The document analyzes the demand and supply of wheat and rice in Pakistan. It provides background on wheat and rice production globally and in Pakistan. Pakistan is the 7th largest wheat producer and 14th largest rice producer. While wheat production meets domestic needs, rice production could be increased through modern techniques and infrastructure. The document recommends increasing credit, education, and machinery for farmers to boost agricultural productivity and ensure food security.

2. FINAL PROJECT MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Prof. Amna Majeed
DEMAND AND SUPPLY ANALYSIS OF WHEAT AND
RICE SECTOR
Group Members
Nouman Hafeez (104)
Farhad Malik (107)
Sheeza Junaid (106)
Iqra Liaqat (105)

3. Introduction
Agriculture Sector
“Pakistan is an agricultural country and
70% of its population is
directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The sector is facing
problems like no effective measures have been taken to curb water
wastage, power outages, old methods of cultivation and harvesting
and no emphasis on the importance of solving the problems of
farmers etc.

4. Wheat
A cereal which is the most important kind grown in temperate countries, the grain of which
is ground to make flour for bread, pasta, pastry etc.
History
Wheat is one of the first cereals known to have been domesticated, and wheat's
ability to self-pollinate greatly facilitated the selection of many distinct
domesticated varieties. The archaeological record suggests that this first occurred
in the regions known as Fertile Crescent. Recent findings narrow the first
domestication of wheat down to a small region of southeastern Turkey, and
domesticated Einkorn. Wheat at Nevali Cori, 40 mi (64 km) northwest of Gobekli
Tepe in Turkey. Turkey has been dated to 9,000 BC. However evidence for the
exploitation of wild barley has been dated to 23,000 BC and some say this is also
true of pre-domesticated wheat.
The country produced a total of 22.8 million tons of wheat in the ongoing fiscal
year 2013 – 2.2 million less than the set target of 25 million tons for the year,
according to AFP.
Pakistan in ranking is at number 7th in the
production of wheat.

5. Sufficient wheat stock available
The country has wheat stock of 6.267 million, which is not only sufficient for domestic consumption
but also available for export while bumper crop production is expected during next year. As per the
latest data, in September 2012, the government had 9.3 million tons wheat in its godowns. When it
started releasing the commodity to flour mills. Chief of Agriculture Policy Institute (API) Abdul Rauf
Chaudhry told Agency here on Friday that about three million tons of wheat was supplies.
Agriculture Forum Pakistan Chairman, Muhammad Ibrahim Mughal has urged Prime Minister, Yousaf
Raza Gillani to fix minimum support price for wheat at Rs 1,250 per mond for the next season so that
growers work hard and produce more grain to meet the domestic requirement as well as export the
surplus. This year “International wheat production is expected at around 670 million tons while the
global requirement is 680 million tons.
Wheat is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Fertile Crescent region of the Near East. In 2007 world
production of wheat was 607 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize (784
million tons) and rice (651 million tons). Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for
leavened, flat and steamed breads, biscuits, cookies, cakes, breakfast cereal, pasta, noodles. Wheat is
planted to a limited extent as a forage crop for livestock, and the straw can be used as fodder for
livestock or as a construction material for roofing thatch.
Wheat is the main staple food item of the country’s population and largest grain crop of the country. It
contributes 13.1 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.8 percent to GDP. The size of wheat
crop is provisionally estimated at 23.4 million tons, 11.7 percent more than last year crop.

6. Consumption
 “Normally there is more than 20 million tons of (wheat) consumption in
Pakistan, but last year only 18 million tons were consumed.” Pakistan, which has
been exporting wheat for the last three years, joins a growing list of countries that
have seen production curbed, squeezing global supplies and buoying prices.

 Pakistan is likely to ship in 800,000 tons to 1 million tons of wheat in the year to
March 2014, traders said, the most since 2008-09 and way up from the 200,000
tons bought last year. Supply will mainly come from the Black Sea Region due to
competitive prices offered there.

 Wheat production in Pakistan slid to 23.3 million tons in 2012-13, the lowest in
four years and down from 25 million tons a year ago, according to the US
Department of Agriculture. Output in 2013-14 is estimated at 24 million tons.

 In Pakistan’s financial centre of Karachi, wheat prices have jumped to $340-$350 a
tons from the around $300-$310 a tons typical at this time of year.

7. Ten Years Consumption Of Wheat
Market Year
Domestic Consumption
Unit of Measure
Growth Rate
2003
18900
(1000 MT)
2.83 %
2004
19500
(1000 MT)
3.17 %
2005
20100
(1000 MT)
3.08 %
2006
21700
(1000 MT)
7.96 %
2007
22400
(1000 MT)
3.23 %
2008
22800
(1000 MT)
1.79 %
2009
23000
(1000 MT)
0.88 %
2010
23000
(1000 MT)
0.00 %
2011
23100
(1000 MT)
0.43 %
2012
23900
(1000 MT)
3.46 %
2013
24000
(1000 MT)
0.42 %

8. GOVERNMENT TARGET FOR WHEAT
The government has set the wheat production target at 25.5 million
and rice production target at 6.2 million during the current fiscal
year 2013-14. About 24.231 million tons of wheat were produced
during last fiscal year against the set targets of 25.5 million
tons, showing decrease of 4.9 percent, however it was increased by
3.22 percent as compared to the crop production of 2011-12. The
production of 13.1 million bales against last year’s level of production
resulted in decrease of 3.68 percent. This happened due to flash
floods in southern part of Punjab especially in districts of Rajanpur
and Daira Ghazi Khan and attack of cotton leaf curl virus.

9. RICE
Rice is the grain with the second highest worldwide
production, after maize
("corn"). In Pakistan it’s the 3rd
largest crop in term of area after wheat and cotton.
Importance of Rice
As we know that rice is also a main food item which is mostly liked
by all the people of the world. As we know that a person is required
to have the basic needs for his life. Approximately 90% of the
population lies on the rice because it creates a taste for food and
gives many calories and vitamins to our body.
Pakistan in ranking is at number 14th in production of rice.

10. Production of Rice
Rice is the second largest produced cereal in the world. At the beginning of the 1990s, annual
production was around 350 million tons and by the end of the century it had reached 410 million
tons. World production totaled 395 million tons of milled rice in 2003, compared with 387
million tons in 2002. This reduction since the end of the previous Millennium is explained by the
strong pressure put on land and water resources, which led to a decrease of seeded areas in some
Western and Eastern Asian countries.
By and large average rice yield in Pakistan inspite of technological development
is comparatively low than China, USA, South Korea, India, Bangladesh, Brazil ect. It needs to
increase in order to sustain food security at home and maintain our share in world markets.
Basmati is a premium long grain variety of rice, highly valued for its aroma and
flavor and exclusively grown in certain parts of the Punjab. The adulteration of basmati
rice with other cheaper varieties has become an area for potential exploitation. There is a
need a develop a method that enables the differentiation of basmati varieties from other
long grain rice in order to ensure consumer protection and for use in regulation of rice
trade.
The demand of parboiled rice is increasing day by day because Parboiled rice is
Rice that has been boiled in the husk. Parboiling makes rice easier to process by hand,
improves its nutritional profile, and changes its texture.
Polishing rice by hand, that is, removing the bran layer is easier if the rice has
been parboiled. It is, however, somewhat more difficult to process mechanically. The
brand of parboiled rice is somewhat oily, and tends to clog machinery. Most parboiled rice

11. Pakistani Rice
 Pakistan produces many types of Rice which are very famous among all over the
world and most of them are of Export Quality. Following are the main types.


 Basmati 2000
 Basmati – 385
 Basmati – 198
 Super Basmati
 Basmati 370
 Super Kernal
 Shaheen (Basmati)

 Provincial Shares in Area and Production

 The annual production of rice from 2006-07 to 2008-9 has an average of 5.984 million
 tones and area of 2679 thousand hectare. The provincial shares in area and production of
rice by variety

12. Production & Utilization of Paddy Rice
Evolution of the world production and human food utilization of the Paddy rice
from 1961 to 2002 (million tons)

13. Distribution of the world paddy rice
production (average 1999-2003)

14. Consumption
Historical evolution of the main paddy rice consuming countries (human food) in
tones between 1961 and 2002.

15. Recommendations
1. Government shall provide farmers with land for more and more
cultivation process.
2. Government should provide interest free loans to the farmers.
3. Proper godowns shall be available for keeping the stock safe.
4. Better fertilizers shall be provide.
5. Proper education and training facilities shall be given to farmers.
6. Proper water sanitation system should be managed.
7. Modern machines for cultivation process like threshers etc shall
be given to farmers.

16. Conclusion
Being an agrarian country, agricultural sector of
Pakistan’s economy is still backward. Use of
modern techniques, provision of credit facilities,
basic infrastructure and agriculture research
facilities are needed to provide for removing all the
problems of agriculture sector. If our government
do not take the serious actions in regards so we’ll
have to suffer a big loss and might be shortage.