Safe Slinging Practices Training by PE

Safe Slinging Practices
www.prothermindia.com

Types of SlingsTypes of Slings
1) Wire Rope Slings
2) Chain Slings
3) Synthetic Web Slings

Ropes, chains, and slingsRopes, chains, and slings
• Primary hazard is structural failure due to:
– Overloading (“the weakest link”)
– Deterioration and/or wear
– Environmental exposure
– Improper rigging
– Abuse

Natural fibre ropesNatural fibre ropes
IS: 1084—1969 Manila Rope
IS: 1321—1970 Sisal Rope
MANILA — Black Yarn
Grade-I SPECIAL QUALITY ALL THE THREE
STRANDS
Grade-II STANDARD QUALITY ALL THE TWO
STRANDS
Grand-III MERCHANT QUALITY ONE STRAND
SISAL Red or Green YARN in one strand

SWL of Fibre ropesSWL of Fibre ropes
Value Condition SWL
ONE Rope of which
original Fibre strength
is not reduced
Same as per new
Rope
TWO Rope which has been
used and shows
slight external wear
and chafe
80% of the New80% of the New
THREE Rope which has fair
amount of usage,clear
indication of internal
and external wear,
loosening of strands
NOT TO BE USEDNOT TO BE USED
FOR HOISTINGFOR HOISTING

Fibre ropesFibre ropes
Once a Fibre Rope is condemned it should be cutOnce a Fibre Rope is condemned it should be cut
with a knife so as to ensure that it should not bewith a knife so as to ensure that it should not be
used again.used again.

Causes of Deterioration
Fibre ropesFibre ropes
ROUGH USE Rubbing against sharp edges
Damaged groves of sheaves
Dragging from under the load
HARMFUL CONTACT With water, oil, chemicals and
heat
BAD STORAGE Heap on wet floor, poorly
ventilated godown
Internal wear by Repeated Flexing

Synthetic Fibre ropesSynthetic Fibre ropes
IS: 4572– 1968 Polyamide (Nylon Filament Rope)
IS: 5175– 1969 Poly Propylene Rope
IS: 8674– 1978 Polyethylene Rope
Advantages
• Light in Weight
• Higher Strength
• Increased Resistance to Repeated Bending, Flexing
and Abrasion
• Resistance to water and
• Choice of Selection

Wire Rope and Wire RopeWire Rope and Wire Rope
SlingsSlings
Components of Wire Rope

Left Lay
Right Lay

Crushing
Because of loose winding on drum,
rope was pulled in between underlying
wraps and crushed out of shape.

Birdcaging
The sudden release of a load cause
birdcaging.Here individual strands open
away from each other, displacing the
core.

Locking of strands
Premature breakage of wires resulted
from "locking" of strands, which was
caused by insufficient lubrication.

Abrasion
Neglect of periodical inspection left this
rope in service too long, resulting in
considerable abrasion.

Kinking
Kink or "dog leg“ was caused by improper
handling and/or installation. A kink causes
excessive localized or spot abrasion.

Reverse bending
Running this rope over one sheave and
under another caused fatigue breaks in
wires.

Pitting
Too much exposure combined with
surface wear and loss of lubrication
caused corrosion and pitting.
. www.prothermindia.com

Wear
Too long in service. Repeated winding
and overwinding of this rope on a drum
while it was under heavy stress caused
the unusually severe wear.

Wire RopeWire Rope
Wire Rope Sling Identification
Rated Load (rated capacity)
•Load test date
•Manufacturer’s name
•Periodic inspection due date
•Broken wires (10 in one lay or 5 in one strand)
•Severe corrosion
•Localized wear
•Reduction in outer wire
•Damaged end fittings
•Distortion, kinking, etc…

Wire rope – Permissible Stretch
6 strand wire rope 6 in. for 100 ft. length
8 strand wire rope 9 to 10 in. for 100 ft.
length

Wire rope
Dia of rope Permissible reduction in
dia. (inch)
3/4 3/64
7/8 to 11/8 1/16
11/4 to 11/2 3/32

Wire Rope Slings
single-rope legs

Wire Rope Slings
sling with single-rope legs, Torpedo
loop-locks and choker hook

TWO LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

THREE LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

FOUR LEGGED BRIDLE SLINGS

Chain and Chain Sling
Parts of Chain Slingwww.prothermindia.com

Single Chain Sling

Double Chain Sling

Triple & Quadruple Chain Sling

Adjustable Chain Sling

Chain Sling Identification
•Chain Size
•Manufacturers Grade
•Rated load and angle
•Reach
•Number of legs
•Manufacturers name and
trademark
•Next inspection

What should you avoid while
using chain slings?
• impact loading: do not jerk the load when lifting or
lowering the sling. This increases the actual stress
on the sling.
• Do not drag chains.
• Do not splice a chain by inserting a bolt between
two links.
• Do not shorten a chain with knots or by twisting.
• Do not force a hook over a link.
• Do not use homemade connections. Use only
attachments designed for the chain.
• Do not heat treat or weld chain links: the lifting
capacity will be reduced drastically.

Wear Cut
Twist or
Bend
Stretched
Links
Various defects in chain slings

Periodical inspection
• Clean sling before inspection.
• Hang the chain up or stretch the chain out on
a level floor in a well-lighted area. Remove all
twists. Measure the sling length. Discard if a
sling has been stretched.
• Make a link-by-link inspection and
discard if
a. Wear exceeds 15% of a link diameter.
b. Cut,, cracked,, burned, or corrosion pitted
c. Twisted or bent
d. Stretched-- Links tend to get longer

Chain Sling Inspection Items
 Cracks, stretches, or deformed master links,
coupling links, chains or other components.
 One leg of a double or triple chain sling is longer
than the others.
 Hooks have been opened more than 15% of the
normal throat opening measured at the narrowest
point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the
plane of the unbent hook.
 Chain size at any point of any link is less than
stated in the chart on the next slide, the sling
shall be removed.

Chain Slings
Only chain slings purchased from
the manufacturer are allowed.
No homemade slings allowed!!

Special Precautions
• It is important to realize that the
capacity of a sling decreases as the
angle at which it is used to lift
increases.

Rigging Devices
• Shackles
• Hooks
• Wire Rope Clips
• Wedge Sockets
• Eyebolts
• Spreader Beams
• Slings

Shackles
Recommended Not Recommended Recommended

Proper Use of Shackles
Never replace a shackle pin with a bolt
The load will bend the bolt

Avoid eccentric
loads
Bad Good

Proper chocking
of shackles.
Bad Good

Shackle Inspection

Hooks
• Manufacturers’
identification.
• Never weld on hooks.
• Working safety latch.

Wire Rope Clips
•The most common use of wire rope
clips on cranes is at wedge and
socket-end fittings.
•The clip does not provide strength to
the wedge and socket connection.
•It is there to prevent the wedge from
accidentally being released.

Installing Wire Rope Clips
Installed properly as to number, direction, spacing and torque.

Wedge Sockets
•Most common
method of
terminating ropes
on cranes.
•All parts must
match in size.
•Measure rope
diameter to ensure
proper size.

Wedge Socket - Correct Rope Installation
•Live end of the
rope, the straight
side of the
socket and the
pinhole all line
up.

WINDING WIRE ROPE

Rigging
Basic Rules of Rigging
• Know the Weight
• Know the Capacity

HITCHES
STRAIGHT PULLwww.prothermindia.com

HITCHES
CHOCKER HITCHwww.prothermindia.com

HITCHES
BASKET HITCHwww.prothermindia.com

• Marked with the
capacity and proof
tested to 125
percent of that
capacity.
• Load should not
be left suspended
or unattended

How Horizontal Angle Affects Sling Capacity
Note: A good operating practice is to keep sling
angles from going below 60 degrees

Sling Angle Factor
Sling Angle Factor
= L/H
Where:
L = Length of the
sling.
H = Height of the
connection point
from the horizontal
plane of the load.

Sling Angles www.prothermindia.com

Hook load increases on brake application during lowering
Loading lowering
speed (ft/ min)
Stopping distance (ft)
Increase
in hook
load
(%)
10 5 2
100 0.4 0.7 2.2
150 1.0 1.6 4.9
200 1.7 2.9 8.6
250 2.7 4.5 13.5
300 3.9 6.5 19.4
350 5.3 8.8 26.4
450 6.9 11.5 34.5
Avoid rapid acceeration or deceleration of loadwww.prothermindia.com

An illustration of the signals must be posted at the job site
Hand Signals

Sheave grooves may become grooved if
cable’s nominal diameter is reduced,
indicating wear.

Safe Usage Practices
 Slings should be stored off
the floor and hung on racks
whenever possible in a clean,
dry environment.
 Never drag slings across the
floor.

Safe Usage Practices (Cont.)
 Never shock load slings.
 Keep loads balanced to
prevent overloading slings.
 Always lift loads straight up.
 Never rest a load on a sling,
or pinch a sling between the
load and the floor.
 A sling should not be pulled
from under a load when the
load is resting on the sling.
 Make sure the hook is always
over the center of gravity of
the load before lifting it.
 Do not apply a load to a
twisted, knotted or kinked
chain.
 Do not force or hammer
hooks or chains into position.

Safe Usage Practices (Cont.)
• Hands and Fingers shall
not be placed between the
sling and the load while
the sling is being
tightened around the load.
• Clean chains regularly as
dirt and grit can cause
excessive wear at the link
bearing points.
• Never shorten a sling with
knots, bolts or other
makeshift devices.
• Protect the chain’s surface
from contact with sharp
corners, which can cause
permanent damage
through gouging or
abnormal stress and wear.

Ropes, chains, and slings
• Factors affecting load capacity
– Hitch type
– Leg angle from vertical
• Other issues
– Hook deformation (maximum 10° twist, 15%
throat opening)
– Rope wear
• Consider replacement if more than 12 randomly
distributed broken wires within a single strand
within a single lay (ANSI B30.2)
– Chain deformation

Ropes, chains, and slings
• Selected controls
– Proper selection of rigging materials
– Proper use
– Keeping loads within limits
– Regular inspection/testing of rigging
components
– Training of riggers
• Other issues
– Hook retainers
– Load capacity charts for field usewww.prothermindia.com

ReviewReview
Select the right sling for the job.
Inspect slings prior to use,
removing from service any in
question.
Remember the effect of sling
angles on load capacities.
Properly store slings when finished
to avoid damage.www.prothermindia.com

ConcludeConclude
• Associates in the direction of travel
should be warned to move and remain
clear of a lifted load at all times.
• Loads should not be suspended over personnel
below.
• Under no circumstances may anyone ride the hook
or load.
• Directional movement should be made smoothly
and deliberately. Avoid rapid movements in any
direction. www.prothermindia.com

•Locate the hoist directly above the lifting
point of the load before lifting.
•Lower loads directly below the hoist.
•Keep hoisting ropes vertical. Do not pull
or push the load.
• Maintain two full wraps of cable on the
hoisting drum.
• Never pull a hoist by the
pendant cable
ConcludeConclude

Safe Slinging Practices Training by PE

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