FARMCOCINÉTICA Y FARMACODINAMIA DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS TÓPICOS
Perspectivas Actuales del Cancer
1. La Biopsia: su importancia en el
diagnostico, pronostico, prediccion y
respuesta terapeutica en el cancer.
DR. MARTIN SANGUEZA ACOSTA
Consultorio de Patologia
LA PAZ BOLIVIA
2. Que es la Biopsia?
Una biopsia es un procedimiento que
consiste en la extraccion de una muestra total
o parcial de tejido para ser examinada con el
fin de establecer un diagnostico.
6. El envio a laboratorio
Dar una historia clinica minina sobre el paciente y
una adecuada descripcion de la(s) lesiones
Hipotesis dx
Rendimiento de la Bx
7. IMPORTANCIA DE LA CLINICA EN LA BIOPSIA
• Como se envia una biopsia y en que?
8. IMPORTANCIA DE LA CLINICA EN LA BIOPSIA
• MITO
– Una vez tomanda una biopsia representativa no
hay que tener mayor cuidado.
9. IMPORTANCIA DE LA CLINICA EN LA BIOPSIA
• ES EL PROCESO MEDIANTE
EL CUAL SE PRODUCE UNA
PARALIZACION INMEDIATA
DE LA ACTIVIDAD CELULAR
IMPIDIENTO EL PROCESO
DE AUTODIGESTION
CITOPLASMATICA Y
NUCLEAR, PERMITIENDO ASI
LA POSIBILIDAD DE SER
ESTUDIADA DE UNA
MANERA ADECUADA
10. IMPORTANCIA DE LA CLINICA EN LA BIOPSIA
Caracteristicas de recipiente
– trasparente
– boca ancha
– tapa rosca
– de volumen adecuado a la muestra
– Identificado
– irrompible
32. A 4 mm thick section is
mounted onto an
indium-tin oxide coated
MALDI target
A serial section is
placed on a
microscope slide for
histology staining
Many tissues are analyzed
simultaneously on one MALDI
target
A pathologist marks areas of
interest using a color code on a
photomicrograph of the stained
tissue section. Spots placed are
300 µm in diameter, slightly
larger than size of the matrix
spots to be deposited
The spotted
photomicrograph and
the MALDI plate image
are merged and pixel
coordinates of the
spots determined
The coordinates are
transferred to an
acoustic robotic
spotter that deposits
trypsin and matrix at
the designated
locations
The matrix spots deposited on
the tissue are slightly smaller
than the desired location of the
colored spots on the
photomicrograph
Mass spectra are collected from the
matrix spots. Peptide profiles show
differences depending on the cell type
from which they were collected
1 cm 1 cm
1 mm melanoma
Spitz nevi
38. LA BIOPSIA
• ESTUDIOS ESPECIALES
– H & E
– HISTOQUIMICA
– INMUNOHISTOQUIMICA
– HIBRIDIZACION IN SITU
– INMUNOFLUORESCENCIA
– PCR
– DNA MICROARRAY
– TISSUE MICROARRAY
42. Microdissection
• It is a very simple concept
• Technical challenge
– Amount of material
• Several ways to microdissected
– Semi-microdissection from frozen tissue blocks
– Manual Microdissection
• Tumor in a needle
• Stroma in a needle
– Micromanipulation
– Microdissection by LCM
52. Human Array CGH with ~ 1 Mb Resolution
2500 BACs
Triplicate spots
130 mm centers
864 well plates
0.5 mg DNA
Random Primed
Cy3 and Cy5
16 hr Hybe
12 mm
60. Importancia de los biomarcadores en la medicina
personalizada
• Cambio del papel del patólogo
• Participación en equipos multidisciplinares:
– Her2 neu y cáncer de mama
– K-Ras y cáncer de colon
– EGFR y carcinoma pulmonar
– EML4-ALK y carcinoma de pulmón
– Braf y melanoma metastásico
61. CANCER DE MAMA
• EL CANCER DE MAMA ES
UNA NEOPLASIA EPITELIAL
MALIGNA CON UNA
EVOLUCION Y PRONOSTICO,
QUE DEPENDERA DE LA
EXTENSION DEL TUMOR AL
MOMENTO DEL
DIAGNOSTICO.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71. Baseline, 3/15/2011 Cycle 4 Day 1, 6/8/2011
PLX4032 = RG7204 = vemurafenib
Tumor Response to Vemurafenib
72. McDermott U et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:340-350.
Metabolic response to treatment with
Vemurafenib
73. Vemurafenib treatment:
1.- Flaherty KT, et al. N Engl J Med 2010;363:809–19.
Computer tomography revealed regression of lung, liver and bone
metastases following 8 weeks Vemurafenib treatment (with each pair of
images shown for a different patient)
23
87. Definiciones
• cfDNA = cell-free DNA
• ctDNA = circulating tumoral
DNA
• CTCs = Circulating tumor
cellsas
• Exosomas = vesículas con
acidos nucleicos en su interior
88.
89.
90. Utilidad de Biopsia liquida
Analisis de blancos terapeuticos y de resistencia a drogas conferidos
por mutaciones genicas que detectamos en muestras de sangre
periferica:
• Estimacion del riesgo de metastasis, recurrencia y progression
• Permite entender el proceso de desarrollo de metastasis
• Prediccion de respuesta a terapias dirigidas
• Monitoreo de enfermedad minima residual
• Seguimiento de resistencia secundaria (adquirida)
Notas del editor
Partnered with Philips
Family of “machine intelligence” software
Assist pathologists in making a diagnosis
Figure 2. Targeting Treatment to a Specific Variant in the Melanoma Gene. Shown are three-dimensional representations of glucose metabolism in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–PET scans obtained at baseline and 2 weeks after the initiation of treatment in a patient with melanoma carrying the V600E BRAF mutation. The patient was treated with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4032. Hypermetabolism of injected radioactive glucose is indicated by the red, green, and yellow signals and is a feature of dividing cancer cells, as well as being a normal feature of brain and bladder metabolism or excretion. (Images courtesy of Grant McArthur, Jason Callahan, and Rod Hicks of the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre.)