4. Behaviourism
All things should be looked at from the
perspective of behaviour.
And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the
mind, it just matters what the behaviour
So there is no difference in the behaviourist
mind between external behaviour and internal
thoughts.
9. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Born Sept 14, 1849
Died Feb 27, 1936
born in Ryazan, Russia
physiologist,
psychologist, and
physician
awarded the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1904 for
research on the
digestive system
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. Edward Lee Thorndike
Born August 31, 1874
Died August 9, 1949
Born in Williamsburg,
Massachusetts
Studied animal behaviour
and the learning process
led to the theory of
connectionism
Laying the foundation for
modern educational
psychology.
16. Cats in Puzzle Boxes
Thorndike looked at how cats learned to
escape from puzzle boxes
The puzzle box experiments were
motivated by Thorndike's dislike for
statements that animals made use of
extraordinary faculties such as insight in
their problem solving.
17. Cats in Puzzle Boxes
Thorndike's instruments in answering this
question were learning curves revealed by
plotting the time it took for an animal to
escape the box each time it was in the box
if the animals were showing insight, then their
time to escape would suddenly drop to a
negligible period, which would also be shown
in the learning curve as an abrupt drop;
while animals using a more ordinary method
of trial and error would show gradual curves.
18. Cats in Puzzle Boxes
His finding was that cats consistently
showed gradual learning.
19. Cats in Puzzle Boxes
So it was trial-and-error
These led Thorndike to formulate
first his Principles of Learning and
then his Theory of Learning that
became the foundation of modern
educational psychology.
20. Principles of Learning
Thorndike specified three conditions that
maximizes learning:
The Law of Effect states that the likely
recurrence of a response is generally governed
by its consequence or effect generally in the form
of reward or punishment.
The Law of Recency states that the most recent
response is likely to govern the recurrence.
The Law of Exercise stated that stimulus-
response associations are strengthened through
repetition.
21. Law of Effect
"Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are
accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other
things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that,
when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are
accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other
things being equal, have their connections with that situation weakened,
so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur"
Thorndike, E. L. (1911). “Animal intelligence:
Experimental Studies”. p. 244
22. Theory of Learning
Thorndike created 13 basic rules
I want us to pause after each one and check
if you think this is a universal principle.
Also see if there is some technology or
teaching approach you can imagine that
might help support this rule
27. Theory of Learning
5. Law of Readiness: Interference with goal
directed behaviour causes frustration and
causing someone to do something they do
not want to do is also frustrating.
a. When someone is ready to perform some act, to do
so is satisfying.
b. When someone is ready to perform some act, not
to do so is annoying.
c. When someone is not ready to perform some act
and is forced to do so, it is annoying.
28. Theory of Learning
6. Law of Exercise: We learn by doing. We
forget by not doing, although to a small extent
only.
a. Connections between a stimulus and a response
are strengthened as they are used. (law of use)
b. Connections between a stimulus and a response
are weakened as they are not used. (law of disuse)
29. Theory of Learning
7. Law of Effect: If the response in a
connection is followed by a satisfying state of
affairs, the strength of the connection is
considerably increased whereas if followed
by an annoying state of affairs, then the
strength of the connection is marginally
decreased.
30. Theory of Learning
8. Multiple Responses: A learner would keep
trying multiple responses to solve a problem
before it is actually solved.
31. Theory of Learning
9. Set or Attitude: What the learner already
possesses, like prior learning experiences,
present state of the learner, etc., while it
begins learning a new task.
32. Theory of Learning
10. Prepotency of Elements: Different
responses to the same environment would be
evoked by different perceptions of the
environment which act as the stimulus to the
responses. Different perceptions would be
subject to the prepotency of different
elements for different perceivers.
33. Theory of Learning
11. Response from analogy: New problems
are solved by using solution techniques
employed to solve analogous problems.
34. Theory of Learning
12. Associative Shifting: Let stimulus S be
paired with response R. Now, if stimulus Q is
presented simultaneously with stimulus S
repeatedly, then stimulus Q is likely to get
paired with response R.
35. Theory of Learning
13. Belongingness: If there is a natural
relationship between the need state of an
organism and the effect caused by a
response, learning is more effective than if
the relationship is unnatural.
36. John Broadus Watson
Born Jan 9, 1878
Died Sept 25, 1958
Born in Greenville,
South Carolina
American psychologist
established the
psychological school of
behaviourism
“Little Albert”
experiment
37. "Little Albert" experiment
Occurred in 1920
One of the most
controversial
experiments in the
history of psychology
It was an experiment
showing empirical
evidence of classical
conditioning in humans
Rosalie Rayner
Albert B.
John B. Watson
38. Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Born March 20, 1904
Died August 18, 1990
Born in Susquehanna,
Pennsylvania
American psychologist,
author, inventor, advocate
for social reform and poet.
Innovated his own
philosophy of science called
Radical Behaviorism
