Guiding Learners Through Counseling

1. Counseling Approaches
 Directive Counseling
 Non-Directive Counseling
 Eclectic Counseling
Stages of Counseling Approaches
 Initial Disclosure
 In-depth Exploration
 Commitment to Action
Counseling Techniques
By CeLT Common Counselor’s Response

3. CLINICAL COUNSELING WILLIAMSON
INTERVIEW RELATIONSHIP BORDIN
 COUNSELOR-CENTERED
 PRESCRIPTIVE COUNSELING
 FOCAL POINT IS THE PROBLEM
 COUNSELOR LEADS THE
INTERVIEW, VERY ACTIVE
 CLIENT SUBORDINATE TO COUNSELLOR,
NOT EQUAL
 COUNSELOR OWNS ENTIRE
RESPONSIBILITY OF SOLVING THECLIENT’S
PROBLEM
 STRESSES ON THE CLIENT’S
INTELLECTUAL PROCESS,NOT
THE EMOTIONAL ASPECT

4. WOLF & WOLF
FOLLOWS AFTER TESTING OF
THE STUDENT
USES TEST DATA
SCHOOL RECORDS
REPORTS IN THE INTERVIEW
COUNSELOR GIVES CLIENT
 INFORMATION ABOUT
HIMSELF
 HIS OPPORTUNITIES &
 THE GENERAL SITUATION

5. 1. ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF TIME
2. COUNSELOR CAN SEE THE CLIENT OBJECTIVELY THAN THE CLIENT
HIMSELF
3. INTELLECTUAL PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED EASILY
1. CLIENT IS DEPENDENT
2. SCARCITY OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE CLIENT CAN CREATE
THE POSSIBILITY OF WRONG COUNSELING
3. SOME PROBLEMS (EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS) BEST SOLVED USING
NON-DIRECTIVE

7.  CLIENT-CENTERED
 COUNSELEE-CENTERED
 PUTS THE RESPONSIBILITY
ON THE CLIENT
~FOR EXPLORING HIS
PROBLEMS
~HIS POTENTIAL
ENVIRONMENT
~HIS ALTERNATIVE
CARL ROGERS

9. • CONCERNED WITH THE EMOTIONS
OF THE CLIENT
• NOT A GIVER OF ADVICE
• NOT A MORALIST
• NOT A JUDGE
• NOT SYMPATHETIC SENTIMENTALIST
• NOT A PATRIARCH
WOOLF:
VERY EFFECTIVE IN
EMOTIONAL
PROBLEMS
MENTALLY ILL
COLLEGE STUDENTS
INDUSTRIAL
EMPLOYEES

10. 1. CLIENT COMES FOR HELP
2. COUNSELING SITUATION
IS DEFINED
3. COUNSELOR ENCOURAGES
FREE EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS
4. COUNSELOR RESPONDS TO THE
FEELING UNDERLYING CLIENT’S
WORDS
5. FULL EXPRESSION OF
NEGATIVE FEELINGS
FOLLOWED BY FAINT &
TENTATIVE EXPRESSION OF
POSITIVE FEELINGS

11. 6. COUNSELOR ACCEPTS &
RECOGNIZES + - FEELINGS
7. PERIOD OF FREE EXPRESSION
OR RELEASE FOLLOWED BY INSIGHT
8. CLIENT RECOGNIZES & ACCEPTS
EMOTIONALLY/INTELLECTUALLY HIS REAL
ATTITUDES/DESIRES  PERCEIVES
DECISION
9.CLIENT BEGINS TO
TRANSLATE INSIGHT INTO
ACTION
10. FURTHER GROWTH
TAKES PLACE WITH
DEEPER INSIGHT

12. 11. INCREASINGLY
INTEGRATED
POSITIVE ACTIONS
12. DECREASED NEED FOR HELP
IS FELT  CLIENT WILL DECIDE
TO TERMINATE
RELATIONSHIP

13. NON-DIRECTIVE
COUNSELING

14. DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVE
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS PROBLEM-BASED CLIENT-BASED
INDIVIDUAL CAN’T
OVERCOME THEIR OWN BIAS IN
VIEWING HIMSELF
WITHIN EVERY INDIVIDUAL
ARE GROWTH FORCES, WHICH
WHEN RELEASED WITHOUT
RESTRICTIONS WILL PERMIT
HIM TO ADJUST TO HIS
ENVIRONMENT
EMPHASIS ON INTELLECT EMPHASIS ON EMOTIONAL
ASPECT OF PERSONALITY
ROLE OF COUNSELOR-COUNSELLEE
IN
THE COUNSELING
PROCESS
COUNSELOR HAS SUPERIOR
TRAINING/COMPETENT TO
SUGGEST OR ADVISE HOW
PROBLEMS ARE TO BE SOLVED
COUNSELOR INDICATES HE
DOES NOT HAVE THE ANSWERS
BUT PROVIDES ATMOSPHERE
WHERE CLIENT CAN WORK OUT
HIS PROBLEMS
COUNSELOR MAKES
DECISIONS FOR THE CLIENT
CLIENT COMES UP WITH HIS
OWN DECISION
COUNSELOR BELIEVES PEOPLE
IN NEED OF COUNSELING DO
NOT KNOW ENOUGH TO MAKE
THEIR OWN DECISIONS
COUNCELOR ACCEPTS,
REFLECTS & CLARIFY NEW
FEELINGS & CHOICES OF CLIENT
LEADING TO FUTURE PLANS

15. DIRECTIVE NON-DIRECTIVE
METHODS USED COLLECTS & USES DATA OF
THE CLIENT AND THEN
ORGANIZES AND SUMMARIZES
IT ON A RECORD FORM
EMPHASIZES CLIENT’S
EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS IN
THE COUNSELING PROCESS
DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS
ARE NOT USED
USES CLIENT FOLLOW-UP AS
WELL AS REFERRAL TO OTHER
PERSONAL WORKERS.
NO NEED FOR FURTHER
COUNSELING WHICH THEY
VIEW AS A “TEMPORARY
CRUTCH.”
 IF THE CLIENT HAS GAINED
THE PROPER INSIGHT, HE WILL
BE ABLE TO MAKE HIS OWN
DECISIONS, GOALS AND TAKE
POSITIVE STEPS.
INDIVIDUALS NEED & WANT
INFORMATION
EMPHASIS ON FREE
EXPRESSION OF FEELING OR
“PERMISSIVENESS”

17. F.C. THORNE

18. F.C. THORNE

20. F.C THORNE, “PRINCIPLES OF PERSONALITY COUNSELING

24.  CLIENT AND COUNSELOR DO NOT KNOW EACH OTHER
CLIENT IS ANXIOUS ON HOW THE COUNSELOR WILL ACCEPT
NEITHER OF THEM KNOWS IN ADVANCE THE DIRECTION WHERE
THEIR DISCUSSION WILL ULTIMATELY TAKE
WITHOUT DISCLOSURE COUNSELING IS AN EMPTY PROCESS
TRUST-PROMOTING CONDITIONS (ROGERS, 1951)
1. EMPATHY – Understanding/ putting yourself in the shoes of the counselee
2. GENUINENESS OR CONGRUENCE – Being as dependable and consistent
3. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD – Caring without conditions attached
4. CONCRETENESS (EGAN,1988) – Using CLEAR LANGUAGE to describe the
client’s life situation

25.  TRUST SHOULD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED
COUNSELOR BEGINS TO SUBTLY TELL HIS DIAGNOSTIC IMPRESSIONS
ON THE CLIENT’S DYNAMICS & COPING BEHAVIOR
AS RELATIONSHIP BECOMES SECURE  COUNSELOR TALKS ON HIS
CLIENT’S GOALS BEHAVIOR
 SOMETIMES BECOME MORE EMOTIONALLY STRESSFULL TO THE
CLIENT

26. 1. CONSTRUCTIVE CONFRONTATION > Client’s EXTERNAL BEHAVIOR
based on the counselor’s observations is discussed
2. IMMEDIACY (EGAN)  Counselor discusses the PROGRESS of the
counseling
 Counselor gives an immediate response to the
client’s statements
 Counselor shares personal experiences
relevant to the discussion

27. TRY SOME
NEW
BEHAVIOR
COUNSELOR +
COUNSELEE
MONITORS NEW
BEHAVIOR
CLIENT REINFORCED
TO BEHAVE IN
NEW WAYS

28. LISTEN FOR MEANING
LISTEN FOR MEANING
COUNSELOR SPEAKS LITTLE BUT
CONVEYS MUCH INTEREST
COUNSELOR SPEAKS LITTLE BUT
CONVEYS MUCH INTEREST

29. TO GET LOTS OF
INFORMATION
TO GET LOTS OF
INFORMATION
CLOSED
QUESTION:
CLOSED
QUESTION:
can
can
normally be
answered
with either
a single
word or a
normally be
answered
with either
a single
word or a
short
phrase
short
phrase
http://www.esdproj.org/site/DocServer/Counseling_Techniques_FINAL_11-12-08.pdf?docID=2282

30. So let’s say counselor Joan is seeing client Mary. Mary, has been
speaking for 20 minutes – she is depressed, failing school, concerned
about her boyfriends dedication to her, and overwhelmed by parents’
demands. Here is what a succinct, tentative summary would sound
like.
1. You came in today because you are feeling depressed.
2. Your school work is not going well.
3. You worry your boyfriend doesn’t love you.
4. You are also unhappy with the amount of stress your parents are
putting on you to get A’s.
Would you say this is accurate?

32. COUNSELEE: A good day for me at work is being able to
get around and talk to people, and even when I’m
talking to them, I’m not really that relaxed. I feel
COUNSELEE: A good day for me at work is being able to
get around and talk to people, and even when I’m
talking to them, I’m not really that relaxed. I feel
inferior around a number of people.
inferior around a number of people.
COUNSELOR: You feel uncomfortable
because of the job situation – your lack
COUNSELOR: You feel uncomfortable
because of the job situation – your lack
of education.
of education.
COUNSELEE: Yes, my education. My
COUNSELEE: Yes, my education. My
education is what’s really stopping me from
being able to hold a conversation, a good
education is what’s really stopping me from
being able to hold a conversation, a good
conversation and feeling comfortable.
conversation and feeling comfortable.
COUNSELOR: Ok, now at the same time
though, don’t most of the people at the
COUNSELOR: Ok, now at the same time
though, don’t most of the people at the
shop have the same educational
shop have the same educational
background?
background?

33. COUNSELEE: There’s a wide variety of people there. Different
nationalities and different ages, too. It’s really a mixed up thing.
Some people I can talk to and other people I can’t. I don’t feel I am
able to talk with enough people there. The people that I find things
in common with me, I can talk pretty easily. But with the people that
I don’t have anything in common with, it’s really uncomfortable. I
find it hard to strike up a conversation with them, to say something
comfortable. Lots of times I say things but afterwards I say, “Well
COUNSELEE: There’s a wide variety of people there. Different
nationalities and different ages, too. It’s really a mixed up thing.
Some people I can talk to and other people I can’t. I don’t feel I am
able to talk with enough people there. The people that I find things
in common with me, I can talk pretty easily. But with the people that
I don’t have anything in common with, it’s really uncomfortable. I
find it hard to strike up a conversation with them, to say something
comfortable. Lots of times I say things but afterwards I say, “Well
why did I say that? You know, that really seemed stupid.”
why did I say that? You know, that really seemed stupid.”
embarrassed because you can’t
communicate with the people you
don’t have something directly in
COUNSELEE: Yep, it’s really hard to
COUNSELEE: Yep, it’s really hard to
communicate with them...
communicate with them...
COUNSELOR: Ok, you feel
COUNSELOR: Ok, you feel
embarrassed because you can’t
communicate with the people you
don’t have something directly in
common with.
common with.

34. COUNSELOR: We have five minutes left. If
you want to come back next week, we can
COUNSELOR: We have five minutes left. If
you want to come back next week, we can
talk a little bit more about it.
talk a little bit more about it.
COUNSELEE: OK. Do you think this
is going to be something easy, or is
it, ah, going to be a long hard thing?
COUNSELEE: OK. Do you think this
is going to be something easy, or is
it, ah, going to be a long hard thing?
COUNSELOR: It’s difficult to say,
COUNSELOR: It’s difficult to say,
you know.
you know.
COUNSELEE: We have to talk some
COUNSELEE: We have to talk some
more and everything.
more and everything.
COUNSELOR: Yes, I want to get to know you a little
better. Why don’t we go set up an appointment for
COUNSELOR: Yes, I want to get to know you a little
better. Why don’t we go set up an appointment for
next week, and we can talk further.
next week, and we can talk further.
CCOOUUNNSSEELLEEEE:: O OKK..