1. Name ---Shravan.S.Kengal
Class --- 9th
Subject --- Social Science
Roll.no --- 36
Topic ---Disaster Management

2. Soil Management andSoil Management and
ConservationConservation

3. Importance of SoilImportance of Soil
 As the key resource in cropAs the key resource in crop
productionproduction
 It supports the physical, chemical,It supports the physical, chemical,
and biological processesand biological processes
 Regulates water flow such asRegulates water flow such as
• InfiltrationInfiltration
• Root-zone storageRoot-zone storage
• Deep percolationDeep percolation
• Run-offRun-off

4. Importance of SoilImportance of Soil
 Acts as a buffer between inputs andActs as a buffer between inputs and
environmentenvironment
 Functions as “degrader” orFunctions as “degrader” or
“immobilizer” of agricultural“immobilizer” of agricultural
chemicals, wastes, or otherchemicals, wastes, or other
pollutantspollutants
 Soil also sequesters carbon from theSoil also sequesters carbon from the
atmosphereatmosphere

5. Important Soil attributesImportant Soil attributes
 TextureTexture
 StructureStructure
 Bulk density and rooting depthBulk density and rooting depth
 Permeability and water storage capacityPermeability and water storage capacity
 Carbon contentCarbon content
 Organic matter and biological activityOrganic matter and biological activity
 pHpH
 Electrical conductivityElectrical conductivity

6. Three functions of soilThree functions of soil
(from NRC)(from NRC)
1.1. Provides the physical, chemical, andProvides the physical, chemical, and
biological processes for the growthbiological processes for the growth
of plantsof plants
2.2. To store, regulate, and partitionTo store, regulate, and partition
water flow through the environmentwater flow through the environment
3.3. To buffer environmental change byTo buffer environmental change by
decomposing organic wastes,decomposing organic wastes,
nitrates, pesticides, and othernitrates, pesticides, and other
substances that could becomesubstances that could become
pollutantspollutants

7. Soil QualitySoil Quality
 Defined: The capacity of soil to function orDefined: The capacity of soil to function or
the fitness for usethe fitness for use
 Can be maintained through use ofCan be maintained through use of
appropriate crop production technologiesappropriate crop production technologies
and resource management systemsand resource management systems
 Two concepts of measuring soil qualityTwo concepts of measuring soil quality
• More traditional: focuses on inherent soilMore traditional: focuses on inherent soil
propertiesproperties
• More recent: focuses on dynamic properties ofMore recent: focuses on dynamic properties of
soilsoil

8. Land capability and suitabilityLand capability and suitability
 Two types of measurements:Two types of measurements:
• Land Capability Classes (LCC’s)Land Capability Classes (LCC’s)
• Prime farmland designationPrime farmland designation
 Used to measure land capabilities forUsed to measure land capabilities for
a particular purpose:a particular purpose:
• Growing crops and treesGrowing crops and trees
• Grazing animalsGrazing animals
• Nonagricultural usesNonagricultural uses

9. Land Capability ClassesLand Capability Classes
(LCC’s)(LCC’s)
 Range from I to VIII:Range from I to VIII:
• Class I: no significant limitations forClass I: no significant limitations for
raising crops; About 7% of US croplandraising crops; About 7% of US cropland
• Classes II and III: have someClasses II and III: have some
limitations such as poor drainage,limitations such as poor drainage,
limited root zones, climatic restrictions,limited root zones, climatic restrictions,
or erosion potential; make up over ¾ ofor erosion potential; make up over ¾ of
US croplandUS cropland

10. Land Capability ClassesLand Capability Classes
(LCC’s)(LCC’s)
• Class IV: suitable only under selectedClass IV: suitable only under selected
cropping practicescropping practices
• Classes V, VI, and VII: best suited forClasses V, VI, and VII: best suited for
pasture and rangepasture and range
• Class VIII: is only suited for wildlifeClass VIII: is only suited for wildlife
habitat, recreation, and other non-habitat, recreation, and other non-
agricultural usesagricultural uses
 LCC’s I through III total 337 millionLCC’s I through III total 337 million
acres, or 82% of US croplandacres, or 82% of US cropland
excluding Alaskaexcluding Alaska

11. Prime FarmlandPrime Farmland
 Based on physical and morphological soilBased on physical and morphological soil
characteristics:characteristics:
• Depth of water table to the root zoneDepth of water table to the root zone
• Moisture-holding capacityMoisture-holding capacity
• Degree of salinityDegree of salinity
• PermeabilityPermeability
• Frequency of floodingFrequency of flooding
• Soil temperatureSoil temperature
• ErodibilityErodibility
• Soil aciditySoil acidity

12. Prime FarmlandPrime Farmland
 Factors needed to sustain high yieldsFactors needed to sustain high yields
when treated and managedwhen treated and managed
• Growing seasonGrowing season
• Moisture supplyMoisture supply
• Soil qualitySoil quality
 Totals 222 million acres, or 54% ofTotals 222 million acres, or 54% of
US cropland excluding AlaskaUS cropland excluding Alaska

13. ProductivityProductivity
 Measures output per unit inputMeasures output per unit input
 Often measured as crop yield perOften measured as crop yield per
acreacre
 Can reflect soil degradation if yieldsCan reflect soil degradation if yields
decline as soils become degradeddecline as soils become degraded
and more inputs are used toand more inputs are used to
compensate for decline in soil qualitycompensate for decline in soil quality

14. ErodibilityErodibility
 Highly erodible lands (HEL) is a soilHighly erodible lands (HEL) is a soil
quality measure that is important toquality measure that is important to
USDA conservation policyUSDA conservation policy
 USDA uses the erodibility index (EI)USDA uses the erodibility index (EI)
to classify erosion potentialto classify erosion potential

15. Erosion Productivity LossErosion Productivity Loss
 Measure of productivity loss thatMeasure of productivity loss that
converts total erosion from tons perconverts total erosion from tons per
acre per year to inches per yearacre per year to inches per year
 3 factors reflected in this measure:3 factors reflected in this measure:
• Erosion ratesErosion rates
• Soil depthSoil depth
• Rental values of landRental values of land

16. Five major concentrations ofFive major concentrations of
vulnerable soilsvulnerable soils
 Largest: Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri in theLargest: Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri in the
corn beltcorn belt
 Second: eastern North Dakota andSecond: eastern North Dakota and
western and south central Minnesotawestern and south central Minnesota
 Third: eastern bluffs of Mississippi River inThird: eastern bluffs of Mississippi River in
western Kentucky, Tennessee, and alongwestern Kentucky, Tennessee, and along
eastern edge of Mississippi Deltaeastern edge of Mississippi Delta
 Fourth: eastern edge of ColoradoFourth: eastern edge of Colorado
 Fifth: band of land in eastern WashingtonFifth: band of land in eastern Washington
and Oregon around Palouse and Centraland Oregon around Palouse and Central
PlateauPlateau

17. Effects of erosionEffects of erosion
 Two types:Two types:
• Onsite effectsOnsite effects
• Offsite effectsOffsite effects
 Major onsite effect is impact on soilMajor onsite effect is impact on soil
productivityproductivity
 Offsite damages occur when:Offsite damages occur when:
• Sediment enter the streams, rivers, lakes, andSediment enter the streams, rivers, lakes, and
other water bodies and damages municipalother water bodies and damages municipal
water systemswater systems
• Fills reservoirs and streams interfering withFills reservoirs and streams interfering with
navigation, and contributes to floodingnavigation, and contributes to flooding

18. Inappropriate farming practicesInappropriate farming practices
 Lead to:Lead to:
• Soil degradationSoil degradation
• Soil erosionSoil erosion
• Loss of organic matterLoss of organic matter
• Soil compactionSoil compaction
• AcidificationAcidification
• Loss of nitrates, phosphates, and pesticidesLoss of nitrates, phosphates, and pesticides
• Accumulation of salts and trace elementsAccumulation of salts and trace elements
• Increased run-off of fertilizers and pesticides toIncreased run-off of fertilizers and pesticides to
water systemswater systems

19. Soil DegradationSoil Degradation
 3 Processes3 Processes
• PhysicalPhysical
 Wind erosionWind erosion
 Water erosionWater erosion
 CompactionCompaction
• ChemicalChemical
 ToxificationToxification
 SalinizationSalinization
 AcidificationAcidification
• BiologicalBiological
 Declines in organic matterDeclines in organic matter
 Declines in carbonDeclines in carbon
 Declines in the activity and diversity of soil faunaDeclines in the activity and diversity of soil fauna

20. Rotational CroppingRotational Cropping
 Can play significant role inCan play significant role in
conserving soil, maintaining soilconserving soil, maintaining soil
fertility, controlling pests, and alsofertility, controlling pests, and also
helps break up insect and diseasehelps break up insect and disease
cyclescycles

21. Cover CropsCover Crops
 Cover crop of small grains, meadow,Cover crop of small grains, meadow,
or hay planted in the fall afteror hay planted in the fall after
harvest of a row crop providesharvest of a row crop provides
vegetative cover to reduce soil loss,vegetative cover to reduce soil loss,
hold nutrients, add organic matter tohold nutrients, add organic matter to
the soil, and sequester carbonthe soil, and sequester carbon

22. Crop Residue Management (CRM)Crop Residue Management (CRM)
 CRM leaves crop residues on soilCRM leaves crop residues on soil
surface through less intensive tillagesurface through less intensive tillage
practices.practices.
• Usually cost effectiveUsually cost effective
• Protects soil surfaceProtects soil surface
• Leads to higher farm economic returnsLeads to higher farm economic returns

23. Conservation buffers andConservation buffers and
StructuresStructures
 Structures and buffers reduce waterStructures and buffers reduce water
erosion caused by rainfallerosion caused by rainfall
 Very important component of farmVery important component of farm
soil management systemssoil management systems

24. Pest ManagementPest Management
PracticesPractices

25. About pesticideAbout pesticide
 One of the first growing agriculturalOne of the first growing agricultural
production inputs since the postproduction inputs since the post
WW2WW2
 $8.8 billions spent in the U.S. in$8.8 billions spent in the U.S. in
19971997
 Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides,Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides,
and Other pesticidesand Other pesticides
 Herbicides and insecticides accountHerbicides and insecticides account
for mostfor most

26. HerbicidesHerbicides
 Largest pesticide class (62% of totalLargest pesticide class (62% of total
quality of pesticide activequality of pesticide active
ingredients)ingredients)
 Weeds compete with crops for water,Weeds compete with crops for water,
nutrients, and sunlight, and causenutrients, and sunlight, and cause
reduced yields.reduced yields.
 Atrazine,2,4-D, dicamba, andAtrazine,2,4-D, dicamba, and
trifluralin are widely used for moretrifluralin are widely used for more
than 30 yearsthan 30 years

27. InsecticidesInsecticides
 Account for 10 percent of the totalAccount for 10 percent of the total
quantity of pesticides applied in 1997quantity of pesticides applied in 1997
 Damaging insect populations canDamaging insect populations can
vary annually depending on weather,vary annually depending on weather,
pest cycles, cultural practices such aspest cycles, cultural practices such as
rotation and destruction of host croprotation and destruction of host crop
residuesresidues
 Preventive treatments andPreventive treatments and
intervention treatmentsintervention treatments

28. Insecticides, cont.Insecticides, cont.
 Corn and cotton account for theCorn and cotton account for the
largest shares of insecticide uselargest shares of insecticide use
 Chlorpyrifos and methyl parathionChlorpyrifos and methyl parathion
are the two most widely usedare the two most widely used
insecticidesinsecticides

29. FungicidesFungicides
 Applied to fewer acres than areApplied to fewer acres than are
herbicides and insecticides andherbicides and insecticides and
account for the smallest shares ofaccount for the smallest shares of
total pesticide usetotal pesticide use
 Mostly used on fruits and vegetablesMostly used on fruits and vegetables
to control diseasesto control diseases

30. Other pesticidesOther pesticides
 Including soil fumigants, growthIncluding soil fumigants, growth
regulators, desiccants, and harvestregulators, desiccants, and harvest
aidsaids
 Use of these pesticides increasesUse of these pesticides increases
about 8 percent each year sinceabout 8 percent each year since
19901990
 About one-fifth of the total pounds ofAbout one-fifth of the total pounds of
all active ingredients applied to theall active ingredients applied to the
surveyed cropssurveyed crops

31. Pesticide Treatment TrendsPesticide Treatment Trends
 CornCorn
• Corn is the largest crop in the U.S. inCorn is the largest crop in the U.S. in
terms of acreageterms of acreage
• About 30% of the corn acreage in theAbout 30% of the corn acreage in the
10 States received insecticides in 199710 States received insecticides in 1997
• Corn rootworm was the most frequentlyCorn rootworm was the most frequently
treated insecttreated insect

32. Trends, cont.Trends, cont.
 SoybeansSoybeans
• Herbicides account for virtually all theHerbicides account for virtually all the
pesticides used on soybeanspesticides used on soybeans
• The number of acres treated andThe number of acres treated and
number of treatments per acre havenumber of treatments per acre have
increased, partly due to the growth inincreased, partly due to the growth in
no-till soybean systemsno-till soybean systems
• 48% treated both before and after48% treated both before and after
plantingplanting

33. Trends, cont.Trends, cont.
 WheatWheat
• Wheat , which is one of the largest fieldWheat , which is one of the largest field
crops in the U.S. is the least pesticide-crops in the U.S. is the least pesticide-
intensiveintensive
• Account for 27% of the surveyed cropAccount for 27% of the surveyed crop
acreage in 1997, though only 4% ofacreage in 1997, though only 4% of
total pesticidestotal pesticides
• Herbicide used 47%of the winter wheatHerbicide used 47%of the winter wheat
and 82% of the spring and durumand 82% of the spring and durum
sheatssheats

34. Trends, contTrends, cont
 CottonCotton
• One of the most pesticide-intensive fieldOne of the most pesticide-intensive field
crops in the U.S.crops in the U.S.
• 96% of cotton acreage received96% of cotton acreage received
herbicidesherbicides
• 74% received insecticides and 68%74% received insecticides and 68%
received other types of pesticidesreceived other types of pesticides
• Much greater insect infestation onMuch greater insect infestation on
cotton is due to its longer growingcotton is due to its longer growing
seasonseason

35. Trends, cont.Trends, cont.
 PotatoesPotatoes
• Most pesticide-intensive crops for allMost pesticide-intensive crops for all
types of pesticidestypes of pesticides
 Other Vegetable and FruitsOther Vegetable and Fruits
• found it profitable to use insecticidesfound it profitable to use insecticides
and fungicides on a higher percentageand fungicides on a higher percentage
of acreage than growers of most fieldof acreage than growers of most field
crops docrops do

36. Pesticide ExpendituresPesticide Expenditures
 Annual pesticide expenditures for allAnnual pesticide expenditures for all
farm uses increased from $6.3billionfarm uses increased from $6.3billion
to $8.8 billion over 1991-97 (40%to $8.8 billion over 1991-97 (40%
increase)increase)
 Pesticide costs per acre increased forPesticide costs per acre increased for
 Corn 20%Corn 20%
 Cotton 19%Cotton 19%
 Soybeans 25%Soybeans 25%
 Wheat 10%Wheat 10%

37. Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance
 Most likely to develop when a pesticideMost likely to develop when a pesticide
with a single mode of action is used overwith a single mode of action is used over
and over in the absence of any otherand over in the absence of any other
management measures to control amanagement measures to control a
specific pestspecific pest
 Herbicide-resistant weedsHerbicide-resistant weeds
 Scouting to determine economicScouting to determine economic
thresholds for treatments, alternating thethresholds for treatments, alternating the
use of pesticide families, and several otheruse of pesticide families, and several other
management strategies to combatmanagement strategies to combat
resistance are in useresistance are in use

38. Biological Pest ManagementBiological Pest Management
PracticesPractices
 Include the use of pheromones, plantInclude the use of pheromones, plant
regulators, and microbial organismsregulators, and microbial organisms
 Biorational pesticides- microbialBiorational pesticides- microbial
pesticides and pheromonespesticides and pheromones
 biologicals are unlikely to replacebiologicals are unlikely to replace
pesticides in the foreseeable future,pesticides in the foreseeable future,
due to the small marketdue to the small market
 Beneficial organismsBeneficial organisms

39. Cultural Pest Management PracticeCultural Pest Management Practice
 Number of production techniquesNumber of production techniques
and practices, including cropand practices, including crop
rotation, tillage, trap crops, androtation, tillage, trap crops, and
irrigation scheduling, and such andirrigation scheduling, and such and
suchsuch
 Controls work by preventing pestControls work by preventing pest
colonization of the crop, reducingcolonization of the crop, reducing
pest populations, reducing croppest populations, reducing crop
injury, and increasing the number ofinjury, and increasing the number of
natural enemies in the croppingnatural enemies in the cropping
systemsystem

40. Cultural Pest ManagementCultural Pest Management
Practice, cont.Practice, cont.
 Crop rotationCrop rotation
• One of the most important culturalOne of the most important cultural
techniquestechniques
• 82% of the U.S. corn acreage82% of the U.S. corn acreage
• 89% of soybeans89% of soybeans
 Cultivation for weed controlCultivation for weed control
 Field sanitation and waterField sanitation and water
managementmanagement

41. Decision Criteria and InformationDecision Criteria and Information
 Scouting and Economic thresholdsScouting and Economic thresholds
• To monitor the populations of majorTo monitor the populations of major
insect and other arthropod pests forinsect and other arthropod pests for
several decadesseveral decades
• Scouting on 70-90% of grape, orange,Scouting on 70-90% of grape, orange,
apple acreage, and thresholds used on aapple acreage, and thresholds used on a
significant proportion of that acreagesignificant proportion of that acreage

42. Decision Criteria and Information,Decision Criteria and Information,
cont.cont.
 Sources of pest managementSources of pest management
informationinformation
• Farm supply/chemical dealersFarm supply/chemical dealers
• consultants’/pest control advisorsconsultants’/pest control advisors
• Professional scouting servicesProfessional scouting services
• Extension advisorsExtension advisors

43. Decision Criteria and Information,Decision Criteria and Information,
cont.cont.
 Expert systemExpert system
• Integrate information on pest density,Integrate information on pest density,
economic thresholds, applicationeconomic thresholds, application
methods, and other elements of pestmethods, and other elements of pest
management into a computer softwaremanagement into a computer software
packagepackage
 Precision FarmingPrecision Farming
• Emerging technology that may allow aEmerging technology that may allow a
more efficient application of inputs bymore efficient application of inputs by
using yield monitors, satellite images,using yield monitors, satellite images,
etc.etc.

44. Factors Affecting PestFactors Affecting Pest
Management DecisionsManagement Decisions
 Factors should be influenced by pestFactors should be influenced by pest
infestations, yield and quality lossesinfestations, yield and quality losses
caused by those infestations, as wellcaused by those infestations, as well
as by crop prices and the costs ofas by crop prices and the costs of
pesticides and alternative controlpesticides and alternative control
methodsmethods
• Changes in planted acresChanges in planted acres
• Weather and other environmentalWeather and other environmental
conditionsconditions

45. Factors Affecting PestFactors Affecting Pest
Management Decisions, cont.Management Decisions, cont.
 Pesticide pricesPesticide prices
• Increased 17% over 1991-96Increased 17% over 1991-96
• Herbicides 17% increaseHerbicides 17% increase
• Fungicide almost 14% increaseFungicide almost 14% increase
• Insecticide about 24% increaseInsecticide about 24% increase

46. Pesticide Regulatory IssuesPesticide Regulatory Issues
 EPA regulates pesticides under theEPA regulates pesticides under the
Federal Insecticide Fungicide andFederal Insecticide Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
 Pesticide residues in food under thePesticide residues in food under the
Federal Food, Drug, and CosmeticFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act (FFDCA)Act (FFDCA)
 The Clean Air Act, Clean Water ActThe Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act
also contain provisions that affectalso contain provisions that affect
pesticide manufacturerspesticide manufacturers

47. Pesticide Regulatory Issues, cont.Pesticide Regulatory Issues, cont.
 Important regulatory actionsImportant regulatory actions
• Ex.) Stop selling products containingEx.) Stop selling products containing
cyanazine by 1999cyanazine by 1999
 Pesticide registration costsPesticide registration costs
• The research and development of a newThe research and development of a new
pesticide averages 11years and costpesticide averages 11years and cost
manufacturers $50-$70 millionmanufacturers $50-$70 million
 Regulatory streaming for reduced-Regulatory streaming for reduced-
risk pesticidesrisk pesticides

48. Pesticide Regulatory Issues, cont.Pesticide Regulatory Issues, cont.
 New pest control products and technologyNew pest control products and technology
• The EPA registers new pesticides every yearThe EPA registers new pesticides every year
• Between 22 and 31 new pesticides per yearBetween 22 and 31 new pesticides per year
from 1994 to 1998 are registeredfrom 1994 to 1998 are registered
 Genetically Engineered plantsGenetically Engineered plants
• Seed and chemical companies have expandedSeed and chemical companies have expanded
research on plant biotechnology because of theresearch on plant biotechnology because of the
increasing costs to develop chemical pesticidesincreasing costs to develop chemical pesticides

49. Pesticide Regulatory Issues, cont.Pesticide Regulatory Issues, cont.
 Genetically engineered plantsGenetically engineered plants
• Reduces the time required to identifyReduces the time required to identify
desirable traitsdesirable traits
• Allows a precise alteration of a plant’sAllows a precise alteration of a plant’s
traitstraits
• Development of genetically modifiedDevelopment of genetically modified
plants takes about 6 years and costplants takes about 6 years and cost
about $10 millionabout $10 million
• U.S. consumer acceptanceU.S. consumer acceptance

50. Alternative Pest ManagementAlternative Pest Management
Programs and InitiativesPrograms and Initiatives
 Integrated pest management (IPM)Integrated pest management (IPM)
programs research and promote aprograms research and promote a
combination of cultural, biologicalcombination of cultural, biological
and pesticide efficiency toolsand pesticide efficiency tools
 Areawide pest management systemsAreawide pest management systems
implements IPM and biologicalimplements IPM and biological
approaches on an areawide basisapproaches on an areawide basis

51. Alternative Pest ManagementAlternative Pest Management
Programs and Initiatives, cont.Programs and Initiatives, cont.
 Biologically based pest managementBiologically based pest management
• Intended to complement IPM programsIntended to complement IPM programs
 USDA incentive paymentsUSDA incentive payments
• Environmental Quality IncentivesEnvironmental Quality Incentives
Program (EQIP) provides assistance toProgram (EQIP) provides assistance to
eligible farmers and ranchers to addresseligible farmers and ranchers to address
natural resource concerns on their landsnatural resource concerns on their lands
in an environmentally beneficial andin an environmentally beneficial and
cost-effective mannercost-effective manner

52. Alternative Pest ManagementAlternative Pest Management
Programs and Initiatives, cont.Programs and Initiatives, cont.
 Voluntary environmental standardsVoluntary environmental standards
• Initiated by the private sectorInitiated by the private sector
• Enforced by firms themselvesEnforced by firms themselves
• Use sanctions such as peer pressure forUse sanctions such as peer pressure for
compliancecompliance
• Focus on life-cycle impactsFocus on life-cycle impacts
• Emphasize management systemsEmphasize management systems

53. Nutrient Use andNutrient Use and
ManagementManagement

54. Role of Plant NutrientsRole of Plant Nutrients
 Major nutrients:Major nutrients:
• Nitrogen (N)Nitrogen (N)
• Phosphorus (P)Phosphorus (P)
• Potassium (K)Potassium (K)
 Other required nutrients:Other required nutrients:
• MagnesiumMagnesium
• CalciumCalcium
• SulphurSulphur

55. Role of Plant NutrientsRole of Plant Nutrients
 If no nutrients applied, crops wouldIf no nutrients applied, crops would
deplete the soil’s store of nutrientsdeplete the soil’s store of nutrients
and yields would declineand yields would decline

56. Why manage nutrients?Why manage nutrients?
 According to the EPA, nutrientAccording to the EPA, nutrient
pollution is leading cause of waterpollution is leading cause of water
quality impairment in lakes andquality impairment in lakes and
estuaries and third leading cause inestuaries and third leading cause in
rivers.rivers.
 This usually occurs because ofThis usually occurs because of
leaching and run-off.leaching and run-off.

57. Nutrient SourcesNutrient Sources
 Commercial fertilizerCommercial fertilizer
• Anhydrous ammonia is source of nearlyAnhydrous ammonia is source of nearly
all nitrogen fertilizerall nitrogen fertilizer
• Phosphate fertilizer produced by treatingPhosphate fertilizer produced by treating
phosphate rockphosphate rock
• Potash is used for potassium. CanadaPotash is used for potassium. Canada
supplies US with 95% of their potashsupplies US with 95% of their potash

58. Animal manureAnimal manure
 Transportation costs limits usingTransportation costs limits using
animal waste as fertilizeranimal waste as fertilizer
 Among major field crops share ofAmong major field crops share of
acres treated with manure:acres treated with manure:
• Corn: 15%Corn: 15%
• Soybeans: 10%Soybeans: 10%
• Wheat: < 3%Wheat: < 3%

59. Municipal and Industrial WastesMunicipal and Industrial Wastes
 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
• Paper and paperboardPaper and paperboard
• GlassGlass
• MetalsMetals
• PlasticsPlastics
• RubberRubber
• LeatherLeather
• TextileTextile
• WoodWood
• Food wastesFood wastes
• Yard trimmingsYard trimmings
• And othersAnd others

60. Municipal and Industrial WastesMunicipal and Industrial Wastes
 Three major methods for MSWThree major methods for MSW
disposaldisposal
• Land filling (61%)Land filling (61%)
• Recoveries for recycle (17%)Recoveries for recycle (17%)
• Incineration (12%)Incineration (12%)

61. Commercial fertilizer useCommercial fertilizer use
 Was 7.5 million nutrient tons in 1960Was 7.5 million nutrient tons in 1960
 Rose to 23.7 million nutrient tons inRose to 23.7 million nutrient tons in
19811981
 Dropped to 21.3 million nutrient tonsDropped to 21.3 million nutrient tons
in 1995in 1995
 Rose again to 22 million nutrientRose again to 22 million nutrient
tons in 1999tons in 1999

62. Factors Affecting Fertilizer useFactors Affecting Fertilizer use
 Principal factors:Principal factors:
• Level and mix of planted croplandLevel and mix of planted cropland
• Fertilizer pricesFertilizer prices
• Commodity prices and programsCommodity prices and programs
 Other factorsOther factors
• Soil characteristicsSoil characteristics
• Climate and weatherClimate and weather
• Crop rotationsCrop rotations
• Application technologyApplication technology
• Nutrient management practicesNutrient management practices

63. Nutrient BalanceNutrient Balance
 Nutrient mass calculates the residualNutrient mass calculates the residual
nitrogen or phosphorus that may remainnitrogen or phosphorus that may remain
in the soil or be lost to the environmentin the soil or be lost to the environment
 Categorized as:Categorized as:
• High: nutrient input exceeded output inHigh: nutrient input exceeded output in
harvested crop by more than 25%harvested crop by more than 25%
• Moderate: nutrient input exceeded output byModerate: nutrient input exceeded output by
less than 25%less than 25%
• Negative: total nutrient input was less than theNegative: total nutrient input was less than the
outputoutput

64. Nutrient management practicesNutrient management practices
 Effective management can helpEffective management can help
reduce nutrient losses to thereduce nutrient losses to the
environment while sustaining long-environment while sustaining long-
term productivity and profitabilityterm productivity and profitability
 Includes:Includes:
• Assessing nutrient needsAssessing nutrient needs
• Timing nutrient applicationTiming nutrient application
• Placing nutrients close to crop rootsPlacing nutrients close to crop roots

65. Assessing nutrient needsAssessing nutrient needs
 Improved management requiresImproved management requires
more information about the nutrientsmore information about the nutrients
and the use of balances to betterand the use of balances to better
assess needsassess needs

66. Timing nutrient applicationTiming nutrient application
 Timing applications leaves lessTiming applications leaves less
nutrients available for loss and cannutrients available for loss and can
reduce total amount appliedreduce total amount applied
 Times vary by crop, texture of soil,Times vary by crop, texture of soil,
climate, and stability of the fertilizerclimate, and stability of the fertilizer

67. Irrigation managementIrrigation management
 Irrigation management is importantIrrigation management is important
because:because:
• Too much water promotes leaching,Too much water promotes leaching,
affects nutrient concentration, andaffects nutrient concentration, and
affects the rate of nutrient movementaffects the rate of nutrient movement
• Too little water can stunt plant growth,Too little water can stunt plant growth,
and reduce crop yield.and reduce crop yield.

68. Improving nutrient managementImproving nutrient management
 Societies through government can:Societies through government can:
• Adjust the anticipated costs or benefitsAdjust the anticipated costs or benefits
of production practicesof production practices
• Regulate certain production practicesRegulate certain production practices
• Establish markets for animal wastesEstablish markets for animal wastes
• Research develop and demonstrateResearch develop and demonstrate
production practices lessproduction practices less
environmentally damagingenvironmentally damaging