Writing2, Topic Sentence, Outline, Controlling Idea
Lesson 4 - Western Discourse on India's Fragment
1. 4.1. Western Discourse
on India’s Fragments
Examining International nexus and their Indian Affiliates
2. Introduction
A paradoxical mixture of academics and activists are lifted across continents to
give testimonies against India.
Left-wing academicians of India collaborate with right-wing forces of the West,
typically via intermediaries.
Pro-India perceptions are ignored and the Indian legacy of supporting the rights
of down-trodden are dismissed derisively.
Ideologues give open call to racial civil wars, which are published by
prestigious academic publishing houses of the West.
Seeing India with distorting lenses - project a savage imagery of India as a dark
frontier region ripe for Western intervention.
3. Introduction
Dividing, destabilizing and weakening India.
Demonizing, distorting and/or co-opting its culture.
Right-wing American politicians support NGO service projects run by
liberals they would scorn at home.
Left-liberal academics share the stage with right-wing fundamentalist
Christians in the service of some ‘oppressed’ people in India that
neither group understands adequately.
4. Western funding agencies
work closely with their
respective governments,
academic institutions and
churches.
The overall mission is to
influence Indian intellectuals
in the academy, media and
NGOs.
5.
6. Indians are
unlike Chinese
Interestingly, while the Chinese government, industrialists, and intellectuals are very
influential in the academic studies of China from a nationalistic position, there is no
significant role by the Indian government or any other Indian institution acting squarely
on behalf of India’s interest in the global study of India.
9. Approach to studying Hinduism
The primary categories of academic study are castes, minorities
and women.
These groups are oppressed as the result of Indian civilization’s
flaws.
Feeds a negative attitude towards Indian civilization in general.
India is a dysfunctional nation-state defined by its human rights
crises and other problems
10. South Asian studies departments
in the Western academic world.
Dalit studies encourage Dalit writing only from a separatist and divisive
perspective.
Ignores the significant cooperation between the Dalits and the savarnas.
Ignoring that Ramayana, Mahabharata, and much of bhakti literature, were
written by Dalits.
Raja Rao is prejudiced against his Muslim characters.
How there are very few Muslim characters in texts by Hindu writers such as
Tagore.
11. Analyzing 35 years of annual conferences on
India held at University of Wisconsin, Madison.
India is as an anti-progressive country, frozen in time, and poverty stricken.
India appears like a patient afflicted with caste, sati, dowry, feticide, untouchability,
etc., with the West as the doctor.
Indian nation-state is a illegitimate and an artificial ‘imagined community’ that does
not really exist, or if it does, it should not exist because its very existence is
oppressive to its downtrodden.
But such notions of imagined communities are quite arbitrarily applied. For
instance, Muslims and Dalits across India - fragmented into thousands of tiny
communities and identities are treated as a coherent collective.
13. The national identities of the USA, China and
Japan are becoming stronger.
National identity in the West is getting stronger, in the less
developed countries scholarship is encouraged toward self-
deconstruction.
They are not deconstructing themselves with comparable force or
feeding their own centrifugal forces.
In America – deconstruction in academic sphere only.
14. The deconstruction of India.
Postmodernism has provided academic respectability to a whole generation
of bright Indians to deconstruct their own nationality and civilization.
This self-flagellation is made fashionable by association with West-based,
‘successful’ Indian scholars, and is encouraged through funding and career
paths.
India is to be replaced by a large number of ‘sub-nations’ according to this
trendy theory.
While trying to champion the subaltern strata, these theories are largely
inaccessible and meaningless to the subaltern people themselves.
16. These projects might have
initially started out as
strictly academic, but they
fed one another and
eventually entered the
public discourse.
…to create separatist
identities
among Indians
17. 1. Linguistics
Linguistics became an important new discipline in Europe largely
due to the influence of Indology.
To reinforce separate ethnic identities among various Indian
groups.
First they maximized the linguistic differences by constructing
separate grammars, and then
Show that Tamil classical literature was a narrative of conflicting
ethnic identities throughout Indian history.
18. 2. Literature
The scope for studying the classical literature in each language is
abundant.
Approach to Indian literature is superimposed on top of the divisive
approach to Indian linguistics.
To identify crucial ethnic elements, isolating it from the rest of Indian
literature.
Often these features would be highlighted as ‘this-worldly’ or
‘secular’ Tamil poetry, to contrast it from the supposed ‘other-
worldliness’ of Sanskrit literature.
19. 3. Art and Cultural Studies
The common trend is to identify local differences and play them up
as the essence of the culture.
Sometimes even the art is associated with imagined Christian
influences.
20. 4. History
Any common Indian narrative is dismissed as artificial or a
conspiracy of oppressive Brahmins or later nationalists.
The ‘spread’ of any common cultural element is depicted as the
strategy of cunning kings and Brahmins.
Indian scholars are encouraged by Western agencies to
deconstruct every aspect of Indian culture.
Gift to the subalterns, the ‘real’ Indians, by giving them their true
history freed from that of India as a nation.
21. 5. Anthropological Studies
Race Science – It transformed Indian community units that were
distinguished by their occupational roles into ethnic/racial groups.
Each caste group is encouraged to identify itself with a racial
identity that it considers as indigenous.
Blames all its perceived and actual problems on a conspiracy of
other castes and on India as a whole.
22. Linguistics, Caste
Anthropology & Mythology became
powerful instruments
in the hands of colonial powers.
Cate = Race
Dravidian = Dalits
Indian and Hinduism painted as the Villains
24. What is Atrocity literature ?
Atrocity literature is a technical term referring to literature generated
by Western interests with the explicit goal to show that the target
non-Western culture is committing atrocities on its own people, and
hence in need of Western intervention.
Ex : The phenomenon of Thugs
The control over discourse by supplying meta-narratives serves as
a part of political control. In support of colonialism, there developed
a genre of literature in the West that became known as ‘atrocity
literature’.
25. Creating Atrocity literature :
In the context of American history
1) European settlers in America – pushed the natives – civilization and
savagery.
2) Dangerous savage – the myth making – painting a vivid picture of
native American – threat to innocent Christians.
3) Frontier – Uncivilized world
4) Grotesque divinities – idol worshipping
5) Primitive - Lacking in aesthetics, morality and rationality.
6) The Savage culture – victimize their own women and children.
7) Colonization and subsequent brutalities were justified.
26. Creating Atrocity literature :
In the context of American history
8) Manifest Destiny, White Man’s Burden - atrocity literature gave
intellectual sustenance to imperialism.
9) It also offered an emotional hook. The exciting adventures of
frontiersmen, including explorers, soldiers, and cowboys.
10) Thrived on half-truths - create a sense of heightened urgency in
dealing with savagery. Justify the harsh subjugation of the people.
11) Conflicts were exaggerated and sensationalized in order to make an
ideological point.
27. Once a target culture is branded and
marked in this way, it becomes the
recipient of all sorts of untoward
allegations.
Everything they say is lie.
29. Atrocity Literature on India
People of India as Savages – saved from darkness
Filled with images of polytheism and weird ‘gods’,
Caste system and human rights atrocities,
Moribund and grotesque aesthetics,
Irrational thinking and an overall image of chaos
Hence Civilizing and Colonizing Mission
30. Right Wing - The evangelical
organizations working under the Dalit
banner and the right-wing think-tanks
and policy centers see India through
a Biblical lens.
Left Wing - Deploy subaltern studies
and postmodern theories to
deconstruct the Indian state which is
oppressive, undemocratic, inherently
anti-minority, anti-women and anti-
Dalit.
32. Western Intervention in India’s
domestic affairs
Indian activists are hired to take domestic matters to international forums
are undermining India’s own legal, political and human rights structures.
Internationalizing of an issue - bring fame to a few ‘champions of human
rights.
Increased alienation among India’s youth, and a sense of dependence
on outsiders.
Alter the identities of Indian communities to create more conflicts.
Add fuel to the centrifugal forces that threaten India’s integrity.
33.
34. The entire global human rights industry must
be asked some additional questions:
Are Western institutions qualified to ‘cure’ Indian society?
What is the track-record of Western powers intervening in third world
domestic issues in the past?
Who are they accountable to, as the self-appointed ‘doctors’?
Does the West have a superior human rights record compared to the rest of
the world?
Are Western agendas constructed for their own benefit to justify meddling?
Are human rights definitions and the case selections biased?
Do globetrotting Indian activists have personal vested interests?
35. 4.2. India:
A Neo-Con Frontier
This and the subsequent chapter describe how both the Christian right-wing and the
liberal, secular left-wing come together to depict India as a region of darkness.
36. Fig 13.1 - a network of right-
wing think-tanks in the US.
They monitor India to gather
atrocity literature - conduct media
briefings and promote anti-India
advocacy.
Advocate US intervention in
India’s affairs from a Judeo-
Christian interest.
Dalit activism - a front for
Christian right-wing subversion.
Hinduism inherent evil tendencies
– all the ills.
37. 4.2.1. The Evangelical
Missions
• Western governments - civilization-flag bearers.
• India provides the richest harvesting ground for souls.
• Operates as multinational enterprises
38. Corporate Multinationals to Convert
Hindus
The Thailand Report on Hindus - A special task-force was formed
to analyze Hindus as the target, and to devise strategies to convert
them over the next few decades.
Classifying Hindus into different target segments.
Explained the issues facing each segment - vulnerable to
conversion and as well as the resistance to conversion.
The corporate marketing approach - SWOT Analysis
39. Urban Evangelism
The following categories of Hindus have an open response to
Christ:
slum dwellers;
young people in schools and universities;
unemployed young people desperately in search of jobs.
40. Student Evangelism : Strategies
‘....Students from a traditional Hindu home appear open to the
Christian gospel due to the breakdown of their religiosity while in
the secular atmosphere of the college/university. Students coming
from a rural background to study in a city are lonely, and open to
Christian influence through friendship. The students from other
language areas studying in linguistically strange areas are open for
friendship from Christian youth (e.g. a Bengali north Indian studying in
an engineering/medical/technical college in Hyderabad). International
students are another group open to new influences (e.g. Malaysian,
Iranian, and African students in India)…..’
41. Student Evangelism : Strategies
Train Christian students to develop close friendships with Hindu
students.
Conduct special Bible studies for Hindu students.
Help them financially when the students are genuinely needy.
The ‘strategy for social concern’ warns the missionary not to ‘give
room for suspicion.
42. India’s Unity Identified as
Barriers for Evangelism
In 2000, the Theology Strategy Working Group and the Intercessory
Working Group under the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization
hosted a workshop for sixty key strategists
44. Pat Robertson
Documentary on India
The Ganga as ‘Siva’s sperm’.
Hinduism as having evil tendencies
- polytheism.
The land has been cursed.
Siva [is] the God of Destruction,
The Goddess of Death [Kali] – that
black, ugly statue with all those
fierce eyes.
45. Pat Robertson
‘I mean, these people are out to kill
other human beings in the name of
their God’.
Hinduism as being demonic.
Deities are labelled as demons
Conversion - an act of saving the
heathens.
‘Of all of India’s problems, one
stands out from the rest. That
problem is idol worship.
46. Gordon Robertson
‘The Bible talks in terms of the
land being cursed on behalf of
what the inhabitants have done
to it. You erect all these idols
under every green tree, on top of
every hill, you’re going to curse
your land. And the oppression,
we see it in evidence’.
48. Dalit Activism by the American
Christian Right
All caste problems in India are caused by Hinduism.
Hinduism = caste = racism
American right-wing + Dalit Christian evangelists - the problems of
India are the result of heathenism.
The cure is Christianity.
49. 4.2.2a. Dalit Freedom Network
Colorado, USA
An example of a West-run organization that professes
to champion Indian Dalit Emancipation.
50. Dalit Freedom Network
It describes its mission as, ‘to follow the command of Jesus Christ
who called us to be “the salt of the earth” and “the light of the
world”’.
It was founded in 2002 by Dr Joseph D’souza, head of the All India
Christian Council (described later in this chapter), along with Nanci
Ricks, a former missionary.
51. The list of directors :
One of its directors is a former top staffer of right-wing US congressman,
Trent Franks.
Another is a vice president of the Moody Bible Institute, which the
Encyclopedia of Christianity calls ‘the flagship of interdenominational
fundamentalism in the twentieth century’.
Two directors are from OM (Operation Mobilization), a US-based
‘international Christian mission agency with over 5,400 workers in more
than 110 countries and onboard two ocean-going ships’.
52. Another is the lead singer of
Cademon’s Call, a Christian rock group.
Lyrics demonize India using Biblical imagery.
‘Mother India’ song refers to the serpent in the Bible’s Garden of
Eden as the cause for India’s suffering, and goes as follows:
‘…Father God, you have shed your tears for Mother India. Your Spirit
falls on India and captured me in Your embrace. The Serpent
spoke and the world believed its venom. . . . Father, forgive me, for I
have not believed. Like Mother India, I have groaned and grieved….’
53. Among the Advisory
Board Members of DFN are:
William Armstrong - a former Republican senator
Luis Bush – engage in evangelical activities
Thomas McCallie – support creationism in opposition to science
George Miley - International President of Antioch Network
54. John Gilman :
a head of Dayspring International
‘…The worship of a hundred million gods will
disappear. Idolatry will be cast down. But what
will replace it? National Dalit leaders plead to the
Church in India, saying, ‘Come and tell us
about your Jesus. Teach us your scriptures.’
They believe this is the only hope for India, a
nation that could be on the brink of a bloody civil
war – or on the brink of an outpouring of the
Holy Spirit unlike any in history. There has never
been a better soul-winning opportunity than right
now in the nation of India….’
55. ‘We Want to Kill Sanskrit’ : Kancha Ilaiah
‘We should close down the IITs and the IIMs as they
pander to the upper-caste economy of the country’.
The Christianity Today Congressional hearing in the USA’,
in which he blamed Hinduism for ‘the ongoing reality of
violence and discrimination against Dalits’.
Characterize Brahmins as
sub-humans,
‘acts like the communitarianism of penguins and sheep,
which hardly builds the energy for individual struggle for
survival’.
worse than animals because in their case.
57. DFN Activities
In 2005, DFN representatives, along with Kancha Ilaiah, provided testimony
to a US government subcommittee on human rights, in which they advocated
US interventionist policies against India. The hearing was titled, ‘Equality and
Justice for 200 Million Victims of the Caste System’
In 2006, a ‘Religious Freedom Day’ was organized on Capitol Hill in
Washington by the right-wing Christian fundamentalist. Joseph D’souza of
DFN gave the keynote speech, in which he held ‘Hindu extremism’
responsible for all religious violence.
Operation Mercy Charitable Company (OMCC), which aims to establish
explicitly Christian ‘Good Shepherd’ schools.
58. 4.2.2b. All India Christian
Council (AICC)
Presenting Indian atrocity literature.
Dalit and Christian Persecution.
59. Examples of US Politicians and
Bureaucrats Linked with
Christians Lobbying Against India
60. US Congressman Christopher Smith
Held a hearing in 2005 on human
rights violations and discrimination
faced by Dalits in India.
He is a staunch Christian known for
anti-abortionist and other
fundamentalist beliefs.
It is Christianity, not Dalit
empowerment or women’s rights, that
he is lobbying for
Chairman of the Committee on Africa,
Global Human Rights and
International Operations
61. Congressman Trent Franks
Introduced a resolution in the US
Congress, calling for interventionist
measures by United States in India’s
caste problems.
He also appeared on the radically
evangelical GOD TV channel to ask
Christians all over the world to pray
for the defeat of Barack Obama.
62. William Armstrong
He is a former US senator who is an active
member of the advisory board of Dalit
Freedom Network.
He serves as the president of Colorado
Christian University, which ‘recognizes the
need for an environment that fosters
evangelization’, by sending its students,
faculty, and staff to ‘places like India’
63. Edolphus Towns
He is a congressman and an ordained
Baptist minister.
He cited AICC reports as his authority to
condemn India in the US Congress, on the
charge that India’s Foreign Contributions
Regulations Act monitors the flow of foreign
funds for evangelization
64. Edolphus Towns
‘…There are steps that we can take to support the
rights of all people in South Asia. It is time that we
take these steps. They include cutting off our aid
and trade with India and putting the US Congress
on record in support of self-determination for the
Sikhs of Punjab, Khalistan, the Christian people
of Nagaland, the Kashmiris, and all the people of
South Asia, who are seeking freedom. Only by
exercising their right to self-determination, which is
the essence of democracy, can the people there
finally live in freedom, peace, and prosperity….’
67. Ethics and Public Policy
Center (EPPC)
The Ethics and Public Policy Center openly and officially calls itself
the ‘premier institute dedicated to applying the Judeo-Christian moral
tradition to critical issues of public policy’ in Washington.
68. Stanley Kurtz, a senior fellow
at EPPC at that time, and a
known right-wing radical
thinker also with a PhD from
Harvard.
‘Can we do deliberately in Iraq
what the British did
inadvertently in India?’
He praised Lord Macaulay’s
work to convince the British to
civilize Indian savages.
69. The late US Ambassador to the
UN, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, a tough
right-wing Reaganite who
repeatedly condemned and
opposed India at the time of Indira
Gandhi and notoriously helped arm
Pakistan with US weapons.
Timothy Shah, an Indian Christian
who was the Director of South Asia
Affairs at EPPC. He served as the
‘research director for an
international study of Evangelical
Protestantism and Democracy in
the Global South, funded by The
Pew Charitable Trusts
70. 4.3. India:
A Left-wing Frontier
How the secular lens, in contrast to Biblical lens, also
delegitimizes India as a nation state.
71.
72. Liberal-Left Think-tanks
Indian society is examined as a
collection of fragments that are
victims of Indian state oppression.
India is a prison for sub-national
identities that are held together
bybrute force.
Such portrayals become tools in
the hands of those who demand
the US-mediated balkanization of
India.
73. Academic South Asian Studies
India as a colonial construct
that has no historical validity of
its own.
Indian culture is inherently
anti-Dalit, anti-minority and
anti-women.
Both Indian culture and the
Indian state are shown as
opponents of freedom.
75. Few Individuals engaged in
Deconstruction of India
Martha Nussbaum - India’s internal clash – good vs bad guys -
Westernized liberal Indians versus militant ‘Hindu thugs’.
Lise McKean - Seeing the whole guru tradition as part of the
oppressive ‘Hindu nationalism’. University of Chicago Press.
Romila Thapar - Indian state are nothing but oppressive devices
controlled by dominant ethnic groups - need to be dismantled.
76. Few Individuals engaged in
Deconstruction of India
Meera Nanda - Virulently denouncing Indian culture and Hinduism
as being intrinsically anti-scientific.
Vijay Prashad - championed the Afro-Dalit collaboration to shape
the identity of marginalized Indians.
Angana Chatterji - lashing out against anything Hindu, seeing it as
an evil conspiracy to oppress innocent people.
77. Martha Nussbaum
She is professor of Law and Ethics at the
University of Chicago.
Radical Eurocentrism - Hindu nation is not ‘a
benign establishment like the Lutheran Church of
Finland’ but something that would treat Muslims
as second-class citizens.
In India the perpetrators of violence are not
Muslims but Hindus who sought their ideology
in Fascist Europe.
78. The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious
Violence, and India’s Future
Indus Valley Civilization was Dravidianist,
before the Sanskrit-speakers moved in.
Hindus are no more indigenous than Muslims.’
She in not expert in archeology but dare to
state : ‘…the entire Indian archeological
academic establishment as belonging to the
‘Hindu Right’…’
79. Lise McKean
In it she associates everything even remotely
connected with Hindu spirituality (such as a cement
advertisement featuring a yogi) to the ominous image
of Hindu nationalism.
‘a world more macabre than a Stephen King horror
story’.
A whole chapter is devoted to macabre details of child
sacrifices and murky allegations appearing in the
local press against Hindu ‘godmen’.
80. Romila Thapar
‘Patriotism = Aryan caste conspiracy’
India is founded as an oppressive upper-caste
system, against which low-caste insurgencies
need to be organized.
Identifying a ‘substratum religion, doubtless
associated with the rise of subaltern groups.
Merging of the south Indian Dravidian
separatism with a much broader base of pan-
Indian subaltern movements.
81. Romila Thapar
To reject the historical and cultural continuities
that unite India and its civilization.
Indian civilization as an amorphous and
random collection of tribes.
Hinduism is the result of recent ‘manufactured
mechanisms’ and ‘structures of statecraft.
82. Romila Thapar
References to the rakshasa, the preta and the
daitya, demons and ghosts of various kinds,
could have been a reference to the alien
people of the forest.
This is exactly the same thesis that is being
spread today by Maoist insurgents working
among remote tribes in central India, namely,
that demons mentioned in Hinduism are
actually references to tribal people.
83. Romila Thapar
Thapar does recognize the legitimacy of Jesus as
the Christ and accepts the historicity for his
existence while denying historicity for Rama.
In 2008 she gladly accepted the million-dollar
Kluge Prize, whereas she had twice declined the
Indian government’s Padma Bhushan.
She did so because she did not want to be seen
as politically linked to any ideology. But the Kluge
award is wellknown for being often given to
Christian evangelicals
84. Meera Nanda
Denouncing Indian culture as inherently anti-scientific and
accusing Indian nation builders of paving the way for
pseudo-science and even of having a Nazi mindset.
Accuses Swami Vivekananda and Bankim Chandra of the
‘cardinal sin’ of trying to appropriate modern scientific
thought for Hinduism.
All attempts to investigate Hinduism in the light of science
are declared to be linked to Hindutva.
85. Meera Nanda
Nanda has supported Protestantism as being
scientific, while describing Hinduism as the exact
opposite.
Nanda is representative of a pattern: The Templeton
Foundation brings together science with Judeo-
Christianity, and uses willing Indians like Nanda to
attack Indian spiritual traditions.
86. Vijay Prashad
He runs organizations that recruit Indian
American students on American campuses
to teach them about the horrors of Indian
civilization.
Prashad endorses the Afro-Dalit movement
- ‘both the Africans and the Indian
Untouchables and tribals had common
ancestors’.
India does not have any legitimacy as a
nation-state.
87. Angana P. Chatterji
Alleging India Development Relief Fund (IDRF) for funding
hatred and atrocities against Indian minorities.
India Development Relief Fund (IDRF) schools in Indian rural
and tribal areas were providing a successful alternative to
Christian missionary schools involved in conversion.
She also sent an unsolicited testimony on Orissa violence to
the government of India, in which all her data came directly
from the one-sided report by the All India Christian Council.
Supporting Kashmir separatists in the name of self-
determination.
88. Justify terrorist attacks on
India as well-deserved.
• India as an undemocratic state filled with horrors of Hindu savagery.
• Illegally occupying Kashmir and oppressing Muslims in general.
Hinweis der Redaktion
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Pg. 174/ 177 ----- Indians are not well coordinated in their study of these Western institutional interventions. On the contrary, most Indians in positions of influence are happily complacent, and some even support such interventions quite openly.
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Pg. 177
Pg. 177 --- Fig 11.2 shows the way India is deconstructed in many academic and think-tank projects in the West. The left side of the diagram shows the
secular lenses being applied in a Eurocentric manner, while the right side shows the Biblical lenses. In between are shown the topics of study.
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Fig 11.3 shows some of the academic disciplines, especially pertaining to the Tamil culture, that have served to create separatist identities among Indians. This process continues to this day, and has become entrenched beyond the intellectual forums and entered into the psyche of the general public.
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Pg. 212 ----
This chapter describes organizations using the Biblical lens, while their liberal secular counterparts will be described in the next chapter.
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It is said there are hundreds of millions of Hindu deities. All this has put a nation in bondage to spiritual forces that have deceived many for thousands of years’. His son elaborated further: ‘The Bible talks in terms of the land being cursed on behalf of what the inhabitants have done to it. You erect all these idols under every
green tree, on top of every hill, you’re going to curse your land. And the oppression, we see it in evidence’.
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Another important ideologue being globally promoted by DFN as ‘the leading Dalit rights campaigner’, is Kancha Ilaiah.
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Pg.229 –
Although DFN is based in the US, it is affiliated with the All India Christian Council, which is described as ‘the largest alliance in India of Church bodies and Christian entities’ and a ‘nation-wide alliance of Christian denominations, mission agencies, institutions, federations and Christian lay leaders’.
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This is ironic because within the US, the Biblical view and the secular humanist view are at loggerheads against one another.
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In studies of the United States or of other modern nation states like China, such deconstruction of the nationhood or cultural unity is typically kept at the periphery. But exactly the opposite is true when looking at India.