Presentation at the 5th Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture.
Title: Gender Transformation in Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Framework for Action
Speaker: Sophia Huyer
3. Gender and CSA
CSA
Implementation
Policy &
institutional change
CSA, gender and
social inclusion
Partnerships
and capacity for
scaling CSA
Monitoring,
Evaluation &
Learning
Comms &
Knowledge
Management
Key:
Ongoing
activities
Cross-cutting
work
Approach
Objectives
Closing the gender gap with
Information, institutions and
services
Promoting women’s
leadership and decision
making in policy at all levels
Field-based evidence on
what works for gender
equality and women’s
empowerment Building mechanisms
to engender finance
4. What is gender transformation in
agriculture?
• Empowerment, at the individual level challenges power relations,
formal and informal rules and practices that constrain opportunities,
includes increased control over assets, resources, and knowledge.
Individual women, through increased agency, increase their bargaining
power in both public and personal lives (Sen 1997; Batliwala 1994;
Moser 2017).
A result of gender equality – “equivalent to”
• Gender transformation is large scale structural changes that result
from individual empowerment of women in gender and social
power relations, and which usher in full economic and political
participation (Moser 2017)
6. Women’s empowerment and gender
transformation in the context of climate
change and agriculture
Components
Recognition &
agency: women as
active agents
Opportunities
Decision making
Women are recognised as able to make choices in their lives; capacity to take action,
pursue their goals, express voice and influence and make their own decisions
An expanding range of options and opportunities to choose from and take advantage
of
(Van Eerdewijk, et al. 2017; Galie et al, 2017; Kabeer, 2018)
Institutional
structures
Social arrangements of formal and informal rules and practices: social and gender
norms
Influence actors’ capacities to exercise agency and innovate
(Beuchelt and Badstue, 2013; Kantor et al, 2017; Cole et al, 2014)
Access to
resources
Van Eerdewijk et al, 2017
Cole et al, 2014
Technology Lack of technologies for women’s work; resources to obtain and operate, socio-
economic barriers (Kantor et al, 2017; Huyer, 2016; Carr and Hartl, 2010)
Enable decreased workloads; increased production; ability to take advantage of new
opportunities
Collective action
such as SHGs
“The project of women's empowerment is dependent on collective solidarity in the
public arena as well as individual assertiveness in the private. Women's organizations
and social movements in particular have an important role to play in creating the
conditions for change and in reducing the costs for the individual (Kabeer, 1999)”
7. Global
National
Landscape / region
Community
Farm
Household
♀♂
♀♂♀♂
Policy&institutionalchange
CSAimplementation
Promote women’s enhanced
voice in policy-making and
governance at all levels
Greater
exercise of
agency
Gender equal
access &
control over
resources
Field-based evidence on
what works for GE and
women’s empowerment
Close gender inequalities in
access, use and benefit from
institutions and services
Build mechanisms
to engender finance
Increase local institutional
effectiveness
Build evidence on what
works in CSA
Foster coherence
between climate &
agricultural policies
Link climate and
agricultural finance
Gender equal
benefits from
technology
Addressing
Institutions
and norms
that constrain
women
Gender empowerment and CSA
Decreased
labour
burdens
Inter
sectonality
8. A- Baobab tree, B- Women processing baobab fruit powder, C-Training of women in
processing baobab fruit processing, D- Processed baobab fruit powder Ouedraogo et al 2017
Working with women in CSA
9. Closing the gender gap with information
Gumucio, T., Hansen, J., Huyer, S., & van
Huysen, T. (2019). Gender-responsive
rural climate services: a review of the
literature. Climate and Development, 0(0),
10. Leadership and decision making
A. Khatri-Chhetri and N. Chanana, 2018
Women’s groups reaping the benefits
of solar energy for irrigation in Nepal’s
Climate-Smart Villages
Based on the Lipper framework on CSA, which identifies four areas of action to promote “coordinated actions by farmers, researchers, private sector, civil society and policymakers towards climate-resilient pathways
They are: (1) build evidence to support CSA; (2) increase local institutional effectiveness; (3) foster coherence between climate and agricultural policies; and (4) link climate and agricultural finance
The gender aspects of these are:
Gallie et al 2017
Recognition / agency
Acknowledgement of identities and associated roles individuals take in society.
Capacity for action, pursuing goals, expressing voice and influence, exercising leadership, having a voice in society and making decisions free from violence and retribution. Expanding repertoire of options, opportunities and capacities which can open up livelihood options and increase status in households and communities. Influencing decisions that affect one’s life and choices.
Distribution of resources
Use of resources and access to means of survival
Opportunities
Individuals make use of the resources they access and have right to self-determination. This is connected to Agency (below)
Decision making
Individuals participate in decision making that affects their lives at all levels
Institutional structures
Social arrangements of formal and informal rules and practices which determine and define agency as well as control over resources; include power relations and gender / social norms. In the household/family, community, market and state. Affect ability to access and act on available resources and technologies
Resources
Tangible and intangible capital and other sources of power, individually or collectively in the exercise of agency. Include: land, skills; time; social capital; credit; agricultural inputs and services; and information.
Women as actors / collective action: a platform solidarity, support, and pooling of resources; increases confidence
Women are primary actors in the process of change to empowerment while working with, and with the acceptance, of men
Technology constraints:
Women adopt and benefit from it less than men for a range of reasons:
profitability, suitability, planning and research processes overlook women’s activities and preferences (Ragosa, 2012)
lack of resources to buy or implement technology; lack of access to information or training through extension, ICT, or other means; and education level (Jost et al 2016; Huyer 2016; Cohen et al 2016)
infrastructure, land ownership, education and the number of extension visits (Tanellari et al 2014)
lack of technology available for women’s activities (Carr & Hartl 2010; van Koppen 2012; Murray et al 2016)
Technology design and implementation needs to build and respond to women’s knowledge, priorities and perspectives
Laser land levelling (Aryal et al 2015)
Rice drum seeders (Khan et al 2016)
Women’s knowledge and innovative capacity make important contributions to climate-resilient agriculture
Better fodder for animals to increase milk production, larger pots for washing rice (Shaw & Kristjanson 2013)
Honduras eco-stoves and improved agroforestry management systems (Hottle, 2015)
Enables women to develop new opportunities
Reduced labor burdens lead to freedom to choose new activities (Alkire et al. 2013)