PULMONARY MEDICINE

8. Causes of Acute & Chronic Dyspnea Tracheal stenosis Pulmonary hemorrhage Psychogenic Pleural effusion Anemia ARDS Pulmonary vascular disease Pneumonia Pulmonary thromboembolic disease Pulmonary embolism Pleural effusion Spontaneous pneumothorax Diffuse interstitial fibrosis Chest wall injury CHF Asthma (exacerbation) COPD/asthma Pulmonary edema Chronic Acute

9. ATS Dyspnea Scale Very severe 4 Too breathless to leave the house; breathless on dressing/undressing Severe 3 Stops for breath after walking about 100 y or after a few minutes on the level Moderate 2 Walks more slowly than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath when walking at own pace on the level Mild 1 Troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill None 0 Not troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill Degree Grade Descriptions

21. CLUBBING

22. Denotes long-standing (>6 mos) hypoxemia

23. Clubbing vs Hypertrophic Osteoarthopathy

28. INSPECTION/OBSERVATION http://crisbertcualteros.page.tl

38. CHEST DEFORMITIES http://crisbertcualteros.page.tl

45. http://crisbertcualteros.page.tl

55. inspiration

56. AUSCULTATION

73. Classification of Common Lung Sounds Sonorous ronchus Ronchus Continuous sounds longer than 250 msec, low-pitched; dominant ferquency of < 200 Hz, snoring sound Sibilant ronchus Wheeze Continuous sounds longer than 250 msec, high-pitched; dominant ferquency of 400 Hz, hissing sound Fine rales, crepitation Fine crackles Discontinuous, interrupted, explosive sounds; less loud than above & of shorter duration; higher in pitch than coarse crackles Coarse rales Coarse crackles Discontinuous, interrupted, explosive sounds; loud, low pitch Common Synonyms ATS Nomenclature Acoustic Characteristics