At Experimental Biology 2015, the Sponsored Satellite Program "National Food & Nutrition Policy: Balancing the Role of Research, Nutrition Science and Public Health" held in conjunction with the American Society for Nutrition's Scientific Session took place on April 1, 2015. To watch the Dr. Lichtenstein video on slide 68 "Do Scripted Diets Work for Policy? What about Low-fat Diets?", please download the presentation first.

1. National Food and Nutrition Policy:
Balancing the Role of Research,
Nutrition Science and Public Health

2. Today’s Presenters and Topics:
Joanne Slavin, PhD, RD, Professor, Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, University of Minnesota
The Widespread Effects of Food and Nutrition Policy on Public Health
Connie Weaver, PhD, Distinguished Professor and Department Head,
Nutrition Science, Purdue University
The Importance and Deficiencies of Consistent, Systematic Evaluation
Processes in Policymaking
Roger Clemens, DrPH, CFS, CNS, FACN, FIFT, FIAFST, Adj Professor,
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy
The Role of Scientific Research in Food and Nutrition Policy
Moderated by:
Chase Purdy, Politico

3. Objectives and Key Takeaways:
• Former Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
members will discuss how nutrition science and
research shapes U.S. food policy issues;
• Today you will learn about the role federal agencies
play in making food and nutrition policy
recommendations;
• You will leave today with insights into the science and
process related challenges faced when creating the
DGAC Report; and
• Finally, past DGAC members will convey their opinions
on the newly released 2015 DGAC Report, and
recommendations on how to move forward.

4. Joanne Slavin, PhD, RD
Professor
Department of Food Science
and Nutrition
University of Minnesota
April 1, 2015
jslavin@umn.edu
The Widespread Effects of Food and Nutrition
Policy on Public Health

5. Disclosures for Joanne Slavin
AFFILIATION/FINANCIAL
INTERESTS
(past 12 months)
CORPORATE
ORGANIZATION
Grants/Research Support: American Pulse Association,
Novartis Consumer Health
Scientific Advisory
Board/Consultant:
Atkins, Tate and Lyle, Midwest
Dairy Association, Alliance for
Potato Research and Education
Speakers Bureau:
Stock Shareholder:
Other 1/3 interest in Slavin Sisters
Farm, 119 acres, Walworth, WI

6. From the Science to Me
The Science Policy Me

7. There is no perfect diet!
• Humans are omnivores, like pigs, and are adaptable
to a wide range of foods
• Humans have survived and prospered on all kinds of
diets, mostly reflecting access to food supply
– Traditional Arctic diet: 80% of kcals from fat
– Traditional African diet: 80% of kcals from carbohydrate
• Because of concerns with fat and cardiovascular
disease, U.S. diet has moved from higher fat (42% of
kcal in 1972) to lower fat (32% of kcal in 2000) – but
more calories

8. Dietary Guidance—A Historical Perspective
1894 - Dr. W.O. Atwater specified amount of protein and total
calories in a good diet, but left unspecified the division of
calories between fats and carbohydrates
1902 - “evils of overeating may not be felt at once, but sooner
or later they are sure to appear – perhaps in general debility,
perhaps in actual disease”
1902 - “ordinary food materials…make a fitting diet, and the
main question is to use them in the kinds and proportions
fitted to the actual needs of the body”
Recommended variety, proportionality and moderation,
measuring calories, and an affordable diet focused on
nutrient-rich foods, less fat, sugar and starch.

9. Nutritional science – nutrients to prevent deficiency
diseases
1941:
– National Academy of Sciences began issuing
“Recommended Dietary Allowances” – quantity of
nutrients a person needed to consume daily to
ensure basic good health, proper growth and
reproductive success, and to prevent nutrient
deficiency diseases.
– Nutritional deficiency diseases have been virtually
eliminated in the U.S., thanks to enrichment of
refined grains and other fortification strategies.

10. Nutrient Adequacy
- Meet nutrient needs without exceeding calorie needs
- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
- Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
- Protein: 10 - 35% of kcal
- Carbohydrates: 45 - 65% of kcal
- Fat: 20 - 35% of kcal
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
- Adequate Intake (AI)
- Tolerable Upper Level Intake (UL)

11. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs –
Dietary Goals the United States (1977)
• Increase carbohydrates to 55%–60% of energy
• Reduce fat to 30% of energy
• SF, MF, PUFAs – 10%/10%/10%
• Reduce cholesterol to 300 mg/day
• Reduce sugar consumption by 40%
• Reduce salt consumption to 3 g/day – 1200 mg
sodium

12. Toward Healthful Diets, FNB, 1980
• “The Board expresses its concern over
excessive hopes and fears in many current
attitudes toward food and nutrition. Sound
nutrition is not a panacea. Good food that
provides appropriate proportions of nutrients
should not be regarded as a poison, a
medicine, or a talisman. It should be eaten
and enjoyed.”

13. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 1980 - 2010
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010

14. Development of Dietary Guidelines Policy
DGAC
Advisory Report
submitted to the
Secretaries of
USDA & HHS
USDA & HHS
write the
Policy
Document
DGAC is
chartered DG’s
implemented
through Federal
programs
DGAC
Charter
DGAC
Public Meetings:
Review of the
Science
Evidence-based Methodology Used to Review the Science
Public comments encouraged/collected
Dietary Guidelines
for Americans, 2010
(TBD)
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
www.dietaryguidelines.gov
The
New
“Pyramid”

15. Total Diet 2010 DGAC Conclusions – not evidence-
based
Key Topics:
- Overweight/obese nation
- Develop healthy dietary patterns in childhood and
adolescence
- Maintain energy intake within calorie needs
- Maximize nutrient density by emphasizing whole
grains, vegetables, fruits, milk/milk products, and oils
- Reduce solid fats and added sugars and sodium
- Flexible eating patterns

16. Chapter 3
Foods and Food Components to Reduce

17. Chapter 4
Foods and Nutrients to Increase

18. Comparison of Consumption
to Recommendations

19. DGAC 2015
• “Settled science” – may not see much change on
nutrient levels
• Movement to whole foods and away from
nutrients
• Topics such as sustainability, gluten, vegan diets,
and food processing have been discussed and may
be included in 2015 DGA

20. 2015 DGAC – Dietary patterns, foods and nutrition,
and health outcomes
• The US population should consume dietary patterns
that are:
– Rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish/seafood,
legumes, and nuts
– Moderate in dairy products (e.g. low and non-fat dairy)
and alcohol and
– Lower in red and processed meat and
– Low in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages and refined
grains

21. 2015 DGAC – Food and nutrient intakes, and health:
Current status and trends
• The US population has low intakes of certain key nutrients – vitamin
D, potassium, fiber, calcium, and for females also iron. These low
intakes are a public health concern because inadequate intakes are
linked to health problems
• The US population over consumes sodium and saturated fat. Excess
intakes of these nutrients are also linked to health problems
• Many of the food groups that are good sources of under consumed
nutrients are consumed in low amounts by the US population
• Many of the food groups and food categories that have high levels
of sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars are consumed in high
amounts

22. 1943: Basic Seven
Margaret Mead:
“People don’t eat
nutrition – they eat
food”
Basic 7 did not specify
the number of
servings of each food
group needed daily

23. 1940s1950s-1960s
1970s
1992
Food for
Young
Children
1916
2005
Food advice: Evolution of USDA’s
Food Guidance – Moderation and Variety

24. MyPlate.gov (6/2/11)

25. Conclusions
• Evidence-based reviews are limited in our ability to define
“healthy foods”
• Recommendations for less added sugar and solid fats are based
on empty calories, not health outcomes – USDA modeling
• Since nutrition research does not support that vegetarian diets
are healthier than animal based diets, there is a movement to
“sustainability” as the reason to support plant-based diets
• Solving important nutrition problems will require partnerships
based on trust among academics, the government, commodity
groups, and food companies

26. The Importance and Deficiencies of
Consistent, Systematic Evaluation
Processes in Policymaking
Connie M. Weaver, Ph.D.
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN USA
weavercm@purdue.edu

27. Disclosures for Connie Weaver
AFFILIATION/FINANCIAL
INTERESTS
(past 12 months)
CORPORATE
ORGANIZATION
Grants/Research Support: NIH, DRI, Nestle,
Tate & Lyle
Scientific Advisory
Board/Consultant:
NOF, ILSI, Showalter,
Pharmavite
Speakers Bureau:
Stock Shareholder:
Other

28. Outline
• Evidence-based approach
• Difficulties encountered with evidence-based
approach in nutrition

29. The Philosophy Behind
an Evidence-based System
• Rules are set “up front” then followed, rather
than having a preconceived idea and then
finding the papers to support the idea.
• If one follows the rules, any trained scientist
should come to the same conclusion.

30. Hierarchy of
Evidence
RCT
Double Blinded
RCT
Cohort Study
Case Control
Case Series
Case Report
Expert Opinion
Weaker
Evidence
Stronger
Evidence
Evidence-based Medicine Hierarchy
Consistency ends here!

31. No Consistent Literature Retrieval
or Grading Systems
• NIH-AHRQ
• FDA-own system for health claims
• Various other approaches
Slavin Nutr J 14:15, 2015

32. Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Process
32
Formulate
Systematic
Review
Questions
•Exploratory
searches
•Public
comment
•Dialogue with
experts
•Analytical
Framework
•PICO
Literature
Search and
Sort
•Identify study
eligibility criteria
•Determine
search strategy
•Search for
relevant studies
•List included
studies
•List excluded
studies and
rationale
Extract
Evidence
From
Studies
Create
evidence
worksheets
Summarize
and
Synthesize
the Evidence
•Assess quality
of individual
studies
•Assess
applicability
•Summarize
and synthesize
evidence
Develop
and Grade
Conclusion
Statements
Define Research Recommendations
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Since 2010:

33. Grade Strength of Evidence
• Quality
– Scientific rigor and validity
– Consider study design and execution
• Quantity
– Number of studies/sample sizes
• Consistency of findings across studies
• Impact
– Importance of studied outcomes/magnitude of effect
– Magnitude of effect
• Generalizability
Grades: 1. STRONG; 2. MODERATE; 3. LIMITED

34. PubMed search of scientific literature Jan 2000-Dec 2014
• Search term + bone + child + adolescence
• Excluded: reviews, animal studies, non-English
• Subcommittees reviewed abstracts and
excluded
- If not RCT or observational study
- No bone outcomes
- Interventions <6 mo.
- Drug trials of disease states
ASN Scientific Statements
Example of Development of Peak Bone Mass

35. Level of Evidence Description
A: Strong One large, well-conducted, generalizable, RCT
OR
Multiple RCTs or trials with few limitations
B: Moderate Multiple prospective cohort studies.
OR
Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
C: Limited Multiple prospective cohort studies from diverse populations that have
limitations.
OR
One well-designed prospective study.
OR
Multiple cross-sectional or case-controlled studies with few limitations.
OR
Meta-analysis with design limitations.
D: Inadequate Methodologic flaws
OR
Insufficient data.
Evidence Grade

36. Differences in process for
evaluating scientific evidence can
lead to different conclusions
Example: Choosing different end
points concern over salt

37. 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory
Committee Conclusions
• A strong body of evidence has documented that
in adults, as sodium intake decreases, so does
blood pressure.
• A moderate body of evidence has documented
that as sodium intake decreases, so does blood
pressure in children, birth to 18 years of age.
• The reduction from 2,300 mg to 1,500 mg per
day should occur gradually over time. [about 750
mg/1000kcal]

38. IOM Committee on Consequences
of Sodium Reduction in Populations
– Released May 14, 2013
• Calls for national action to reduce sodium
content of foods - average intake 3400 mg Na/d
• Evidence weak to strive for less than 2300 mg
Na/d – need more studies between 1500 and
2300 mg/d
Focused on disease outcomes beyond blood
pressure

39. 2015 DGAC
Sodium Recommendations
<2300 mg/day

40. There is NO guarantee of
consensus conclusions even if
you use same process and end
points

42. What is the Relationship Between Calcium
and Vitamin D and Hip Fracture?
Women’s Health Initiative RCT of CaD
(n=68,719 postmenopausal women)
Prentice et al., Osteopor Int 24:567, 2013
• All subjects including those
taking own supplements
• >5 Year CaD Intervention-related
Health Outcomes in Subjects
Adherent & Not Taking Baseline
Supplements
No relationship
Large benefit

43. Difficulties of Applying Evidence-
Based Medicine Approach to
Nutrition

44. Ranking of Study Type
• The RCT is given greatest weight because
it is the only design that permits strong causal
inference
• But for nutrition, that often means sacrificing
control of the independent variable (nutrient diet)
in favor of the dependent variable (health
outcome)

45. RCT Trials are Designed for a
Compound That:
• Works quickly
• Usually pinpointed to 1
pathway or 1
mechanism of action
• That is: a drug

46. Features of RCTs for Drugs
• Tested in or applied to sick people
• Test agent is contrasted with its absence
compared to a nutrient where there can be no
nutrient-free state
• Sharply defined primary outcome measure
• Effect size usually large compared to a nutrient
• Response characteristic is usually monotonic
across plausible intakes

47. Contrasts
• Drug – drug-added state is contrasted with
drug-free state
• Nutrient – “high” intake is contrasted with
“low” intake;

48. Effect Size
• Drug- usually large
• Nutrient – usually small, but
— public health impact may nevertheless be large
— aggregate effect across multiple
— systems is itself often large

49. Consequence
• When changes are small, testing for isolated
nutrient effects requires large, expensive,
lengthy studies if effects in isolated systems are
to be found statistically significant.

50. INTAKE
EFFECT
Study Design & the Threshold
the control group
must be deficient

51. The Ethical Problem
• Placing the control group on a clearly
inadequate intake

52. Underreporting error for energy intake in overweight boys and girls was 35+18%
EIas%ofTEE
Girls Boys
Reported EI
Weight adjusted
MEI
TEE by DLW
Singh, 89(6):1744-1750, 2009
Concern with Diet Assessment
for Observational Studies

53. Controlled Feeding Studies
• Historically ranked highest for evidence
for nutrients/diet
• Minimizes confounders and allows study
of range of known intakes

54. Animal Studies
• Can have controlled diet and sufficiently
long duration for cancer outcome
measures.
• But relevance to humans?
• Invasive procedures
• Mechanistic

55. Future Needs
• Good biomarkers are the most needed tool in
research related to diet and health. Current
biomarkers for intake and health outcome
measures range from weak to moderately good.
Even the better ones need validation.

56. Many Kinds of Evidence
Basic
Research
Translational
Research
Efficacy
Studies
Effectiveness
Research
How does
it work?
Can it be
studied in
people?
Specific
effects?
How good
is the
translation?

57. Best recommendations
use the totality of
evidence with liberal
doses of critical thinking
and LOGIC!

58. The Role of Scientific Research
in Food and Nutrition Policy
Roger Clemens, DrPH, CFS, CNS, FACN, FIFT, FIAFST
Adj Professor, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles
clemens@usc.edu

59. Disclosures for
Roger Clemens
AFFILIATION/FINANCIAL
INTERESTS
(past 12 months)
CORPORATE ORGANIZATION
Grants/Research Support: None
Scientific Advisory
Board/Consultant:
Abbott Nutrition, Almond Board of California,
California Walnut Commission, Coca-Cola
(manuscript preparation), Corn Refiners Association
(honorarium for EB15), FMC Corp, McDonalds Corp,
Mushroom Council, Spherix Consulting, and
Numerous Law Firms
Speakers Bureau: Extensive Media Outlets (pro bono)
Stock Shareholder: None
Other
None

60.  The opinions and comments presented do not reflect
those of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committees,
the USDA and CNPP, or HHS.
 The opinions and comments expressed reflect
evidence and perspectives as a member of the 2010
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and as the
sole food scientist on that committee.
Disclaimer

61. 1930

62.  Examine the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 and determine topics for which new
scientific evidence is likely to be available that may inform revisions to the current
guidance or suggest new guidance.
 Place its primary focus on the systematic review and analysis of the evidence published
since the last DGAC deliberations.
 Place its primary emphasis on the development of food-based recommendations that
are of public health importance for Americans ages 2 years and older.
 Prepare and submit to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary
of Agriculture a report of technical recommendations, with rationales, to inform the
development of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. DGAC responsibilities include
providing authorship for this report; however, responsibilities do not include
translating the recommendations into policy or into communication and outreach
documents or programs.
Charge to the 2015 DGAC
http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-binder/2015/chargeCommittee.aspx
June 2013

63. Assessing the Evidence
 Observational claims are not necessarily validated via
clinical trials.
 Clinical studies among small populations do not necessarily
translate to total population (think public policy)
 Common words like “association,” “related,” and “relative
risk” imply strength, yet upon review the work is generally
quite weak
 “Definitive solution will not come from another million
observational papers or a few small randomized trials”
Ioannidis JPA BMJ 2013;347: doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6698

64.  Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
 Different inclusion/exclusion criteria impact results
 Different statistical approaches and choices of
covariates impact results
 Dietary exposures are not accurate
 Associations  Causes
Research Bias
Nicklas et al., J Nutr 2014; doi: 10.3945/jn.114.194068

65. It is…important to not be distracted by questions
that we have not been asked to address.
What was Asked?
What’s missing in many [meta analysis and systematic review]
studies published since 2010 DGAC?
 Undefined and inconsistent
outcomes
 Intention to treat analysis
 Complete case analysis
 Unexplained discontinuances
 Imputed baseline data extended
beyond current analysis
 Multiple imputations in analyses

66. Kaiser et al. Obes Rev 2013; doi: 10.1111/obr.12048.
Ecological Relation of Water Intake with
Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity: 1961-2000
Rise in obesity rates (round markers) and bottled water consumption (square markers). USA

67. Consumer Confusion
Confidence
Confusion
IFIC 2012:
• Three out of four consumers feel that changes in nutritional
guidance makes it hard to know what to believe
• Half believe it is easier to do their own taxes than to figure out
how to eat healthfully
International Food Information Council Foundation 2012 Food & Health Survey . Consumer Attitudes Toward Food
Safety, Nutrition & Health
http://www.foodinsight.org/Content/3840/2012%20IFIC%20Food%20and%20Health%20Survey%20Report%20of%20Fin
dings%20(for%20website).pdf

68. Do Scripted Diets Work for Policy?
What about Low-fat Diets?
2015 DGAC Meeting 5, September 16, 2014

69. Comments
 Chowdhury: “My take on this would be that it’s not
saturated fat that we should worry about” in our diets.
 Hu: The findings should not be taken as “a green light”
to eat more steak, butter and other foods rich in
saturated fat. … looking at individual fats and other
nutrient groups in isolation could be misleading,
because when people cut down on fats they tend to eat
more bread, cold cereal and other refined carbohydrates
that can also be bad for cardiovascular health.
 Hu: “The single macronutrient approach is outdated.
I think future dietary guidelines will put more and more
emphasis on real food rather than giving an absolute
upper limit or cutoff point for certain macronutrients.”
 Hu: People should try to eat foods that are typical of the
Mediterranean diet, like nuts, fish, avocado, high-fiber
grains and olive oil.
Rajiv Chowdhury, PhD
Cardiovascular Epidemiologist
University of Cambridge
Frank Hu, MD, PhD
Professor of Nutrition and
Epidemiology
Harvard University
http://acsh.org/2014/03/huge-new-re-evaluation-saturated-fat-heart-risk-finds-link/
March 18, 2014

70.  Cholesterol is not a nutrient of concern for
overconsumption.
 Saturated fat is still a nutrient of concern for
overconsumption, particularly for those older than
the age of 50 years.
Dietary Cholesterol and Saturated Fat

71.  There is insufficient evidence that an exchange of
sugar for non-sugar carbohydrates results in lower
body weights (a calorie = a calorie)
 Observational (cross-sectional) studies suggest a
possible relationship between consumption of sugar-
sweetened beverages (SSB) and body weight; no
supporting RCTs
 Insufficient evidence to support a difference between
liquid and solid sugar intake and body weight control
Added Sugars and Body Weight
Key reference: van Baak & Astrup. Obes Rev 2009; 10 Suppl 1:9-23

72. Sugar in Research
Yangetal.,JAMAInternMed2014;doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563
Conclusions:
• Increased calories … from added sugar … associated with increased risk of
CVD mortality
• Consumption of SSB (aka sugar) is associated with elevated CVD mortality
Recommendation
• Limit intake of calories … from added sugar
Headlines:
Drink just one 12-ounce
can of sugary soda
every day, and you
might be unwittingly
increasing your risk of dying
from heart disease,
suggests a new study.

73. Agency Statement
2010 DGAC RCTs report that added sugars are not different from other
calories in increasing energy intake or body weight. Systematic
reviews in this area are also inconsistent.
EFSA 2012 …a cause and effect relationship has not been established
between total sugar intake and body weight gain
WHO 2015
(Te Morenga et al, 2014)
‘Trials in children, which involved recommendations to reduce
intake of sugar sweetened foods and beverages, had low
participant compliance to dietary advice; these trials showed no
overall change in body weight.’
German Nutrition Society 2012 In general, meta-analyses are inconsistent. The most recent
meta-analysis concludes that the risk-increasing effect is limited
to individuals with initially already increased BMI or existing
overweight, respectively
American Heart Association,
American Diabetes Association
2012
At this time, there are insufficient data to determine conclusively
whether the use of NNS [non-nutritive sweeteners] to displace
caloric sweeteners in beverages and foods reduces added sugars
or carbohydrate intakes, or benefits appetite, energy balance,
body weight, or cardiometabolic risk factors.
Sugar in Context

74. Percentiles of Usual Caffeine Intake
by Age: Consumers Only
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2-11 12-17 18-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50-59 60+
mgCaffeine/d
Age (years)
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
* Data Source: NHANES 2007-2010; n=13,923
Courtesy of V.L. Fulgoni III, PhD, Nutrition Impact, LLC, August 5, 2013

75.  Question
 What is the relationship between usual coffee/caffeine consumption
and health?
 Conclusion
 Moderate evidence from observational studies indicates that
caffeine intake is not associated with risk of preterm delivery .
Grade Moderate
 Higher caffeine [>300 mg/d] intake is associated with a small
increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and small
for gestational age births.
 These data should be interpreted cautiously due to potential recall
bias in case-control studies and confounding by smoking and
pregnancy signal symptoms.
Grade Limited
Caffeine & Pregnancy
SC 5: Food Sustainability and Safety
Greenwood DC et al., Eur J Epidemiol. 2014; doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9944-x
Maslova E et al., Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29789

76. Coffee and Health History
(1975 – 2015)
 Early years identified many potential health effects of coffee and
caffeine consumption
 The preponderance of medical & scientific evidence clearly
supports the position that moderate daily coffee consumption
(about 3 - 5 cups), as part of a varied, balanced diet, is safe and is
not associated with any adverse human health consequences
 EFSA (January 2015)
• Single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg and daily intakes of up to 400
mg do not raise safety concerns for adults in Europe
• For pregnant women, caffeine intakes of up to 200 mg / d do not raise
safety concerns for the unborn child

77.  Sustainable diets:
 A pattern of eating that promotes health and well-being
and provides food security for the present population
while sustaining human and natural resources for future
generations.
 Diets higher in plant-based foods, such as vegetables,
fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and lower
in calories and animal based foods is more health
promoting and is associated with less environmental
impact than is the current U.S. diet.
Food Sustainability

78. Congress and DGAC Sustainability
Source: 113th Congress 2nd Session. House of Representatives. Report 113-468.
June 4, 2014. Pages 51-52
reject

79.  Food Production (based on 2002 statistics)
 Additional 7.4 million acres harvested cropland
needed to meet basic food groups
 Additional 8.9 million acres needed to support
vegetable recommendations
 Additional 4.1 million acres needed to support
fruit recommendations
 Sufficient cropland devoted to wheat could be reduced by
5.6 million acres
 Farm milk production must increase by 107.7 billion
pounds
Agricultural Challenges - 2010
Page 136
Buzby, Wells and Vocke. Economic Research Report No. (ERR-31), November 2006

80.  Develop and expand safe, effective, and sustainable
agriculture and aquaculture practices to ensure availability
of recommended amounts of healthy foods to all segments
of the population. (Policy document)
 Aquaculture:
 Globally, nearly 50% of the fish consumed relies on aquaculture
farms
 Domestically, about 20% of aquaculture production is marine
species; the remainder is freshwater species
 Some statistics suggest that harvesting of wild fish is not
sustainable (need 155,000 tons edible portions of [low Hg] fish per
year  345,000 tons of fresh fish, e.g., primarily salmon)
 Exceeds annual global salmon supply by ~50%
 Increase environmentally sustainable production of
vegetables, fruits, and fiber-rich whole grains. (DGAC)
Sustainability of Dietary Guidelines

81.  Must interconnect in policymaking
that extends beyond nutrition.
 Must leverage interdisciplinary
expertise that embraces knowledge,
technology and innovation plus
sections outside of the food system
to achieve a more encompassing
food system
 Develop a strong evidence-based
approach to decision making
 Engage global harmonization
guidelines in regionally, culturally
appropriate practices in food supply

82. USDA Budget

83. Food, Nutrition & Health
 Secondary Education
Challenge
 Community Food Projects
 Higher Education Challenge
 1890 Capacity
 Food Safety, AFRI
 Climate Variability and Change,
AFRI
 Food Security, AFRI
 Foundational Program, AFRI
 Alaska Native & Native
Hawaiian Institutions
 Federally Recognized Tribes
Extension Program
 Hispanic-Serving Institutions
Education
 Multicultural Scholars
 National Needs Graduate
Fellowships
 New Technologies for Ag
Extension
 Rural and Community
Development, SBIR
 Tribal Colleges Education Equity
 Tribal Colleges Extension
 Tribal Colleges Research

84.  FDA Investment
 Further scientific knowledge about potential
food hazards
 Expand on best safety practices
 Better understand how consumers access,
prepare, and use the foods they serve and eat
 CFSAN Research Strategic Plan
 Globalization of the food supply chain
 Changing industry processes
 Consumer preferences for fresh and minimally
processed foods
Science & Research (Food)
Where’s
Food
Science
and
Nutrition?

85. Immediacy
 Sustainability
 Resource management
(land, water, energy)
 Cultivars compatible with
climate dynamics
 Biodiversity
 Supply chain (e.g., grains,
fish  price stability)
 Globalization of food
supply
 R&D investment
 New technology and
innovation
 Political tension  unstable
food supply
 Food security policy
 Poverty  Inadequate
food  Decline physical
and mental development
 Rural development  
hunger

86.  Urgency for public and personal health
 Urgency for collaborative funding
 Urgency for the next generation
Call to Action
“A coordinated strategic plan that includes all sectors of society, including
individuals, families, educators, communities, physicians and allied health
professionals, public health advocates, policy makers, scientists, and small and large
businesses (e.g., farmers, agricultural producers, food scientists, food
manufacturers, and food retailers of all kinds), should be engaged in the
development and ultimate implementation of a plan to help all Americans eat well,
be physically active, and maintain good health and function.
It is important that any strategic plan is evidence-informed, action-oriented, and
focused on changes in systems in these sectors” USDA

87.  Abbott: Well, let’s see, we have on the bags. Who’s
on first, What’s on second, I Don’t Know is on third…
Where are we now?
William "Bud" Abbott &
Lou Costello
1938

88. While Diet Is Linked to Health, Much Confusion Exists
About What to Eat and Under What Circumstances!!

89. Thank you for attending today.
Are there any questions?