5. INTRODUCTION
⢠Lymphedema, also known as lymphoedema and
lymphatic edema;
⢠Is a condition of localized fluid retention and
tissue swelling.
⢠Caused by a compromised lymphatic system.
⢠The lymphatic system functions as a critical
portion of the body's immune system and returns
interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
6. Definition
â Lymphedema is the accumulation of protein rich
interstitial fluid in the subcutaneous tissue and
skin of the extremity. which may be associated
with chronic inflammation and fibrosis or
hyperplasia.
Two broad types
â Medical
â Surgical
7. EMBRYOLOGY
⢠Closely related to blood vessel development to
understand concept
⢠Vasculogenesis; building blood vessels from
beginning and mostly completed in-utero (from stem
cells/ progenitors)
⢠Angiogenesis; new blood vessels grow from
extension or sprouting of existing vessels mostly post
natal
ď Wound healing
ď Menstrual cycle and pregnancy
ď Tumor formation
11. ANATOMY
⢠Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries arise within the
interstitial spaces of the dermal papillae.
⢠These unvalved, superficial dermal lymphatics
drain into interconnected subdermal channels,
which parallel the superficial venous system.
⢠These subsequently drain into the deeper,
epifascial system of valved trunks lined with
smooth muscle cells and located just above the
deep fascia of the extremity.
12. ANATOMY
⢠A deeper-valved subfascial system of lymphatics is
responsible for the drainage of lymph from the fascia,
muscles, joints, ligaments, periosteum, and bone. This
subfascial system parallels the deep venous system of the
extremity.
⢠In lymphedema some reversed flow through perforators
from the epifascial to the subfascial system may occur as a
mechanism of decompression of the epifascial system.
⢠However, the derangement in lymphedema is almost
always exclusive to the epifascial lymphatic system, with
the subfascial system being uninvolved. Thus, the surgical
approaches to lymphedema focus on the epifascial system
13. PHYSIOLOGY
â lymphatic fluid is an ultra filtrate of plasma.
â Has the same electrolyte and some plasma
protein content of the plasma.
â Lymphatic capillaries (Zonal drainage)
â Primary lymph vessels valveless
â Secondary lymph vessels valved
â Sentinel nodes
14. PHYSIOLOGY
â Regional lymph nodes (arranged anatomically) in upper and
lower exteremities
â Watershed area of Sapey
â No communication between deep and superficial lymphatics
except at 2 points in the extremity
â also are aided by skeletal muscle contractions and pulsatile
movements of surrounding blood vessels to assist with lymph
flow
15. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
⢠The 17th century saw several emerging and almost
simultaneous discoveries in the field of lymphology
by Asselli, Pecquet, Bartholin and possibly Joliffe.
⢠Lymphatic system was first described by Erasistratus
in Alexandra > 2000yrs ago
⢠Williams Hunter in 18th century was 1st to describe
the functions of the lymphatics
⢠Olof Rudbeck (1630-1708) was probably the first
anatomist to consider correctly the lymphatic
circulation as an integrated system of the whole body
16. EPIDEMIOLOGY
⢠Worldwide, the most common cause of
lymphedema is filariasis infection. More than 100
million people are affected in endemic areas
worldwide
⢠Prevalence is about 0.13 â 2% globally
⢠At birth 1 in 60,000 people
⢠Females account for 70-80% of cases of
congenital lymphedema.
⢠Apart from its symptoms, it is also a frequent
source of emotional and psychological distress
17. STATEMENT OF SURGICAL IMPORTANCE
⢠It's important that lymphedema is identified
and treated as soon as possible. If it isn't
treated, it can get worse.
30. â˘Address of the patient
â˘Differentiate between unilateral and
bilateral Lymphedema
â˘Age of the patient
â˘Duration of swelling
â˘History of ulcers/Lymphangitis
â˘Effects of Posture
â˘How fast did the swelling develop
/progress
â˘What is the underlying medical
disease
â˘Previous Surgery
â˘Family History
â˘Drug History -Adalat
HISTORY
31. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
INSPECTION
â˘Compare the 2 limbs
â˘Extend of lymphedema with
measurement
â˘Old scar
â˘Current Lymphangitis
â˘Any skin changes
â˘Collateral veins
â˘Scars and/or Radiation skin
â˘Ulcers
â˘Papillomas
33. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Circumference
⢠Most commonly used
method to assess limb
volume
⢠Measurements taken at
various points of arm or
leg
⢠Time-consuming
⢠Requires considerable
experience
39. What types of compression are available ?
⢠Compression stocking
⢠can be used for treatment and maintenance
⢠2 pairs are appropriate to maximize hygiene
⢠last from 4 to 6 months
⢠can be difficult to don or doff and keep in position
⢠Compressive wrapping
⢠better flexibility for specific problem areas and for
specific patients
⢠patients and families can learn technique
⢠allow greater activity level than pumps
⢠can be time consuming to don
COMPLETE DECONGESTIVE THERAPY
40. Surgery
⢠Indications
â Failed conservative therapy
â Impaired function
â Gross extremity size and weight
â Recurrent lymphangitis (>3/yr)
â Severe skin changes
42. Complications
⢠Of lymphedema
â Recurrent cellulitis and/or lymphangitis
â Bacterial and fungal infections
â Lymphangio-adenitis
â DVT
â Severe functional impairment
â Cosmetic embarrassment
â Necessitating amputation
⢠Of Surgery
â Partial wound separation
â Seroma
â Hematoma
â Skin necrosis
â Exacerbation of edema
â Lymphangiosarcoma
43. Follow up
⢠Wear compressive garments
⢠With improvement, do routine limb elevation
and compression therapy
⢠Document circumferential measurements
44. Prevention
⢠Avoid extreme temperature changes
⢠Wear rubber gloves when doing chores
⢠Always put on shoes even at home
⢠When traveling by air, patients with lymphedema or those at
risk must wear a compression sleeve or stocking
⢠Use only electric razors
⢠Avoid trauma (bruising, cuts, sunburn, insect bites, cat
scratches etc.) to affected area
⢠Call physician at first sign of infection
⢠Treat all skin infections aggressively
47. CONCLUSION
⢠Lymphedema is a common, complex and
debilitating disorder whose biology is still
incompletely understood.
⢠Increased interest in, and comprehension of, this
disorder have led to enhanced methods of
diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic
intervention.
⢠It is anticipated that further investigation into the
cellular mechanisms of lymphedema will lead to
ever more elegant refinements in the ability to
control this disease.
49. REFERENCES
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