Fundamentals on Renewable Energy Sources - Juan Manuel Gers

2. Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration

3. Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration

4. Basic Principles of Electrical Systems
GENERATION
DISTRIBUTION
SUPPLY
Generator TRANSMISSION
Transformer
Grid
Supply
Point
Power Station
Large Factories,
Heavy Industry
Medium Factories,
Light Industry
To Small Factories,
Commercial and
ResidentialAreas
Transformer
11-23 kV 400-500 kV
115-275 kV
23-34.5 kV 11-13.8 kV 120-480 V

5. Energy Balance

6. Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration

7. World Consumption
Source: IEA Key Stats 2013

8. World Consumption
Source: IEA Key Stats 2013

9. USA General Information
Power installed USA

10. USA General Information
Energy produced USA

11. ENERGY FLOW IN THE USA
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, May 2014

12. USA Consumption
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

13. Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration

15. Photovoltaic
Source: http://zolushka4earth.wordpress.com/

16. Photovoltaic
Source: Breyer & Knies, 2009 based on DNI data from DLR-ISIS (Lohmann, et al. 2006).

17. Photovoltaic
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA

18. Photovoltaic
Source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/solarcell/-please click to the animation!

19. Photovoltaic

20. Photovoltaic

21. Photovoltaic

22. Photovoltaic
Source: Diploma Thesis Kandler, TU München, 2010

24. Solar Thermal
Parabolic trough
Parabolic dish

25. Solar Thermal
Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)
Solar Tower

26. Solar Thermal
Scheme of solar thermal energy in residential buildings
Source: Dena

27. Solar Thermal
Solar thermal energy and PV system on a pitched roof
Source: BSW

28. Solar Thermal

29. General cycle parabolic (ngback up)
Solar Thermal

30. Tower solar (565°C)
Solar Thermal

31. Tower solar operationalcycle
Solar Thermal

33. Variability of renewable energy generation –wind
Wind Energy
Source: IEA –Key statistics 2013

34. Source: GWEC
Wind Energy

35. Wind Energy
Source: GWEC

36. Wind Power Development in the USA
Location of wind power development in the United States
Source: NREL

37. Wind Energy

38. Wind Energy
Variable-SpeedOperation-DFIG

39. Wind Energy
Variable-SpeedOperation-DFIG

40. Wind Energy
Trends: Off-Shore Wind
Reasonsforgoingoff-shore:
Hugeavailableresources
Socialacceptability
Environmentalimpacts(e.g.noise)
Scale/logistics
PotentialforreducedLCOE
Greatpotentialresources,butgreattechnologicalproblems▶(logistics, maintenance,harshenvironment)
…greatopportunities

42. Biomass
Biomass type

43. Biomass

44. Biomass
Biomass cogeneration plant Bergkamen

46. Geothermal

47. Geothermal
US subsurface temperature at a depth of 6.5 km
Source: MIT (2006, The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21stCentury)

48. Geothermal
Binary-cycle geothermal power
Source: Brown (1996, Renewable Energy, Power for a Sustainable Future,
Oxford University Press, Oxford)
air and
water
generator vapour
iso-butane
(vapour)
iso-butane
turbine
condenser
air
cooling
tower
air
water
hot brine
injection well
heat exchanger
production well
(c) binary cycle power plant
geothermal zone

50. Hydro Power

51. Hydro Power

52. Hydro Power
•Electricity for
Central-grids
Isolated-grids
Remote power supplies
…but also…
Reliability
Very low operating costs
Reduced exposure to energy price volatility
Small Hydro Power

53. Hydro Power
“Small” is not universally defined
Size of project related not just to electrical capacity but also to whether low or high head

55. Wave Energy
Global Wave Energy Resource Distribution

56. Wave Energy
Source: Oceanlinx

57. Wave Energy
Source: Oceanlinx

58. Wave Energy

60. Tidal Energy
Source translated: dena

61. Tidal Energy
Second-generation tidal power plants

62. Table of Contents
Introduction
General information
Types of Renewable Sources
Integration

63. Challenges on the Integration
RenewableEnergyIntegrationfocusesinincorporatingintotheelectricdistributionandtransmissionsystemthefollowing:
Renewable energy
Distributed generation
Energy storage
Thermally activated technologies
Demand response.
In addition, the integration establishes viable business models for incorporating these technologies into capacity planning, grid operations, and demand-side management.

64. Challenges on the Integration
Thefollowingbarriersareaddressed:
Asystemsapproachhastobeusedtoconductintegrationdevelopmentanddemonstrationstofullyaddressingoperationalissues.
Technical,
Economic,
Regulatory
Institutional

65. Challenges on the Integration
Objectives on Integration Challenges
ObjectiveonIntegrationChallenges
Physicalintegration:
•Increasing the possible share of renewable energies
•Avoiding surplus generation
System Integration:
•Secure and reliable operation of the power system
•Compensating the services of the decreasing number of conventional power plants
Marketintegration:
•Integrating the renewable energies in the power market
•Implementing a market design, which leads to a cost-effectivintegration and a proceeding extension of renewable energy generation
MeasureonIntegrationChallenges
Physicalintegration:
•Adapting the renewable generation to the demand
•Adapting the demand to the renewable generation
•Using flexibility technologies to uncouple demand and generation temporally and regionally
System Integration:
•Technicalmeasures
•Adapting the market design
Marketintegration:
•New market components or products
•Adapting the market design focusing an increasing participation of renewable energies
•Checking laws and regulations

66. System Integration
What is necessary for a reliable electricity system?

67. System Integration Illustration
Voltage control

68. System Integration Illustration
Voltage control
Substation RTU
Volt Meter or
AMR
Voltage Control
Processor
Comm
Interface
Comm
Interface
LTC
Controller
LTC
LTC Raise/Lower Commands Feeder measurements
Reactive Power (MVAR)
Real Power (MW)
End of
Feeder
Substation
Transformer
Capacitor Bank
Controller
Radio
Capacitor Bank
(deenergized)
VAR Dispatch
Processor
Radio

69. Market Integration
Source: Energy Information Administration

70. Applicable IEEE Standards

71. Applicable IEEE Standards

72. <TITLE LECTURE>