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GENDER
  QUOTAS
By CHEN Ying, Corina & Isabel Naucler
TO BE DISCUSSED
• Introduction:
  • Definition
  • Origin

• Arguments for and against
• Result: changes on the horizon
• The Chinese perspective
• Conclusion
Introduction
CHEN Ying

 DEFINING QUOTA SYSTEM
• An affirmative measure:
  • establishes a fixed percentage or number for
    the nomination or representation of a specific
    group, i.e. women

• Goal:
  • to increase the participation of under-
    represented groups in decision-making
    positions
CHEN Ying

            A TYPOLOGY
• Two dimensions:
  • where the quotas system is mandated
  • The level of the selection and nomination
    process
Isabel Naucler

     WOMEN IN POLITICS
• Global average of seats in national parliament: 18,4%
Isabel Naucler

WOMEN IN POLITICS
The European Experience
        An Insight
Isabel Naucler

    THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
The European Parliament:

19%  27% following the 1994 election

30% of the enlarged parliament elected in 2004.

•



                                                  The Nordic countries:
                                                  Average of 39.7 percent.
Isabel Naucler

THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
Isabel Naucler

ATTITUDE TOWARDS QUOTAS
Isabel Naucler

         ‘QUOTA FEVER’
• A dynamic quota development happening
  around the world.
  -Legal quotas


• Only reached a few countries in Europe


•
Isabel Naucler

       WOMEN´S ROLE
• Europe: individual focus compared to the family
  oriented focus in Asia.

• Education and career is often as important to male as
  to female, since women wish to support for
  themselves and
  not rely on their
  husband/partner.
CHEN Ying

PROGRESS CAUGHT IN BOTTLENECK


            • Viviane Reding, European
              commissioner for justice
            • Legislation to install a gender
              quota of at least 40% in
              company boards across EU
            • The great division
            • Plan suspended for more
              discussion, till TODAY
Isabel Naucler

ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE USE OF QUOTAS


  •   Quotas are undemocratic & goes against the principle of equal opportunity for all.

  •   Politcal representation: about ideas & interest, not gender.

  •   Quotas imply that gender is more important that qualifications.

  •   Quotas can cause conflict within the parliament/organization.

  •   Do not change the view of women’s roles.

  •   Women often do not want to get elected just because of their sex.

  •   Instead of quotas: improve education, give more financial support and use flexible
      maternity leave.
Isabel Naucler

ARGUMENTS FOR THE USE OF QUOTAS

•   Equal representations are women's rights as citizens.

•   ‘Real equality of opportunity’

•   Election is about representation not about educational qualifications.

•   Conflicts from introducing quotas are likely to be temporarily.

•   Quotas compensate for the barriers that are preventing women from their share of the political
    seats.

•   Women's experiences are needed in politics.

•   Women are as qualified as men, but that is not visible in a male-dominated political system.

•   Improving education and training skills, giving more financial support and to use flexible maternity
    leave should not be used instead of quotas, but together with a quota system for the desired
    outcome.
The Chinese Perspective
      A prescription
CHEN Ying

WOMEN IN TRADITION
    Words for you:
    1. Ignorance is bliss
    2. “Three Obediences” and
       “Four Virtues”
CHEN Ying

HOLDING UP HALF THE SKY?
• Central decision-making
  • NPC: around 21% since 1983
  • CCP Portfolio: 1 out of 24 (LIU Yandong)
• 10% vice-ministerial or provincial-level leaders
• 1-2 % of the local decision-making positions
• 7.2% of board directors
CHEN Ying

     A MIXED PROSPECT
• Legal ground:
  • Principle of equality as stated in Constitution
    and other laws
  • YET
    • Ambiguity: eg. In electoral law, “appropriate
      amount” instead of mandated quota
    • Lack of ratification of relevant international laws

• Institutional:
  • Lack of enforcement, petition, and supervision
    mechanism
  • Lack of effective elections at all levels
CHEN Ying

A MIXED PROSPECT(Cont’d)
 • Societal value:
   "Men should mainly focus on career and women
   should be family oriented.”

   • 62% of men and 55% of women agreed
   • Increased by 7.7% and 4.4% for men and women
     respectively, compared to views in 2000


                       A resurgence of traditional gender roles?
                                -- invalidating economic recession and
                       gender role reversion?
CHEN Ying

           CONCLUSION
• EU experiences: Utility and Necessity
  • With appropriate implementation, quota
    system increases women representation,
    changes women’s role, AND improves decision
    outcomes

• Quota system as a means, not an end
  • To break the “glass ceiling”
  • To be removed/replaced after achieving
    genuine gender equality
CHEN Ying

   CONCLUSION (Cont’d)
• China perspective:
  • Feasibility: Legal, institutional, societal constraints
  • Fundamental obstacle: political system

• Differences with EU countries  a slow track first
  • Raise social awareness (woman’s self-actualization)
    and understanding of quota system
  • Enhance women’s core competences

  • Political Reform: pressure on top leadership

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Pols 3620 presentation Gender Quota

  • 1. GENDER QUOTAS By CHEN Ying, Corina & Isabel Naucler
  • 2. TO BE DISCUSSED • Introduction: • Definition • Origin • Arguments for and against • Result: changes on the horizon • The Chinese perspective • Conclusion
  • 4. CHEN Ying DEFINING QUOTA SYSTEM • An affirmative measure: • establishes a fixed percentage or number for the nomination or representation of a specific group, i.e. women • Goal: • to increase the participation of under- represented groups in decision-making positions
  • 5. CHEN Ying A TYPOLOGY • Two dimensions: • where the quotas system is mandated • The level of the selection and nomination process
  • 6. Isabel Naucler WOMEN IN POLITICS • Global average of seats in national parliament: 18,4%
  • 9. Isabel Naucler THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE The European Parliament: 19%  27% following the 1994 election 30% of the enlarged parliament elected in 2004. • The Nordic countries: Average of 39.7 percent.
  • 12. Isabel Naucler ‘QUOTA FEVER’ • A dynamic quota development happening around the world. -Legal quotas • Only reached a few countries in Europe •
  • 13. Isabel Naucler WOMEN´S ROLE • Europe: individual focus compared to the family oriented focus in Asia. • Education and career is often as important to male as to female, since women wish to support for themselves and not rely on their husband/partner.
  • 14. CHEN Ying PROGRESS CAUGHT IN BOTTLENECK • Viviane Reding, European commissioner for justice • Legislation to install a gender quota of at least 40% in company boards across EU • The great division • Plan suspended for more discussion, till TODAY
  • 15. Isabel Naucler ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE USE OF QUOTAS • Quotas are undemocratic & goes against the principle of equal opportunity for all. • Politcal representation: about ideas & interest, not gender. • Quotas imply that gender is more important that qualifications. • Quotas can cause conflict within the parliament/organization. • Do not change the view of women’s roles. • Women often do not want to get elected just because of their sex. • Instead of quotas: improve education, give more financial support and use flexible maternity leave.
  • 16. Isabel Naucler ARGUMENTS FOR THE USE OF QUOTAS • Equal representations are women's rights as citizens. • ‘Real equality of opportunity’ • Election is about representation not about educational qualifications. • Conflicts from introducing quotas are likely to be temporarily. • Quotas compensate for the barriers that are preventing women from their share of the political seats. • Women's experiences are needed in politics. • Women are as qualified as men, but that is not visible in a male-dominated political system. • Improving education and training skills, giving more financial support and to use flexible maternity leave should not be used instead of quotas, but together with a quota system for the desired outcome.
  • 17. The Chinese Perspective A prescription
  • 18. CHEN Ying WOMEN IN TRADITION Words for you: 1. Ignorance is bliss 2. “Three Obediences” and “Four Virtues”
  • 19. CHEN Ying HOLDING UP HALF THE SKY? • Central decision-making • NPC: around 21% since 1983 • CCP Portfolio: 1 out of 24 (LIU Yandong) • 10% vice-ministerial or provincial-level leaders • 1-2 % of the local decision-making positions • 7.2% of board directors
  • 20. CHEN Ying A MIXED PROSPECT • Legal ground: • Principle of equality as stated in Constitution and other laws • YET • Ambiguity: eg. In electoral law, “appropriate amount” instead of mandated quota • Lack of ratification of relevant international laws • Institutional: • Lack of enforcement, petition, and supervision mechanism • Lack of effective elections at all levels
  • 21. CHEN Ying A MIXED PROSPECT(Cont’d) • Societal value: "Men should mainly focus on career and women should be family oriented.” • 62% of men and 55% of women agreed • Increased by 7.7% and 4.4% for men and women respectively, compared to views in 2000 A resurgence of traditional gender roles? -- invalidating economic recession and gender role reversion?
  • 22. CHEN Ying CONCLUSION • EU experiences: Utility and Necessity • With appropriate implementation, quota system increases women representation, changes women’s role, AND improves decision outcomes • Quota system as a means, not an end • To break the “glass ceiling” • To be removed/replaced after achieving genuine gender equality
  • 23. CHEN Ying CONCLUSION (Cont’d) • China perspective: • Feasibility: Legal, institutional, societal constraints • Fundamental obstacle: political system • Differences with EU countries  a slow track first • Raise social awareness (woman’s self-actualization) and understanding of quota system • Enhance women’s core competences • Political Reform: pressure on top leadership