SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 20
What is ebola virus 
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, 
often fatal illness in humans. 
EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%. 
EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near 
tropical rainforests. 
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human 
population through human-to-human transmission. 
Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the 
Ebola virus. 
Ebola is however NOT AN AIRBORNE VIRUS
EXTREMELY deadly: 
About 90% of people 
that catch Ebola will 
die from it. 
It’s one of the 
deadliest diseases in 
the world, killing in 
just a few weeks.
To determine geographic 
range for Ebola virus: 
276 bats in Bangladesh 
Five (3.5%) bats were 
positive for antibodies 
against Ebola Zaire and 
Reston viruses 
These bats might be a 
reservoir for Ebola or 
Ebola-like viruses, and 
extend the range of 
filoviruses to mainland 
Asia.
Filoviruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause 
episodic, lethal, hemorrhagic outbreaks among 
humans and nonhuman primates and case-fatality 
rates up to 80% 
Despite their role in human disease, natural reservoirs of filoviruses 
have remained elusive for decades. Reports suggest that bats (Order 
Chiroptera) are the primary natural hosts, including Old World 
insectivorous bats (genera Rhinolophus and Miniopterus) and 
frugivorous bats (familyPteropodidae). 
Fruit bats of the genus Rousettus have been implicated as a reservoir 
of filoviruses in Africa (4–7) and REBOV in the Philippines (8). 
We screened bats of several species from Bangladesh for Ebola virus 
infection to determine whether the geographic range of this virus 
extends to southern Asia.
50–800 μL of blood were collected from brachial or cephalic veins of each bat, and diluted it 
1:4 with phosphate-buffered saline in the field before serum was separated, as described 
throat, urine/urogenital, and fecal swab specimens were also collected which were placed in 
750 μL of NucliSENS lysis buffer. All samples were collected in cryovials, placed in liquid 
nitrogen in the field, and maintained at −80°C until testing. 
Fifteen (11%) of 141 R. lescehnaulti, 6 (8%) of 75 Cynopterus spp., and 4 (7%) of 56 M. 
lyra bats were potentially positive after initial screening.
Conclusion: 
Our study provides evidence of Ebola virus infection in wildlife from 
mainland Asia and corroborates the observation that filoviruses are 
harbored across a much larger geographic range then assumed. 
Preferential reactivity to ZEBOV suggests exposure to an Ebola virus that 
is distinct from REBOV, the only filovirus currently found in Asia. 
We consider the likelihood of cross-reactivity with MARV as low 
because there is only a 35% aa identity between nucleoprotein genes of 
REBOV/ZEBOV and MARV. However, we cannot rule out co-infection 
with multiple filoviruses.
Genus Ebolavirus is 1 of 3 members of the Filoviridae family 
(filovirus), along with genus Marburgvirus and genus 
Cuevavirus. Genus Ebolavirus comprises 5 distinct species: 
Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV) 
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) 
Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) 
Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) 
Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV). 
BDBV, EBOV, and SUDV have been associated with large EVD outbreaks in Africa, 
whereas RESTV and TAFV have not. The RESTV species, found in Philippines 
and the People’s Republic of China, can infect humans, but no illness or death 
in humans from this species has been reported to date.
Transmission: 
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, 
secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. 
In Africa, infection has been documented through the handling of infected chimpanzees, 
gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the 
rainforest. 
Ebola then spreads in the community through human-to-human transmission, with infection 
resulting from direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, 
secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and indirect contact with 
environments contaminated with such fluids. 
Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased 
person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. 
Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for 
up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.
Signs and 
symptoms 
EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset of 
fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. 
This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, 
and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Laboratory findings 
include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes. 
People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the virus. 
Ebola virus was isolated from semen 61 days after onset of illness in a man who 
was infected in a laboratory. 
The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to 
onset of symptoms, is 2 to 21 days.
Diagnosis 
• Other diseases that should be ruled out before a diagnosis of EVD can 
be made include: malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, cholera, 
leptospirosis, plague, rickettsiosis, relapsing fever, meningitis, 
hepatitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. 
Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed definitively in a laboratory through 
several types of tests: 
antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 
antigen detection tests 
serum neutralization test 
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay 
electron microscopy 
virus isolation by cell culture
Vaccine and 
treatment 
No licensed vaccine for EVD is available. Several vaccines are 
being tested, but none are available for clinical use. 
Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. Patients 
are frequently dehydrated and require oral rehydration with 
solutions containing electrolytes or intravenous fluids. 
No specific treatment is available. New drug therapies are being 
evaluated.
Natural host of Ebola 
virus 
In Africa, fruit bats, particularly species of the 
genera Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops 
franqueti and Myonycteris torquata, are 
considered possible natural hosts for Ebola 
virus. As a result, the geographic distribution 
of Ebolaviruses may overlap with the range of 
the fruit bats.
Ebola virus in 
animals 
RESTV has caused severe EVD outbreaks in macaque 
monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) farmed in Philippines 
and detected in monkeys imported into the USA in 
1989, 1990 and 1996, and in monkeys imported to 
Italy from Philippines in 1992. 
Since 2008, RESTV viruses have been detected during 
several outbreaks of a deadly disease in pigs in 
People’s Republic of China and Philippines. 
Asymptomatic infection in pigs has been reported and 
experimental inoculations have shown that RESTV 
cannot cause disease in pigs.
Prevention 
and Control 
Controlling Reston ebola virus in domestic animals 
No animal vaccine against RESTV is available. Routine cleaning and disinfection of pig or 
monkey farms (with sodium hypochlorite or other detergents) should be effective in 
inactivating the virus. 
If an outbreak is suspected, the premises should be quarantined immediately. Culling of 
infected animals, with close supervision of burial or incineration of carcasses, may be 
necessary to reduce the risk of animal-to-human transmission. Restricting or banning the 
movement of animals from infected farms to other areas can reduce the spread of the 
disease. 
As RESTV outbreaks in pigs and monkeys have preceded human infections, the 
establishment of an active animal health surveillance system to detect new cases is 
essential in providing early warning for veterinary and human public health authorities.
Reducing the risk of Ebola infection in people 
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, raising awareness of the risk factors for 
Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human 
infection and death. 
Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit bats or 
monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat. 
Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products 
(blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption. 
Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission in the community arising from direct or close 
contact with infected patients, particularly with their bodily fluids. 
Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. 
Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill 
patients at home. 
Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of 
patients at home. 
Communities affected by Ebola should inform the population about the nature of the disease and 
about outbreak containment measures, including burial of the dead. 
People who have died from Ebola should be promptly and safely buried.
Ebola Virus

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Ebola virus disease by Aminu Arzet
Ebola virus disease by Aminu ArzetEbola virus disease by Aminu Arzet
Ebola virus disease by Aminu Arzet
 
Ebola virus
Ebola virusEbola virus
Ebola virus
 
Ebola
EbolaEbola
Ebola
 
Ebola Virus
Ebola VirusEbola Virus
Ebola Virus
 
Ebolavirus
EbolavirusEbolavirus
Ebolavirus
 
Ebola virus (Deadly Among All)
Ebola virus (Deadly Among All)Ebola virus (Deadly Among All)
Ebola virus (Deadly Among All)
 
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus disease
Ebola virus disease
 
Ebola virus
Ebola virusEbola virus
Ebola virus
 
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus disease
Ebola virus disease
 
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus disease
Ebola virus disease
 
Ebola ppt
Ebola pptEbola ppt
Ebola ppt
 
Ebola virus
Ebola virusEbola virus
Ebola virus
 
Ebola virus disease (EVD)
Ebola virus disease (EVD)Ebola virus disease (EVD)
Ebola virus disease (EVD)
 
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus disease
Ebola virus disease
 
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus  diseaseEbola virus  disease
Ebola virus disease
 
Ebola br
Ebola   brEbola   br
Ebola br
 
Ebola
Ebola Ebola
Ebola
 
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari
 
Ebola presentation
Ebola presentationEbola presentation
Ebola presentation
 
Ebola Virus Updates - Presented by Advanced Medical Strategies
Ebola Virus Updates - Presented by Advanced Medical StrategiesEbola Virus Updates - Presented by Advanced Medical Strategies
Ebola Virus Updates - Presented by Advanced Medical Strategies
 

Similar to Ebola Virus

Ebola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention
Ebola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and preventionEbola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention
Ebola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and preventionPlanet Ayurveda
 
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive review
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive reviewEbola virus disease - A comprehensive review
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive reviewpharmaindexing
 
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Amit Bhagat
 
EBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptx
EBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptxEBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptx
EBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptxMkindi Mkindi
 
Ebola biology investigatory project
Ebola biology investigatory projectEbola biology investigatory project
Ebola biology investigatory projectShilpi Srivastava
 
Ebola:The fever,fear and people
Ebola:The fever,fear and peopleEbola:The fever,fear and people
Ebola:The fever,fear and peopleolutunde olarinde
 
An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)
An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)
An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)pharmaindexing
 
The Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
The Deadly Ebola Virus EssayThe Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
The Deadly Ebola Virus EssayBeth Hernandez
 

Similar to Ebola Virus (20)

Ebola virus jc
Ebola virus jcEbola virus jc
Ebola virus jc
 
Ebola virus ppt
Ebola virus pptEbola virus ppt
Ebola virus ppt
 
EBOLA VIRUS
EBOLA VIRUSEBOLA VIRUS
EBOLA VIRUS
 
Ebola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention
Ebola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and preventionEbola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention
Ebola virus — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention
 
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive review
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive reviewEbola virus disease - A comprehensive review
Ebola virus disease - A comprehensive review
 
Ebola viruses
Ebola virusesEbola viruses
Ebola viruses
 
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014
Ebola Outbreak in Liberia : August 2014
 
EBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptx
EBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptxEBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptx
EBOLA & OTHER VHF 2022.pptx
 
Myrie
MyrieMyrie
Myrie
 
Ebola biology investigatory project
Ebola biology investigatory projectEbola biology investigatory project
Ebola biology investigatory project
 
Ebola:The fever,fear and people
Ebola:The fever,fear and peopleEbola:The fever,fear and people
Ebola:The fever,fear and people
 
An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)
An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)
An overview on ebola virus disease (evd) or ebola hemorrhagic fever (ehf)
 
Ebola virus a to z
Ebola virus a to zEbola virus a to z
Ebola virus a to z
 
Ebd presentation
Ebd presentationEbd presentation
Ebd presentation
 
Ebola
EbolaEbola
Ebola
 
Ebola Virus
Ebola Virus Ebola Virus
Ebola Virus
 
Ebola virus
Ebola virusEbola virus
Ebola virus
 
Rift valley-virus
Rift valley-virusRift valley-virus
Rift valley-virus
 
The Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
The Deadly Ebola Virus EssayThe Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
The Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
 
Ebola virus
Ebola virusEbola virus
Ebola virus
 

More from Claiddin Bangalisan

More from Claiddin Bangalisan (6)

Genetic Disorder
Genetic DisorderGenetic Disorder
Genetic Disorder
 
Muscle Tissue
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
 
Oral Mucosa
Oral MucosaOral Mucosa
Oral Mucosa
 
Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System
Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous SystemDrugs That Act In The Central Nervous System
Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System
 
Gastrointestinal Gisorders
Gastrointestinal GisordersGastrointestinal Gisorders
Gastrointestinal Gisorders
 
Vitamin A
Vitamin AVitamin A
Vitamin A
 

Recently uploaded

💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...
💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...
💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...
Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...
Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...Sheetaleventcompany
 
❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...
❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...
❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...Sheetaleventcompany
 
❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...
❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...
❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...Sheetaleventcompany
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
 
Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...
Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...
Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...
Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...
Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...
Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...
Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their RegulationCardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their RegulationMedicoseAcademics
 
(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...
(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...
(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...TanyaAhuja34
 
Chennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book now
Chennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book nowChennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book now
Chennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book nowtanudubay92
 
Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...
Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...
Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...Sheetaleventcompany
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
 
Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...
Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...
Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...soniyagrag336
 
💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...
💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...
💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...gragneelam30
 
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...Dipal Arora
 
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Availableperfect solution
 
💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...
💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...
💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar 💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Gir...
Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar  💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃  Top Class Call Gir...Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar  💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃  Top Class Call Gir...
Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar 💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Gir...Namrata Singh
 

Recently uploaded (20)

💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...
💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...
💚Call Girls In Amritsar 💯Anvi 📲🔝8725944379🔝Amritsar Call Girl No💰Advance Cash...
 
Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...
Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...
Goa Call Girl Service 📞9xx000xx09📞Just Call Divya📲 Call Girl In Goa No💰Advanc...
 
❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...
❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...
❤️Call Girl Service In Chandigarh☎️9814379184☎️ Call Girl in Chandigarh☎️ Cha...
 
❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...
❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...
❤️Amritsar Escorts Service☎️9815674956☎️ Call Girl service in Amritsar☎️ Amri...
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
 
Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...
Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...
Exclusive Call Girls Bangalore {7304373326} ❤️VVIP POOJA Call Girls in Bangal...
 
Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...
Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...
Dehradun Call Girls Service {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girl in Dehradun U...
 
Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...
Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...
Kolkata Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9xx000xx09 👄🫦 Independent Escort Service Kolka...
 
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their RegulationCardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
 
(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...
(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...
(RIYA)🎄Airhostess Call Girl Jaipur Call Now 8445551418 Premium Collection Of ...
 
Chennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book now
Chennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book nowChennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book now
Chennai ❣️ Call Girl 6378878445 Call Girls in Chennai Escort service book now
 
Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...
Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...
Chandigarh Call Girls Service ❤️🍑 9809698092 👄🫦Independent Escort Service Cha...
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
 
Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...
Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...
Gorgeous Call Girls Dehradun {8854095900} ❤️VVIP ROCKY Call Girls in Dehradun...
 
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
Call Girls in Lucknow Just Call 👉👉8630512678 Top Class Call Girl Service Avai...
 
💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...
💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...
💰Call Girl In Bangalore☎️63788-78445💰 Call Girl service in Bangalore☎️Bangalo...
 
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
Bhawanipatna Call Girls 📞9332606886 Call Girls in Bhawanipatna Escorts servic...
 
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Rishikesh Just Call 9667172968 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...
💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...
💚Reliable Call Girls Chandigarh 💯Niamh 📲🔝8868886958🔝Call Girl In Chandigarh N...
 
Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar 💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Gir...
Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar  💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃  Top Class Call Gir...Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar  💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃  Top Class Call Gir...
Kolkata Call Girls Shobhabazar 💯Call Us 🔝 8005736733 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Gir...
 

Ebola Virus

  • 1.
  • 2. What is ebola virus Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%. EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus. Ebola is however NOT AN AIRBORNE VIRUS
  • 3. EXTREMELY deadly: About 90% of people that catch Ebola will die from it. It’s one of the deadliest diseases in the world, killing in just a few weeks.
  • 4.
  • 5. To determine geographic range for Ebola virus: 276 bats in Bangladesh Five (3.5%) bats were positive for antibodies against Ebola Zaire and Reston viruses These bats might be a reservoir for Ebola or Ebola-like viruses, and extend the range of filoviruses to mainland Asia.
  • 6. Filoviruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause episodic, lethal, hemorrhagic outbreaks among humans and nonhuman primates and case-fatality rates up to 80% Despite their role in human disease, natural reservoirs of filoviruses have remained elusive for decades. Reports suggest that bats (Order Chiroptera) are the primary natural hosts, including Old World insectivorous bats (genera Rhinolophus and Miniopterus) and frugivorous bats (familyPteropodidae). Fruit bats of the genus Rousettus have been implicated as a reservoir of filoviruses in Africa (4–7) and REBOV in the Philippines (8). We screened bats of several species from Bangladesh for Ebola virus infection to determine whether the geographic range of this virus extends to southern Asia.
  • 7. 50–800 μL of blood were collected from brachial or cephalic veins of each bat, and diluted it 1:4 with phosphate-buffered saline in the field before serum was separated, as described throat, urine/urogenital, and fecal swab specimens were also collected which were placed in 750 μL of NucliSENS lysis buffer. All samples were collected in cryovials, placed in liquid nitrogen in the field, and maintained at −80°C until testing. Fifteen (11%) of 141 R. lescehnaulti, 6 (8%) of 75 Cynopterus spp., and 4 (7%) of 56 M. lyra bats were potentially positive after initial screening.
  • 8. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence of Ebola virus infection in wildlife from mainland Asia and corroborates the observation that filoviruses are harbored across a much larger geographic range then assumed. Preferential reactivity to ZEBOV suggests exposure to an Ebola virus that is distinct from REBOV, the only filovirus currently found in Asia. We consider the likelihood of cross-reactivity with MARV as low because there is only a 35% aa identity between nucleoprotein genes of REBOV/ZEBOV and MARV. However, we cannot rule out co-infection with multiple filoviruses.
  • 9. Genus Ebolavirus is 1 of 3 members of the Filoviridae family (filovirus), along with genus Marburgvirus and genus Cuevavirus. Genus Ebolavirus comprises 5 distinct species: Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV) Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV). BDBV, EBOV, and SUDV have been associated with large EVD outbreaks in Africa, whereas RESTV and TAFV have not. The RESTV species, found in Philippines and the People’s Republic of China, can infect humans, but no illness or death in humans from this species has been reported to date.
  • 10. Transmission: Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. In Africa, infection has been documented through the handling of infected chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. Ebola then spreads in the community through human-to-human transmission, with infection resulting from direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and indirect contact with environments contaminated with such fluids. Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.
  • 11. Signs and symptoms EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes. People are infectious as long as their blood and secretions contain the virus. Ebola virus was isolated from semen 61 days after onset of illness in a man who was infected in a laboratory. The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is 2 to 21 days.
  • 12.
  • 13. Diagnosis • Other diseases that should be ruled out before a diagnosis of EVD can be made include: malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, cholera, leptospirosis, plague, rickettsiosis, relapsing fever, meningitis, hepatitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed definitively in a laboratory through several types of tests: antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen detection tests serum neutralization test reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay electron microscopy virus isolation by cell culture
  • 14. Vaccine and treatment No licensed vaccine for EVD is available. Several vaccines are being tested, but none are available for clinical use. Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. Patients are frequently dehydrated and require oral rehydration with solutions containing electrolytes or intravenous fluids. No specific treatment is available. New drug therapies are being evaluated.
  • 15. Natural host of Ebola virus In Africa, fruit bats, particularly species of the genera Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata, are considered possible natural hosts for Ebola virus. As a result, the geographic distribution of Ebolaviruses may overlap with the range of the fruit bats.
  • 16. Ebola virus in animals RESTV has caused severe EVD outbreaks in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) farmed in Philippines and detected in monkeys imported into the USA in 1989, 1990 and 1996, and in monkeys imported to Italy from Philippines in 1992. Since 2008, RESTV viruses have been detected during several outbreaks of a deadly disease in pigs in People’s Republic of China and Philippines. Asymptomatic infection in pigs has been reported and experimental inoculations have shown that RESTV cannot cause disease in pigs.
  • 17.
  • 18. Prevention and Control Controlling Reston ebola virus in domestic animals No animal vaccine against RESTV is available. Routine cleaning and disinfection of pig or monkey farms (with sodium hypochlorite or other detergents) should be effective in inactivating the virus. If an outbreak is suspected, the premises should be quarantined immediately. Culling of infected animals, with close supervision of burial or incineration of carcasses, may be necessary to reduce the risk of animal-to-human transmission. Restricting or banning the movement of animals from infected farms to other areas can reduce the spread of the disease. As RESTV outbreaks in pigs and monkeys have preceded human infections, the establishment of an active animal health surveillance system to detect new cases is essential in providing early warning for veterinary and human public health authorities.
  • 19. Reducing the risk of Ebola infection in people In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, raising awareness of the risk factors for Ebola infection and the protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission in the community arising from direct or close contact with infected patients, particularly with their bodily fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients at home. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home. Communities affected by Ebola should inform the population about the nature of the disease and about outbreak containment measures, including burial of the dead. People who have died from Ebola should be promptly and safely buried.