ klg lzz' c3fPg
eg] dfq csf]{ :tg r';fpg'k5{ .
• csf]{ k6s v'jfpFbf klxn] gr';fPsf]
:tg rflxF r';fpg'k5{ lsgeg] Psl5g dfq
:tgkfg u/fpFbf b'w klu|O;s]sf] x'Fb}g /
b'waf6 eg]hlQ kf}li6s TTj k|fKt x'Fb}g .
• b'w r';fpFbf lzz'sf] 6fpsf] p;sf] 5ftLsf]
;tx eGbf clnslt p7]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;f]
ubf{ lzz'n] r';]sf] b'w lgNbf sfglt/ uP/
sfg kfSgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
w]/}h;f] b'w r';fpg] cfdfx¿n] b"w gcfPsf]
u'gf;f] ug]{ u5{g . k|z:t dfqfdf b'w gcfpg'sf
w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf
:tgkfg u/fpg] tl/sf, vfgkfg tyf ;do
tflnsf afx]s cfˆgf] b'w lzz'nfO{ k|z:t
k'U5 eGg] tYoaf/] cfdfnfO{ 1fg gx'g' Pj+
cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL x'g' cflb klg csf]{ sf/0f
xf] . o:tf] dfgl;stf Pj+ sdhf]/ wf/0ffn] ubf{
g} w]/}h;f] cfdfx¿n] :tgkfg u/fpg 5f]8]/ cGo
vfgf jf b'w v'jfpg yfN5g . cfdfsf] z/L/
hlt;'s} kftnf] eP klg k|foM ;a} cfdfx¿ -Hofb}
hl6n /f]u nfu]sf] cj:yf afx]s_ df cfkmgf]
lzz'sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ b'w pTkfbg ug]{
Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5 . cfdfx¿sf] b'w pTkfbg ug]{
Ifdtf k|s[ltn] lbPsf] j/bfg g} xf] . o;df ;a}
cfdfx¿n] uf}/j ug'{k5{ .
%=@=* b'w v'jfp”bf cfOkg{ ;Sg]
;d:ofx¿sf] /f]syfd
lzz'nfO{ Aff/Daf/ b'w r';fPg eg] b'w gcfpg]
;d:ofx¿sf af/]df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL
;d:of cfPdf lgDg cg';f/ To;sf] /f]syfdsf
ljlwx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
• :tgdf s8fkg ePdf Gogf jf tftf] sk8fn]
;]Sg'k5{ .
• b'w uflgP/ 3fp ePdf jf d'G6f] lrl/Pdf
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf uO{ pkrf/ ug'k5{ . b'wsf]
d'G6f]df 3fp eP/ r';fpg sl7g ePdf
srf}/fdf b'w lgrf]/]/ lzz'nfO{ rDrfn]
v'jfO{ lbg'k5{ .
%=@=( 3fp ePsf] :tgsf] d'G6f]sf] :ofxf/
• b'w r';fpg' cl3 / b'w r';fO;s]kl5
d'G6fdf vfg] t]n nufpg ;lsG5 .

39
• lzz'sf] lha|f]df vl6/f cfPsf] 5 / cfdfsf]
:tgsf] d'G6f] klg b'v]sf] 5 eg] klxn]
lzz'sf] lha|f]sf] pkrf/ ug{'k5{ / :tgsf]
d'G6f] lgsf] gx'~h]n;Dd b'w lgrf]/]/
v'jfpg'k5{ .
• olb :tgsf] d'G6f] l7s gePdf d'G6f]sf]
pkrf/ ug'{k5{ .
• :tgsf]d'G6fdfl:kl/6,l6Gr/j]Ghg,cfof]l8g
h:tf s'/fx¿ slxNo} klg nufpg'xF'b}g .
%=@=!) ;kmn :tgkfgsf cfwf/x¿
• lzz'nfO{ c3fpGh]n :tgkfg u/fpg ;S5'
eg] cfTdljZjf; cfdfdf x'g'k5{ .
• lzz'nfO{ hlt ;Sof] w]/} k6s / dfu]sf]
;dodf rfx]hlt b'w r';fpg' k5{ .
• aRrfn] vfg rfx]df h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg
b'w r';fpg ;lsG5 .
• :tgkfgnfO{ a9fjf lbg 3/kl/jf/af6 k'/f
;xof]u ug'{k5{ .
%=# k"/s vfgf
lzz' ^ dlxgf k'/f gePkl5 dfq pko'St dfgl;s
/ zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf nflu cfdfsf] b'w;Fu} yk
-k"/s_ vfgf v'jfpg ;'? ug'{k5{ t/ sDtLdf @
jif{;Dd rflxF cfdfsf] b'w v'jfpg' kb{5 . lsgls
lzz'sf] dlitissf] ljsf; x'g b'O{ jif{ nfUb5 /
To;sf] nflu cfjZos ;"Id kf]if0f TTjx¿ cfdfsf]
b'wdf c? vfgfdf eGbf cTolws w]/} x'G5 .
%=#=! aRrfnfO{ rflxg] $ ;d"xsf] vfgf
aRrfnfO{ rflxg] rf/ k|sf/sf kf}li6s vfgf
cGtu{t lgDg cg';f/sf vfg]s'/fx¿ kb{5g M
1. kz'hGoM df5f, df;', cG8f, b'w, bxL, lrh
cflb .
2. u]8fu'8LM rgf, s]/fp, af]8L, l;dL, df;,
e6df;, d:ofª, uxt cflb .
3. cGgx¿M ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], kmfk/, rfdn,
cflb .
4. xl/of ;fukft tyf kx]Fnf hftsf kmnkm'n
tyf t/sf/Lx¿ h:t}M h:t} d]jf, km;L{ cflb .
df6fd'lg kmNg] hftx¿ h:t}M cfn', lkF8fn',
t?n cflb .
df6fd'lg kmNg] hft t/sf/L ;d"xdf kb}{gg t/
klg oL afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kf}li6s
vfgfdf kb{5g .
%=#=@ pd]/ cg';f/sf] k"/s vfgf
• ^ b]lv ( dlxgf;Ddsf afnaflnsfnfO{
cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k'/s
vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ . vfgf ;'? ubf{ @ b]lv
# rDrfaf6 ;'? ug'k5{ / la:tf/} ! lrof
lunf; a/fa/ ;Ddsf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .
• ( b]lv !@ dlxgfsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfsf]
b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k"/s vfgf /
Ps k6s vfhf v'jfpg'k5{ . x/]s k6sdf !
lrof lunf; -!@% ld=ln=_ a/fa/sf] vfgf
v'jfpg'k5{ .
• !@ b]lv @$ dlxgfsf afnaflnsfnfO{
cfdfsf] b'wsf] ;fy} lbgdf # k6s k"/s
vfgf / @ k6s vfhf v'jfpg'k5{ . x/]s
k6sdf @ lrof lunf; -@%) ld=ln= _
a/fa/sf] vfgf v'jfpg'k5{ .
• afnaflnsfnfO{ v'jfpg] vfgf afSnf] /
/fd|/L ldr]/ g/d agfPsf] x'g'k5{ .
%=$ ;jf]{Qd lk7f]
xfd|f] uFfp3/df ;lhn};Fu kfOg] cGg -ds}, hf},
sf]bf], rfdn, kmfk/ cflb_ / u]8fu'8L -e6df;,
rgf, s]/fp, l;dL, af]8L, cflb_ lkFw]/ ld;fO{
kf]l;nf] lk7f] æ;jf]{Qd lk7f]Æ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

Parenting education for better care of children (Manual)

Parenting education for better care of children (Manual)

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (11)

Ähnlich wie Parenting education for better care of children (Manual)

Ähnlich wie Parenting education for better care of children (Manual) (20)

Mehr von Children & Women in Social Service and Human Rights

Mehr von Children & Women in Social Service and Human Rights (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Parenting education for better care of children (Manual)