Kingdoms of the Living WorldKingdoms of the Living World
 Classically 2 KingdomsClassically 2 Kingdoms
 They were :They were :
 PlantsPlants
 AnimalsAnimals

Kingdoms of the Living WorldKingdoms of the Living World
 Today 5 Kingdoms:Today 5 Kingdoms:
 MoneraMonera –– Bacteria and Blue-green AlgaeBacteria and Blue-green Algae
 FungiFungi –– Fungi and Slime-moldsFungi and Slime-molds
 ProtistaProtista –– ProtozoansProtozoans
 PlantsPlants
 AnimalsAnimals

KINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTA

What is a Protozoan ???What is a Protozoan ???
 Single celledSingle celled
EukaryoticEukaryotic organismsorganisms
 EuEu –– TrueTrue
 KaryoticKaryotic - Nucleus- Nucleus

 Possess organelles to carry out complexPossess organelles to carry out complex
functionsfunctions
 RespirationRespiration –– Cell membraneCell membrane
 Water BalanceWater Balance –– Contractile vacuolesContractile vacuoles
 DigestionDigestion –– Food VacuolesFood Vacuoles
 LocomotionLocomotion –– Cilia, Flagella, PseudopodiaCilia, Flagella, Pseudopodia

LocomotionLocomotion
 FlagellaFlagella
 Present in FlagellatesPresent in Flagellates
((EuglenozoaEuglenozoa,, DinoflagellataDinoflagellata))
 Built like a cableBuilt like a cable
 Arise fromArise from KinetosomeKinetosome ––
provides energyprovides energy
 Beats like an OarBeats like an Oar
 Jerky movementJerky movement

LocomotionLocomotion
 CiliaCilia
 Present in CiliatesPresent in Ciliates
((CiliophoraCiliophora))
 Identical to FlagellaIdentical to Flagella –– OnlyOnly
shortershorter
 KinetosomesKinetosomes connected byconnected by
KinetodermalKinetodermal fibersfibers
 Allows for coordinationAllows for coordination ––
smooth movementsmooth movement

LocomotionLocomotion
 PseudopodiaPseudopodia
 Present in AmoebaPresent in Amoeba
 Moves on substrate, rather than swimmingMoves on substrate, rather than swimming

 AutotrophsAutotrophs- self feeding- self feeding
 HeterotrophsHeterotrophs –– eat otherseat others
 HolozoicHolozoic- eat pieces of food- eat pieces of food
 SaprozoicSaprozoic- absorb nutrients across cell- absorb nutrients across cell
membrane - molecular levelmembrane - molecular level
NutritionNutrition

Nutrition in various groupsNutrition in various groups
 ChlorophytaChlorophyta -- AutotrophsAutotrophs
 AmeobaAmeoba-like animals-like animals
 PhagocytosisPhagocytosis
 PinocytosisPinocytosis
 CiliophoraCiliophora –– HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
 ApicomplexaApicomplexa - Parasites- Parasites

OsmoregulationOsmoregulation
 Water balanceWater balance
 Contractile VacuoleContractile Vacuole
 FreshwaterFreshwater –– Cells Hypertonic toCells Hypertonic to
surroundingssurroundings –– Pick up waterPick up water
 MarineMarine –– Cells Hypotonic to surroundingsCells Hypotonic to surroundings
–– loose waterloose water
 Parasites - IsotonicParasites - Isotonic

ReproductionReproduction
 AsexualAsexual
 Binary fissionBinary fission
 BuddingBudding
 Multiple fissionMultiple fission
 SchizogonySchizogony
 SporogonySporogony –– multiple fission preceded bymultiple fission preceded by
union of gametesunion of gametes

ReproductionReproduction
 Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction
 Union of gametesUnion of gametes
 IsogametesIsogametes
 AnisogametesAnisogametes

ReproductionReproduction
 EncystmentEncystment vs.vs. ExcystmentExcystment
 During harsh environmental conditionsDuring harsh environmental conditions
 Build a thick coatBuild a thick coat –– EncystmentEncystment
 Conditions favorableConditions favorable –– break the coat -break the coat -
ExcystmentExcystment

Phylum:Phylum: ChlorophytaChlorophyta
 AsexualAsexual –– Binary fissionBinary fission
 Colonial forms -Colonial forms - VolvoxVolvox

CiliatesCiliates
 ParameciumParamecium
 AsexualAsexual –– Binary fissionBinary fission

CiliatesCiliates
 ParameciumParamecium
 Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction –– ConjugationConjugation
 2 types of Nuclei2 types of Nuclei
 MacronucleusMacronucleus
 MicronucleusMicronucleus

ApicomplexaApicomplexa
 Most are parasiticMost are parasitic
 Usually 2 types of hostsUsually 2 types of hosts
 Definitive hostDefinitive host –– Final hostFinal host
 Intermediate hostIntermediate host –– mode of transportmode of transport
 Plasmodium causes MalariaPlasmodium causes Malaria

Sensory / Defense StructuresSensory / Defense Structures
 CiliatesCiliates –– TrichocystsTrichocysts
 EuglenozoaEuglenozoa –– Stigma / EyespotStigma / Eyespot
 ApicomplexaApicomplexa –– Parasitic (so no structures)Parasitic (so no structures)

Higher Classification ofHigher Classification of
ProtozoansProtozoans
 PhylumPhylum SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora
 SubphylumSubphylum SarcodinaSarcodina (e.g.,(e.g., AmoebaAmoeba))
 SubphylumSubphylum MastigophoraMastigophora
 ClassClass PhytomastigophoraPhytomastigophora (e.g.,(e.g., EuglenaEuglena andand
VolvoxVolvox))
 ClassClass ZoomastigophoraZoomastigophora (e.g.,(e.g., TrypanosomaTrypanosoma))

Higher Classification ofHigher Classification of
ProtozoansProtozoans
 PhylumPhylum ApicomplexaApicomplexa
 ClassClass CoccideaCoccidea (parasites of invertebrates)(parasites of invertebrates)
 ClassClass SporozoaSporozoa (e.g.,(e.g., Plasmodium-Plasmodium- malaria)malaria)
 Mosquito is the vector; human is the hostMosquito is the vector; human is the host

Higher Classification ofHigher Classification of
ProtozoansProtozoans
 PhylumPhylum CiliophoraCiliophora (ciliates)(ciliates)
 All have ciliaAll have cilia
 All have macronucleus (i.e., vegetative)All have macronucleus (i.e., vegetative)
 All have micronucleus (i.e., reproductive)All have micronucleus (i.e., reproductive)
 All haveAll have cytostomecytostome