2. c
www..ict-convergence.eu
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It’s the solution to (almost) all your problems
It uses a single self-protected container, named Versatile Digital Item (VDI), to transport and
describe any content.
Search engines can exploit VDI description and metadata for indexing
It is an open source technology, bringing together Information Centric Networking (ICN) and MPEG middleware
Users can:
• publish, search and subscribe to any content
• wrap content (e.g. video) and its description in a VDI, specify its name, set rights to it
(e.g. who can see the video, where and for how much time), and publish it to the network
• update or revoke (digital forgetting!) content, even after it has been published, and monitor its
use, and communicate with people using it
The network knows the content name and makes sure you always access the copy closest to you;
every node is a cache; handover is easy; multicast is natural, peer-to-peer is built-in,
time/space-decoupling is possible
Developers do not need to use proprietary/ad hoc solutions for common/supporting functionality as
they can exploit CONVERGENCE’s middleware and ICN
Operators can use the network more efficiently, differentiate the quality of service as a function of
content names, better control information transfer and related revenues flows, and simplify network
design, operation and management by integrating in the network diverse functions, avoiding patches
and stopgap solutions
CONVERGENCE’s modular architecture and interfaces allow for a smooth evolution from current
networks; its design, together with recent initiatives such as Software Defined Networking and Network
Functions Virtualisation, give hope that these ideas will not necessarily remain a dead letter just because
“we cannot change the whole Internet”…

3. CONVERGENCE
Enhancing the Internet with an information-centric, publish-subscribe
service model, based on a common container for any kind of digital data,
including representations of people and Real World Objects
Network Applications
Six real-worlds applications & trials
1. Professional photography, making it
easier for photographers to contribute
and describe photos, improving access
for users and facilitating management
2. Audiovisual archives, exploiting
semantic techniques, when the same
videos are used in different contexts
3. Podcasts with synchronized slides,
which are annotated by students in a
social learning environment
4. Retailing supply chain for electronic
products; lifecycle management of VDI-
enabled Real-World Objects in a large
retailer/shopping mall; logistics, in store
& on shelf management, warehousing
• Two integrated applications: the first one
integrates video and podcasts (2+3); the
second one integrates photo and retail
(1+4)->they show the power of VDI
• Network experiments over OFELIA
(OpenFlow) and OpenLab (PlanetLab)
ISO-MPEG based (MPEG-M)
• Publish-Subscribe operations
• Semantic searches/matches
• Security functions (exploiting smart
cards, and Attribute-Based Encryption)
• Approved contributions to International
Standards:
• MPEG-21 DII amendment for Semantic
Relationships
• New MPEG-M services for Post and
Revoke Content
• MPEG-M Reference Software
Advantages
• It allows building applications that exploit and
add value to CONVERGENCE functionalities,
without having to use proprietary solutions
• It relieves the network layer from complex
functions (which are executed on a subset of
all nodes) and can operate on any network
• Modular architecture and interfaces allow for
a smooth evolution from current networks
Information Centric Network
• The network layer provides users with
named content, instead of communication
channels between hosts
Advantages
1. Native content-routing
2. In-network caching
3. Simplified support for mobile, multicast and
peer-to-peer communications
4. Support for time/space-decoupled model of
communications, including Pub/Sub
• “pieces” of network can operate
autonomously (e.g. sensor networks,
social gatherings, trains, planes, vehicles)
5. Content-oriented security model; securing
the content itself, instead of securing the
communications channels
6. Per-content quality of service differentiation
and access control
7. Network awareness of transferred content
• better control on information transfer and
related revenues flows
8. Simplification of network design and
operation, integrating diverse functions,
avoiding patches and stopgap solutions
Give me today’s issue
of Time Magazine
Current Internet
(Address-Centric Network)
Information- Centric
Network
Connect me with
host 66.45.78.89
A common container: the Versatile Digital Item (VDI)
• A standard–based (ISO-MPEG), self-contained,
“all-inclusive” data unit
• A container for any kind of digital data, including media,
representations of people and virtual or physical objects (Real
World Objects - RWOs)
• Binding of:
• data =resources: other VDIs, audio, images, video, text,
descriptors of People, descriptors of RWOs, etc.
• meta-data=meta-information describing the content of the
item; authentication and protection; rights to use the item;
expiry date (supporting “digital forgetting”)
• VDIs have a unique identifier, are handled by a Pub/Sub
middleware and distributed by an Information-Centric network
• Search engines can exploit VDI description and metadata for indexing
Functionality/advantages for users
1. Create a VDI, defining related licenses and rights
2. Sign and/or encrypt a VDI
3. Search and Retrieve a VDI (with metadata easing semantic
searches and operation of search engines)
4. Publish a VDI
5. Subscribe to a VDI (meeting specified criteria)
6. Verify the authenticity of a VDI
7. Monitor the use of published VDIs
8. Communicate with owners of VDIs
9. Versioning a VDI and linking it to other VDIs
10. Update a VDI (e.g., my CV, parts catalogue)
11. Delete a VDI (digital forgetting and garbage collection)
Middleware
www.ict-convergence.eu
Supporting network functionality and OSS Middleware
MPEG 21 Framework
Versatile Digital Item (VDI)
Definition of a standard set of operations on VDIs
Other OSS
projects:
 e.g. Chillout
Other Standards:
 e.g. XRI/XDI
 …
MPEG-.M
Scope of
CONVERGENCE
Extensions to MPEG 21 Framework
1)RealWorld
Descriptors
2)Dynamic
content
3)Digital
forgetting
5)Semantic
Handling
4)Security
&Privacy
Tool #2
API
Tool #1
API
Tool #3
API
Sample
Application
#1
API
Sample
Application
#2
API
CDS
Servers
Other
MPEG
standards:
• MPEG-7
•…
6)User-
generated
content
Security and privacy mechanisms
Established
Security
Frameworks
Established
Network
Frameworks.
Other EU projects
(COAST, COMET,
PURSUIT, SAIL)

4. CONVERGENCE: the demonstrators
Enhancing the Internet with an information-centric, publish-subscribe
service model, based on a common container for any kind of digital data,
including representations of people and Real World Objects
Demonstrator of the Integrated
Photo-Retail Application
Demonstrator of the
Information Centric Network
The Integrated Photo-Retail scenario demonstrates sharing
of VDIs among different Applications, embedding
information about Real World Objects (cameras, cell
phones, lens, etc…).
Users and Applications interact via Publish/Subscribe
actions. Demo users take the roles of Content Creator (a
photographer), Content Consumer, Manufacturer and
Retailer:
• Users login via Single Sign On with a Secure Token
• Product-VDIs are created by means of a Manufacturer
Application and describe e.g. cameras and lenses
• Offer-VDIs, describing special offers to sell these
products, are created by means of a Retail Application
• A Photographic Archive Management (PAM) Application
includes automatically-generated camera information
from EXIF, such as camera model and lenses, within
Photo-VDIs uploaded by the Creator
• After publication, CONVERGENCE can associate Photo-
VDIs with Product-VDIs for camera and lenses
• Consumer browses images with the PAM Application. The
PAM subscribes by itself to Offer-VDIs of equipment (e.g.
for the lens used to shoot the photo). Matching Offers are
shown to Consumer, who can then buy Products
MANUFACTURER
CONSUMER
RETAILER
PRODUCER
VDI VDI VDI VDI VDI
CONVERGENCE “BUS”The demonstrator shows the functionality of a complete
CONVERGENCE system composed of:
1. The CONVERGENCE Information Centric Network
(CoNET) deployed on 20 PlanetLab nodes and
emulating a scenario with four ICN Autonomous Systems
(World, Peru, France, Italy).
2. The CONVERGENCE Middleware (CoMID) providing
applications with content-based publish-subscribe
services.
3. A CONVERGENCE Application for the dissemination of
video materials by means of the pub/sub paradigm.
Demo users take the roles of Publisher, Subscriber and
Content Distribution Provider, interacting with the
CONVERGENCE System via a Web Interface:
• The Publisher injects video content in a Repository
• The Subscribers express their interest, are notified of
matching video content and play the published video
• The Content Distribution Provider monitors the usage of
its Repositories and may replicate the content in other
Repositories
• The CONET routing plane routes-by-names video
requests towards the closest repository
• The CONET in-network caching limits inter-AS traffic
BN
BN
BN
BN
BN
BN
POP
POP POP
Video
Publisher
Subscriber
Subscriber
Repo
ICN Name Routing
System Node
Content Distribution Provider
Border
Node
Repo
www.ict-convergence.eu