By:
CHETHAN YADAV
Lecturer in Biotechnology
Govt science college chitradurga

 Students be able to identify the various structures of
the male reproductive systems and state their
functions;
 Students be able to identify the various structures of
the female reproductive systems and state their
functions;

 Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
 Males and females each have structures specialized for their
roles in reproduction.
 Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system
functions,
 Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual
characteristics, such as breast development in females and
facial hair growth in males.
 Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production
of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm
transfer hereditary information from one generation to the
next.

Organ Function
Testes (biji zakar) Produces sperm
Scrotum (buah zakar) Place of testes
Penis Canal sperms from testes to
vagina
Sperm tube (vas
deferens)
Canal sperms from testes to the
urethra
urethra Canal sperm and urine out of the
body
Seminal gland Produces fluid enabling sperms to
move
Epididimis Place of maturity of sperm

Organ Function
Ovaries Produce eggs and sex
hormones
Oviduct or fallopian tube Channels an egg from ad
ovary to the uterus and
place of fertilization
Uterus Place of developing
embryo and fetus
Vagina Receives sperms from
outside and lets a baby
pass through at birth
cervix Duct which connect uterus
and vagina and produce
mucus liquid
Fimbrae To cacth ovum which

1. The Male Reproductive System1. The Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
External Organs
1) Penis
2) Scrotum
Internal Organs
1) Testes
2) Epididymis
3) Vas Deferens
4) Ejaculatory Duct
5) Seminal Vesicle
6) Prostate Glands
7) Cowper’s Gland

External OrgansExternal Organs
1.) PENIS - male organ of
copulation and urination
It is a cylindrical copulatory
organ.
Parts:
A). shaft/ body
B). Glans penis – enlarged
end; most sensitive

Penile OpeningPenile Opening
AbnormalitiesAbnormalities
EPISPADIAS – a rare type
of malformation of the
penis in which the urethra
ends in an opening on the
upper aspect (dorsum) of
the penis
HYPOSPADIAS – penile
opening at the anterior
aspect of the penis

External OrgansExternal Organs
2.) SCROTUM – The scrotum is an
anatomical male reproductive structure
that consists of a suspended sack of skin
and smooth muscle that is dual-
chambered, present in most terrestrial
male mammals and located under
the penis

Internal OrgansInternal Organs
 1.) TESTES – oval shaped glandular
organ lying within the abdominal
cavity in early fetal life and descend
in the scrotum after 28 weeks
gestation
 undescended testes /cryptorchidism
 functions:
◦ 1. Hormone production – testosterone
that stimulates spermatogenesis and
responsible for the secondary males
characteristics
◦ 2. Spematogenesis – production and
maturation of sperm cells; begins in
puberty and continue until old age

TestesTestes
parts of the testes:
1) seminiferous tubules – long coiled
tubes where spermatogenesis takes place
2) Leydig/interstitial cells – produce
testosterone
3) Sertoli cells – supporting cells which
play a role in sperm transport

EpididymisEpididymis
long coiled tube approximately 20 feet
long; where sperm travels for 12- 20 days
The epididymis is a coiled segment of
the spermatic ducts that stores
spermatozoa while they mature and then
transports the spermatozoa between the
testis and the tube connecting the testes
with the urethra (vas deferens).

Vas DeferensVas Deferens
passageway of the sperm cells from the
epididymis; contractile power of this area
propels the spermatozoa to the urethra
during ejaculation
cut during vasectomy

Ejaculatory DuctEjaculatory Duct
passageway
for the
semen

Seminal VesicleSeminal Vesicle
a pouch like organ lying behind the
bladder and in front of the rectum

6) Prostate Gland6) Prostate Gland
walnut shaped body lying below the
bladder
Surrounds the urethra and the 2
ejaculatory ducts

Cowper’s GlandCowper’s Gland
located behind the prostate gland
secretes an alkaline secretions that helps to
neutralize the acidic nature of the urethra and
provides lubrication during intercourse
 Bulbourethral Glands

 Sperm are male reproductive cells
 Each sperm cell has a head and tail. The head
contains hereditary information, and the tail
moves the sperm.
 A gland called the seminal vesicle provides
sperm with a fluid. This fluid supplies the
sperm with an energy source and helps them
move. This mixture of sperm and fluid is
called semen.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 Paired oval gonads situated one on either side of
the uterus
 They produce ova and female sex hormones –
estrogens
And progesterone.

 This tubes extend from the sides of the upper
body region of uterus.
 The free end with fimbriae opens into the body
cavity
 Fallopian tube is the site of fertilization

 A hollow flat pear shaped muscular tube that lies
between rectum and urinary bladder
 It is differentiated into funds dome shaped region
above the openings of the fallopian tubes
 The body portion and neck that leads to vagina

 The menstrual cycle is the monthly cycle of
changes in the female reproductive system.
 Before and after an egg is released from an ovary,
the uterus undergoes changes. The menstrual cycle
of a human female averages 28 days. However,
the cycle can vary in some individuals from 20 to
40 days.
 Changes include the maturing of an egg, the
production of female sex hormones, the
preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized
egg, and menstrual flow.

 It is collectively called vulva which consists of
labia major and minora,clitoris,vagina

 Major stage of puberty (between the ages of 8
and 13)
 From the beginning of one period to the
beginning of the next takes about 28 days for
most people (can differ)

 First day of menstrual period
 Blood and tissues that have built up on the inner
lining of the uterus flow of out of the vagina
 Last anywhere between 2-7 days
 After menstruation, the body begins releasing
hormones that signal the uterus to get ready to
receive a new egg ( 1/10 of a poppy seed)

 Hormones prepare an egg to be released from
the ovary
 Lining of uterus thickens and becomes rich in
blood and nutrients in case a sperm fertilizes
the egg
 The fertilized egg would then attach to the
lining

 Middle of the cycle ovulation occurs
 Ovulation is when the egg is released from
one of the ovaries.
 During this time the egg will travel down the
fallopian tube

 BEFORE ovulation – estrogen is released to
stimulate the uterus to build the lining with
extra blood and tissue to prepare for
pregnancy
 If the egg is fertilized by the sperm cell it
travels to the uterus and attaches

 FSH – Follicle Stimulation
Hormone
 LH - Luteinizing hormone LH –
signals ovulation
 Estrogen – produced throughout
the menstrual cycle
 Progesterone – produced during
second half of cycle – contributes
to thickening of the endometrium
which is shed during the
menstrual phase if fertilization
does not take place
- Produced
in the
pituitary
gland
-Produced
by the
follicles in
the
ovaries

the fusion of the sperm cell
nucleus with the egg cell nucleus
to produce a zygote (fertilized
egg)

 External
 Occurs outside of the body of the female
 Increased number of eggs produced to insure the
survival of the species
 Ex) fish and amphibians

 Internal
 Occurs inside the body of the female
 Fewer number of eggs are produced
 Increased parental care insures species survival
 Ex) mammals, reptiles, birds

 fertilization in
mammals
occurs in the
oviduct
 The ova is
viable for
approximately
24 hours after
ovulation

 After approximately a
week, the developing
embryo is implanted
into the uterus
 Embryo: conception
to 8 weeks

 a multicellular organism in the early stages of
development
2 four cell stage embryos
Eight cell stage embryo

The beginning developmental processes are always
the same in all animals:
1) cleavage
2) growth
3) differentiation

 after fertilization
the diploid
ZYGOTE
undergoes
cleavage
divisions in the
oviduct

the first series of cell divisions by mitosis after
fertilization
Cell division is rapid, new cells do not take
time for the growth phase G1
cell growth does not occur so cells
decrease in size with each cleavage
division

 Gastrulation: one
side of the blastula
invaginates (indents)
forming a gastrula
 Three cell layers form

 The changing of unspecialized embryonic cells
into the specialized cells, tissues and organs of a
multicellular animal

 Ectoderm Outer layer
 Nervous system including brain, spinal cord
and nerves
 Lining of the mouth, nostrils, and anus
 Epidermis of skin, sweat glands, hair, nails

 Mesoderm Middle Layer
 Bones and muscles
 Blood and blood vessels
 Reproductive and excretory systems
 Inner layer (dermis) of skin

 Endoderm Inner Layer
 Lining of digestive tract
 Lining of trachea, bronchi, and lungs
 Liver, pancreas
 Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, urinary bladder

organ that
forms from
the embryo
and the uterus

contains blood vessels from
the mother and the developing
baby

 Oxygen & nutrients diffuse from the
mother’s blood vessels into the
baby’s blood vessels
 Wastes diffuse from the baby’s blood
vessels into the mother’s blood
vessels

 the period
between
fertilization and
birth
 approximately
38-40 weeks

 Substances that may harm the
developing fetus and result in the
formation of birth defects

Alcohol, certain
drugs/medications, infections, and
certain chemicals

Can result in mental retardation / learning disability
Facial Features
 Epicanthal folds
 Small, widely spaced eyes
 Flat midface
 Short, upturned nose
 Smooth, wide philtrum
 Thin upper lip

Underdeveloped jaw