2. Endometrium
• Innermost layer of the uterus- a mucosal
lining
• When fertilization of the ovum occurs, the
embryo is implanted in the endometrium.
• If fertilization does not occur, the lining is
shed. This is known as menstruation.
3. Layers of Endometrium
• Stratum functionalis-
undergoes cyclic changes
in response to ovarian
hormone levels, is shed
during menstruation
• Stratum basalis- forms
new functionalis after
menstruation, does not
respond to ovarian
hormones
4. Endometriosis
• A condition in which the
uterine lining grows
outside the uterus- can
occur in the pelvic and
abdominal cavities
• Can cause abnormal
uterine or rectal
bleeding, dysmenorrhea,
pelvic pain, and infertility
• Treatment includes birth
control hormones,
NSAIDs, and surgery
5. Gestation
• The length of time from conception to
birth
• Approximately 38 weeks (266 days) for
humans
6. Stages of Gestation
• Pre-embryonic
• First two weeks
• From fertilization and creation of zygote
to implantation
• Embryonic
• Weeks three through eight
• Fetal
• Weeks nine through thirty-eight
7. Embryonic Stage
• Week 3- Central nervous system begins to
form, connective tissue forms
(mesenchyme)
• Week 4- Head and jaw become visible, arm
and leg buds form
• Week 5- Head enlarges, digital rays appear
• Week 6- Internal organs begin to form
• Weeks 7 & 8- Neck is formed, eyeballs and
eyelids form, nostrils are plugged
8. Fetal Stage
• Weeks 9-12 -Head and body same size,
ears appear, fetal respiration begins, by
week 12 can differentiate sex
• Weeks 13-16 - Human features appear,
heartbeat detected
• Weeks 17-20 - Fetus now in fetal position,
fetal movement detected, body in
proportion
• Weeks 21-25 - Substantial weight gain
9. • Weeks 26-29 - Eyes are open, testes
descend, head of fetus directed toward
cervix (vertex position)
• Weeks 30-38 - Average length from crown
to buttocks is 14”, average weight is 7.5
pounds. Ready for birth
10. Menopause
• The point when ovulation and
menstruation cease
• Generally determined to be one year after
last menstrual cycle
• Occurs, on average, between ages 40 and
55
• Estrogen production declines
11. Common Symptoms of
Menopause
Many of these symptoms occur during
perimenopause- the years before menopause
• Hot flashes/ night sweats
• Osteoporosis
• Irritability/ depression/ memory lapse
• Fatigue/ trouble sleeping
• Vaginal dryness
12. Treatments for
Menopause
• Hormone replacement therapy- for hot
flashes
• Low-dose antidepressants- for mood
disorders
• Bisphosphorates- for osteoporosis
• Vaginal estrogen- for vaginal dryness
