*Philosophers, Theologians and Educators whose Principles and Dogmas Served as Bases of Moral Standard of Human Conduct Report by CHERRYLAGNE A. AMBAGAN

2. The dichotomy between the rightness
and wrongness of human actions have
been prevailing for a long period of
time. Cultural biases and religious
adherence find their way to justify
their actions
This topic will let us understand the
moral actions as fundamental
foundation of all human endeavors,
especially in the learning process in
which an individual becomes
knowledgeable

4. The word moral is
derived from the Latin mos
that denotes manner or
custom. Hence, morality is
the rightness or wrongness
of any specific actions as
judged by accepted moral
standard.

6.  PYTHAGORAS (582-500 BC)
 A Greek philosopher and mathematician
 Believed that man’s intellect is higher than his sensual
nature and the best way in life is devoted to mental
discipline.
 K’UNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS (551-479 BC)
 A Chinese philosopher, believed that the only remedy
toward the present disorder and lack of moral standards is
to covert people once more to the principles and precepts
of antiquity
 Five virtues of human actions
 *kindness- consideration and caring for others
 *uprightness – behaves according to religious or moral code
 *decorum- person does the right thing
 *wisdom- knowledge and experience
 *faithfulness- attitude of an individual,trustworthy and
loyal

7. GAUTAMA BUDDHA (563-483 BC)
An Indian philosopher, founder of Buddhism
Believed that human actions lead to rebirth,
wherein good deeds are inevitably rewarded
and evil deeds are punished
Admonishes to think for themselves and take
responsibility for their own future
Strongly advocated a life devoted to universal
compassion and brotherhood
Buddhist ethics is “Nirvana” –all living
creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached through transcendental
meditation

8. SOCRATES (469-399 BC)
A Greek philosopher
Great teacher of ethics in his
time who argued that virtue is
knowledge
Believed that virtue is good both
for the individual and society

9. ANTHISTHENES (444-371 BC)
A Greek philosopher who maintained that the
essence of virtue is self-control and that its is
capable of being taught
 Believed that happiness was dependent on moral
virtue
 According to him there are two kinds of good:
 *external good- consist of personal property,
sensual pleasure, and other luxuries
 *internal good- comprises of truth, and
knowledge of the soul

10. PLATO (428-347 BC)
A Greek philosopher who argued that
good is an essential element of reality.
Evil doesn’t exist in itself but an
imperfect reflection of the real, which is
good.
Three elements of human soul:
intellect(wisdom)
will (courage)
emotion (self-control).

11. ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)
A Greek philosopher and contemporary
rival of Plato in terms of doctrines and
influence that happiness is the goal of
every human being
The ultimate goal of man is to develop
his reasoning powers. It includes the
happiness, moral virtues, and principles
of modernization. Intellectual and moral
virtues are means towards the
attainment of happiness.

12. MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS (371-289 BC)
A Chinese philosopher
Believed that people are by nature good
but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn
depends on material security.
The ruler provide welfare for the people in
two things: material conditions and moral
guidance
He affirmed that when people had a stable
livelihood they have a steady heart.

13. EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)
A Greek philosopher who asserted that
humans are limited and irrational
beings and God is only the perfect
being.
EPICURUS (341-270 BC)
A Greek philosopher who argued that
in order to attain pleasure one has to
maintain his state of serenity. Good
life must be regulated by self-discipline

14. TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94-C 55
BC)
A Roman poet and philosopher who
observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of
death and of the gods
Substantiated that gods do exist but
have nothing to do with man’s affair
and destiny
Taught that man by nature seeks
pleasure and avoids pain

15. JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)
A Jewish preacher, emphasized on moral
sincerity rather than strict adherence to
religious ritual and memorization of the law
Advocated ethical purity and complete
devotion to God
Taught that people should give up
everything in order to obtain the most
precious
Condemned hypocrisy, social injustices, and
defilement od God’s temple.

16. SAINT AUGUSTINE OF TAGASTE
(354-430 AD)
A Christian theologian and Doctor
of the Church
Asserted that God did not deprive
people of their free will even
when they turned to sin and
human body would rise after
death and transform into newness
of spiritual body.

17. MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)
Founder of Islam and Muslim
community who believed that each
person would be held accountable for
his moral struggle at the end of time
THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)
An Italian philosopher and theologian,
maintained that individual human acts
are not acts in abstract definition, but
acts in concrete performance.
They will be evaluated to be either
morally good or morally evil.

18. BARUCH ESPINOSA (1632-1677)
A Dutch philosopher and religious thinker who
asserted that all things are morally neutral from
the point of view of eternity. Human needs and
interest determine what is considered good and
evil.
DAVID HUME (1711-1776)
A Scottish historian and philosopher, postulated
that the concept of right and wrong is not rational
but depends on one’s own happiness.
 His moral system aims at the happiness of others
and of himself.
 Gave emphasis in altruism or sympathy with one’s
fellow.

19. IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)
A German philosopher who held that reason
is the final authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its
intention, which is good.
JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)
A British philosopher, economist, and jurist
who maintained that human actions are
motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure
and avoid pain.
Man lives in order to be happy

20. GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICHHEGEL
(1770-1831)
A German idealist philosopher who argued
that morality is a matter of individual
conscience.
The author of good and bad action is man
himself.
FREIDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE
(1844-1900)
A German philosopher who contented that
traditional values represented a slave
morality.

21. SOREN AABYE
KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)
A Danish religious
philosopher who argued that
the ethical way of life
involves an intense,
passionate commitment to
duty, unconditional social,
and religious obligations.

22. SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
An Australian psychoanalyst who observed
that the problem of good and evil in each
individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self and necessity of the
social self.
JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)
An American philosopher, psychologist and
educator who maintained that the good is
that which is chosen after reflecting upon
both the means and the probable
consequences of realizing the good.

23. GEORGE EDWARD MOORE (1873-1958)
A British philosopher who claimed that
good refers to a simple, unanalyzable,
indefinable quality of things and situation.
MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976)
A German existentialist philosopher who
maintained that human beings are alone in
the universe, since God does not exist, and
must make their ethical decisions with
constant awareness of death and
meaningless of life.

24. JEAN PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980)
A French existentialist philosopher
who contented that human create
their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal
responsibility for their actions.
The principles and thinking of
Filipinos toward right and wrong or
good and bad were brought into
being through a long chained process
of colonialism.

25. SUMMARY:
Moral standard for human conduct was
based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,
philosophers, theologians, and educators
from antiquity to post modernity. They
presented to get sufficient knowledge
about the principles of right and wrong.
The principles and thinking of the Filipinos
toward good and bad were brought into
being through a long and chained process
of colonialism.

28. Freedom is a primordial gift of
God to men and other creatures. The
human acts does not make any
license to justify action that curtails
the liberty from one another. It
implies limitations but such
restrictions denotes responsibility for
all actions. Thus, every human act
should be willfully executed.

30.  Taken from the Latin word Liber
(Liberatas), which means FREE.
 Right of an individual to think, act, or lives as
individual chooses without being subjected to
any restraints and restrictions by necessity or
force.

31.  Borrowed from the Latin word Respondere
which means GIVE BACK IN RETURN.
 An act of any individual taking a stand in
being accountable to himself, to somebody or
something.

32. freedom
&
responsibility

33. “Freedom” is one of the most contested terms
in the lexicon of Western philosophy. It is a
person’s ability to think or act in a way that is
unhindered, or that expresses a source of
activity proper to her. But the freedom can be
conceived in a variety of ways: right that
others are obliged to recognize; a capacity
that entails a person’s “responsibility” for her
actions; or a distinctive form of perfection
that marks a person as possessing a
superlative degree of independence of
thought or action.

34. In other words, freedom is
coupled with responsibility in which
an individual acts in certain
situations.
Man has a right to choose which
action he wants to perform and he is
responsible to any results of such
performance that may affect him,
others, the society and the
environment.

36. A. To Oneself
 Christian traditions scriptures to HIS image
and likeness (Gen. 1:26,2:7).
 Man has the duty to know himself better, to know
his weaknesses and strengths so that he can move
forward according to his capacity.
 Man is responsible for his health in order to serve
others better.
 Learning is a great responsibility of every student
inside and outside the campus.
 Student is obliged to learn satisfactorily for his
future and the future of the nation as well.

37. B. To Others
 Man leaves in a community of
persons in which every member has
its own aspirations and principle.
 Both gender need each other to
procreate and populate the earth as
God mandate them to be fruitful
and fill the earth as HIS creator
(Gen. 1:28).

38. C. To the Environment
 Man lives in a place where animals
and plants are grouped to form an
ecosystem.
 Man is the only steward of God’s
creation since he is the only animal
that rationalizes and decides.
 The environment has to be taken care
of, since people continue to dwell on
it.

39. Freedom exist from the very beginning as a
gift of God to men and other creatures since
time of immemorial. Primarily, men are
equal before the law and enjoy equal
protection from it. Freedom is the right of
an individual to think, act or live as he
chooses without being subjected to any
limitations. Responsibility is an act of any
individual having an attitude of being
accountable to himself, somebody or
something.