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“Something what we
                                                     can’t live without”

                                                           Information
                                                           behavior of
                                                      immigrants in the
                                                           Seattle area



                                                      LIS 510
                                                      Monica Barba, Carl Burnett,
                                                      Gary Gao, Tami Garrard,
                                                      & Andrea Hermanson

Photo: Melissa Tse (flickr.com/photos/piyo02mel)
Immigrants in Seattle
About 1 in 6 Seattle residents is foreign-born, ranking
Seattle among the top third of large U.S. cities.
                                                          Top countries of origin:
                                                          1. Philippines
                                                          2. Vietnam
                                                          3. Mexico
                                                          4. China
                                                          5. Canada
                                                          6. South Korea
                                                          7. Japan
                                                          8. Ethiopia
                                                          9. Germany
                                                          10. United Kingdom




Source: "Seattle in Focus: A profile from Census 2000," The Brookings Institute (2003)
Categories of Immigration
   •   Immediate Relative & Family Sponsored
   •   Employer Sponsored
   •   Special Immigrants
   •   Diversity Visa Program
   •   Humanitarian
        o Refugees/Asylum Seekers


Our participants were primarily refugees and family-
sponsored immigrants.
Literature Review
Similarities

• Consensus in types of information
  immigrants seek
    o   Orellana (2003), Fisher et al. (2004), Caidi (2005),
        Flythe (2001)

• Most important sources of
  information tend to be uniform across
  studies (interpersonal resources)
    o   Fisher et al. (2004), Flythe (2001)


• Children as information mediators
    o   Chu, (1999); Orellana, M. F., Dorner, L., & Pulido, L.
        (2003); Fisher 2004

• Barriers to information
    o   Case (2007)
Literature Review
Disagreement

• Use of internet / technology as sources varied in research
  cases
   o   Due to different backgrounds,
       e.g. well-educated immigrant
       versus refugee
Literature Review - Anomalies
"Information and a Forgotten Minority: Elderly Chinese
Immigrants" (Su & Conaway, 1995)

Immigrant Children Mediatiors (ICM):
Information Givers vs. Barriers
(Chu, 1999)
Literature Review
Further study/forecasting
 • Further study on the complex roles of different social types
   in immigrants' information behaviour.
   o   as suggested by Fisher et al. (2004)
   o   Example: how do roles in culture (e.g. elders) affect information behaviour
       of younger people? How does the information elders provide affect the
       value of information to youth?

• Identifying how to facilitate information literacy though
  programs & services
   o Greater problem for new immigrants as they are confined by language
     literacy at the same time; how can professionals help?
   o How does native language material help immigrants? What kind of
     materials are most useful to them?
Themes in Literature Review
• Kinds of information immigrants seek
  o Basic human living needs

• Information Sources
   o Interpersonal sources
   o Ethnic communities

• Barriers to Information
  o Language
  o Technology literacy
Kinds of Information
                                      • Shelter/security
                                      • Jobs/employment

                                       • Language and
                                      communication ability

                                      • Health/healthcare

                                      • Education

        Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Our 'Berrypicking' Approach to
      Models & Theories
Pre-Fieldwork Information Behavior Model
Fieldwork Overview
     • Refugee Women's Alliance, ESL Class
     • Cascadia Community College, "Talk Time"
     • Seattle Public Library - Central Library




                    Methods

                    Survey

                    Focus Groups

                    Interviews
Participant Demographics




Countries of Birth
Bhutan, Cambodia, South Korea, Vietnam, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Morocco,
Somalia, Panama, Russia, Iraq, Iran
Fieldwork at Refugee Women's Alliance
Survey Participants
Demographic Overview




                       Languages spoken at home
                       Amharic      Kurdish
                       Arabic       Nepali
                       Cambodian    Oromo
                       Chinese      Somali
                       Dzongkha     Tigrinya
                       English      Vietnamese
                       Hindi
Fieldwork
ReWA Survey - Most Sought Information
Fieldwork
ReWA Survey - Healthcare Sources
Fieldwork
ReWA Survey - Employment Sources
Fieldwork
ReWA Survey - Housing Sources
Fieldwork
ReWA Survey - Entertainment Sources
Fieldwork
ReWA Survey - Most Important Information Sources
Fieldwork
Refugee Women's Alliance
Focus Group

• 4 focus group participants

• Open-ended, topical questions

• Major topics of conversations

   o   Basic Information Needs
   o   Jobs
   o   English language skills
   o   Internet use (for self and others)
Fieldwork
Refugee Women's Alliance
Staff Interview

Major Topics:
• Barriers
   o Culture (Muslims working in markets, dress code)
   o Language (job applications)
   o Technology (many applications now internet only)

• Students exchanging topics between each other
  o EFL class information [SOUND BITE]

• Children as Mediators
  o Anomaly: some immigrants do not trust children with
    interpreting content [SOUND BITE]
Fieldwork - CCC Talk Time
Focus Group

                      • 7 focus group participants

                      • Open-ended, topical questions

                      • Participants from: Panama,
                        Korea (2), Morocco, Iran,
                        Russia, & Vietnam

                      • Languages spoken at home:
                        Spanish/Spanglish, Korean,
                        Moroccan Arabic, Farsi,
                        English, & Vietnamese
Fieldwork - CCC Talk Time
Focus Group
Most important/common information sources:
 Family members, church, library, newspapers and the Internet

Several sources were used when seeking information on the same topic.

Easiest and preferred approach? People

The Internet was an important source of information, but comfort levels varied.

Barriers included:
 • information overload
 • language ability
 • cultural differences
 • difficulty using computers
Fieldwork
Seattle Public Library, Central Library
____________________
Valerie Wonder
ESL & Literacy Program Manager

• Services

• Information Seeking Behavior

   o   outreach & publicity
   o   information seeking
   o   barriers
   o   other
Information Behavior Model
Information
Behavior
Model - 2
Implications - Professional Practice
Continual assessment of changing population
Implementing inclusion and diversity training for staff

Collaboration and outreach between varying social
service, government, educational, and
community organizations

Multi-generational programs
Language, technology, and
information literacy programming
Researchers, or interpreters, who
speak the native language
Implications - Systems Design
     Multilingual information retrieval systems

     Culturally appropriate indexing language

     Online translation
          o built into systems or applications

     Simpler searching, Spelling corrections
          o   "did you mean?" suggestions
Implications
Policy-Making

State and Federal
Government

         Community Agencies

                                     Naturalization & Citizenship

                                                           Common English language

                                                                           Funding/Grants
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2008) Task Force on New Americans
image: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Policy-Making-Process.html

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Information behavior of immigrants in the Seattle area

  • 1. “Something what we can’t live without” Information behavior of immigrants in the Seattle area LIS 510 Monica Barba, Carl Burnett, Gary Gao, Tami Garrard, & Andrea Hermanson Photo: Melissa Tse (flickr.com/photos/piyo02mel)
  • 2. Immigrants in Seattle About 1 in 6 Seattle residents is foreign-born, ranking Seattle among the top third of large U.S. cities. Top countries of origin: 1. Philippines 2. Vietnam 3. Mexico 4. China 5. Canada 6. South Korea 7. Japan 8. Ethiopia 9. Germany 10. United Kingdom Source: "Seattle in Focus: A profile from Census 2000," The Brookings Institute (2003)
  • 3. Categories of Immigration • Immediate Relative & Family Sponsored • Employer Sponsored • Special Immigrants • Diversity Visa Program • Humanitarian o Refugees/Asylum Seekers Our participants were primarily refugees and family- sponsored immigrants.
  • 4. Literature Review Similarities • Consensus in types of information immigrants seek o Orellana (2003), Fisher et al. (2004), Caidi (2005), Flythe (2001) • Most important sources of information tend to be uniform across studies (interpersonal resources) o Fisher et al. (2004), Flythe (2001) • Children as information mediators o Chu, (1999); Orellana, M. F., Dorner, L., & Pulido, L. (2003); Fisher 2004 • Barriers to information o Case (2007)
  • 5. Literature Review Disagreement • Use of internet / technology as sources varied in research cases o Due to different backgrounds, e.g. well-educated immigrant versus refugee
  • 6. Literature Review - Anomalies "Information and a Forgotten Minority: Elderly Chinese Immigrants" (Su & Conaway, 1995) Immigrant Children Mediatiors (ICM): Information Givers vs. Barriers (Chu, 1999)
  • 7. Literature Review Further study/forecasting • Further study on the complex roles of different social types in immigrants' information behaviour. o as suggested by Fisher et al. (2004) o Example: how do roles in culture (e.g. elders) affect information behaviour of younger people? How does the information elders provide affect the value of information to youth? • Identifying how to facilitate information literacy though programs & services o Greater problem for new immigrants as they are confined by language literacy at the same time; how can professionals help? o How does native language material help immigrants? What kind of materials are most useful to them?
  • 8. Themes in Literature Review • Kinds of information immigrants seek o Basic human living needs • Information Sources o Interpersonal sources o Ethnic communities • Barriers to Information o Language o Technology literacy
  • 9. Kinds of Information • Shelter/security • Jobs/employment • Language and communication ability • Health/healthcare • Education Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
  • 10. Our 'Berrypicking' Approach to Models & Theories
  • 12. Fieldwork Overview • Refugee Women's Alliance, ESL Class • Cascadia Community College, "Talk Time" • Seattle Public Library - Central Library Methods Survey Focus Groups Interviews
  • 13. Participant Demographics Countries of Birth Bhutan, Cambodia, South Korea, Vietnam, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Morocco, Somalia, Panama, Russia, Iraq, Iran
  • 14. Fieldwork at Refugee Women's Alliance
  • 15. Survey Participants Demographic Overview Languages spoken at home Amharic Kurdish Arabic Nepali Cambodian Oromo Chinese Somali Dzongkha Tigrinya English Vietnamese Hindi
  • 16. Fieldwork ReWA Survey - Most Sought Information
  • 17. Fieldwork ReWA Survey - Healthcare Sources
  • 18. Fieldwork ReWA Survey - Employment Sources
  • 19. Fieldwork ReWA Survey - Housing Sources
  • 20. Fieldwork ReWA Survey - Entertainment Sources
  • 21. Fieldwork ReWA Survey - Most Important Information Sources
  • 22. Fieldwork Refugee Women's Alliance Focus Group • 4 focus group participants • Open-ended, topical questions • Major topics of conversations o Basic Information Needs o Jobs o English language skills o Internet use (for self and others)
  • 23. Fieldwork Refugee Women's Alliance Staff Interview Major Topics: • Barriers o Culture (Muslims working in markets, dress code) o Language (job applications) o Technology (many applications now internet only) • Students exchanging topics between each other o EFL class information [SOUND BITE] • Children as Mediators o Anomaly: some immigrants do not trust children with interpreting content [SOUND BITE]
  • 24. Fieldwork - CCC Talk Time Focus Group • 7 focus group participants • Open-ended, topical questions • Participants from: Panama, Korea (2), Morocco, Iran, Russia, & Vietnam • Languages spoken at home: Spanish/Spanglish, Korean, Moroccan Arabic, Farsi, English, & Vietnamese
  • 25. Fieldwork - CCC Talk Time Focus Group Most important/common information sources: Family members, church, library, newspapers and the Internet Several sources were used when seeking information on the same topic. Easiest and preferred approach? People The Internet was an important source of information, but comfort levels varied. Barriers included: • information overload • language ability • cultural differences • difficulty using computers
  • 26. Fieldwork Seattle Public Library, Central Library ____________________ Valerie Wonder ESL & Literacy Program Manager • Services • Information Seeking Behavior o outreach & publicity o information seeking o barriers o other
  • 29. Implications - Professional Practice Continual assessment of changing population Implementing inclusion and diversity training for staff Collaboration and outreach between varying social service, government, educational, and community organizations Multi-generational programs Language, technology, and information literacy programming Researchers, or interpreters, who speak the native language
  • 30. Implications - Systems Design Multilingual information retrieval systems Culturally appropriate indexing language Online translation o built into systems or applications Simpler searching, Spelling corrections o "did you mean?" suggestions
  • 31. Implications Policy-Making State and Federal Government Community Agencies Naturalization & Citizenship Common English language Funding/Grants U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2008) Task Force on New Americans image: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Policy-Making-Process.html