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Reprising community profiling
- 2. Community as a Fuzzy Concept One which “posits an entity, phenomenon or process which possesses two or more alternative meanings and thus cannot be reliably identified or applied by different readers or scholars.” (Markussen, 2003, p702)
- 3. Two Broad Definitions “Community as shared locality” “Community as shared interests” (Mayo, 2009, p127)
- 4. More General Definition A geographical location A sense of belonging Mutual Support A target for action (Sheldon and Macdonald, 2009)
- 5. Types of Profiles Community Needs Profile Community Consultation Social Audits Community Profiles
- 6. Community Needs Profile Policy Planning Service Delivery Drawing on available data Practitioner Research Finding it out for yourself
- 7. Community Consultation Community Participation Project/Service focus Feeling part of the process
- 8. Social Audits Part of Service Evaluation Being clear about service aims Quantitative and Qualitative data Gathering data Independent auditing
- 9. Community Profiles “A comprehensive description of the needs of a population that is defined, or defines itself, as a community and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself, for the purpose of developing an action plan or other means of improving the quality of life of the community.” (Hawtin and Percy-Smith, 2007, p5 - emphasis in the original)
- 10. Community Development Voice of those experiencing poverty used in policy making Change to benefit the most marginalised Systemic and structural change Improving existing democratic participation All stakeholders involved in strategy How things are done, not just what is done (Lynam, 2006)
- 11. Assessment “......involves gathering and interpreting information in order to understand a person and their circumstances; the desirability and feasibility of change and the services and resources which are necessary to effect it. It involves making judgements based on information.” (Middleton, 1997, p5) “encourage social workers to be reflexive and develop a pragmatic truth that fits social work situations in a way which is most satisfying for service users, the end product being a story that is helpful to all concerned.” (Milner and O’Byrne, 2002, p4)
- 12. Think about your data If you discover that 12% of the population of the area you look at are aged 0-15 what can you conclude from that?
- 13. Practicalities of Profiling How do you find out about a community?
- 14. Practicalities of Profiling Existing Data The internet Maps and Photographs Media Sources Community Sources
- 15. The Internet A word of warning – gold in the dung heap The Audit Commission www.areaprofiles.audit-commission.gov.uk/ Neighbourhood Statistics www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk
- 16. Maps and Photographs Google Maps (Link)
- 17. Maps and Photographs BBC (Link)
- 18. Experiential Data Walking the streets Different times of day Getting a feel
- 19. Consider your own experience What in your community creates stress for you? Where in your community do you find support?
- 20. Service User Perspectives Drawing on people’s lived experiences Strengths and difficulties
- 21. Whose perspective are you using? A young parent with 2 children under 4 A teenager arrested for burglary An adult recently left hospital having been Sectioned An older adult with Alzheimer’s disease
- 22. Person
- 23. References Berger, P. (1966) ‘Identity as a Problem in the Sociology of Knowledge. European Journal of Sociology, 7, pp105-115 Hawtin, M. and Percy-Smith, J. (2007) Community Profiling: a practical guide. Maidenhead: Open University Press: McGraw-Hill Education Lynam, S. (2006) Community Development and Public Policy. Dublin: Combat Poverty Action Group Markussen, A. (2003) Fuzzy Concepts, Scanty Evidence, Policy Distance: The Case for Rigour and Policy Relevance in Critical Regional Studies. Regional Studies, 37. 701–717, August/October 2003 Mayo, M. (2009) ‘Community Work’ in Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (Eds) Critical Practice in Social Work (2nded). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Sheldon, B. and Macdonald, G. (2009) A Textbook of Social Work. London: Routledge# Middleton, L (1997) The Art of Assessment. Birmingham: Venture Press Milner, J. and O’Bryne, P. (2002) Assessment in Social Work. London: Palgrave Macmillan
Hinweis der Redaktion
- In this context a needs assessment should not be confused with the needs assessment that is carried out in individual case work. (DoH, 2000) In that context the level of need explored is around individuals and families. It is also carried out for the purpose of defining a specific set of services for an individual child or family. In this context needs assessments refer to the wider scale assessment of needs in an area or for a specific population for the purposes of policy planning. (Hawtin and Percy-Smith 2007)A needs assessment is likely to draw upon the data that is already available on a community, for example from census data, school populations and people accessing specific resources. The community or population is less likely to be directly involved in this kind of profile.However Hawtin and Percy-Smith (2007) also note that needs assessments can occur at a more local level. They note that this kind of ‘practitioner research’ is an important part of developing evidence-based practice at individual and local service level.
- Hawtin and Percy-Smith (2007) suggest a variety of ways that a profile can move from a needs assessment to a more participative process. These can range from surveys and questionnaires, to focus groups and citizen’s panels. What marks these out as distinctive from the other approaches in this section is that generally a community is being consulted about a proposal or a project that is being developed by an outside agency, such as a Local Authority.The success of these projects is strongly influenced by the degree to which the community feels part of this process. (Kapasi, 2006) Where diverse sections of a community can come together and develop shared bonds then the results can be positive. Where the community does not engage with the process the benefits are more limited.
- Social accounts and audits are in many ways the most focused of the profiling tools outlined here. This has been linked to social enterprises (Nicholls, 2007) although can be applied to any organisation which works with the public. The main aim is to assess the social, financial and environmental impact of an agency on those it works for and with. (Social Audit Network, 2009)Pearce and Kay (2008) identify three main steps in social accounts and audits. The first involves agencies and their chief stakeholders developing a clear sense of what they are aiming to achieve and the values and principles that underpin the work they are doing. The second step involves identifying the quantitative and qualitative data that can be used to measure the degree to which the agency is meeting those targets. The final step involves the collecting and collating of that data in a way that is subject to checking by an independent assessor. This process clearly involves both the collection and collation of existing data and also the generation of new data. The new data is important as organisations may be unaware of the impact of their actions unless and until they ask those who are directly affected by their actions what the impacts have been. This is important as the intended consequences and the actual consequences of our actions often differ quite markedly. (Levitt and Dubner, 2005)
- Hawtin and Percy-Smith (2007) define a community profile as follows.“A comprehensive description of the needs of a population that is defined, or defines itself, as a community and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself, for the purpose of developing an action plan or other means of improving the quality of life of the community.” (p5, emphasis in the original)What stands out most clearly in this definition is the active participation of the community. It is this that is the distinctive feature of a community profile. While needs assessments, community consultation and social audits may all benefit from the active involvement of the community itself, they can be done without. However for Hawtin and Percy-Smith (2007) this is a requirement of a community profile.