This document discusses problem-based and project-based learning approaches. It describes problem-based learning as engaging students in solving real-world problems through meaningful activities that promote problem-solving and critical thinking skills. Project-based learning assigns long-term student-centered projects that integrate real-world issues and culminate in tangible outcomes. Both approaches emphasize learning as an active process of solving problems in authentic contexts based on theories of situated cognition and constructivism. They position teachers as facilitators rather than solely disseminators of knowledge.