1. History SUMMARY 1° TERM TEST
Long term causes of WW1
Napoleon’s defeat
An Imperial French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon was defeated by the armies
of the Seventh Coalition, comprising an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of
Wellingtoncombined with a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher. It was the
culminating battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. The defeat at Waterloo ended
his rule as Emperor of the French, marking the end of his Hundred Days return from exile.
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states that was held
in Vienna . The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French
Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Unification of Italy
Italian unification was the political and social movement that agglomerated different states
of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century.
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror also known simply as The Terror , was a period of violence that occurred after
the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions,
the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in
Paris),[2]
and
another 25,000
in summary
executions across
France.
19° CENTURY 18° CENTURY
Abolition of slavery Industrial Revolution
Napoleon’s defeat American Revolution
Our independence French Revolution
Unification of Germany Reign of terror
Congress of Vienna
Unification of Italy

2. Plans for war
Germany
Schlieffen Plan: Under this plan they would quickly attack and defeat France, then turn their forcé
on Russiawhich (the Germans were sure) would be slow to get its troops ready for war.
Austria – Hungary
Austria – Hungary knew it needed the help of Germany to hold back Russia. It too relied on the
success of the Schlieffen Plan so that Germany could help it to defeat Russia.
Russia
The Russian army was badly equipped but it was huge. Given enough time Russia could eventually
put millions of soldiers into the field. The Russian plan was to overwhelm (sobrepasar) Germany’s
and Austria’s armies by sheer weight of numbers.
France
Plan 17: French troops would charge across the frontier and attack deep into Germany forcing to
surrender
Britain
Britain’s military planners had been closely but secretly involved in collaboration with French
commanders. This le d to Britain setting up the BEF, consisting of 150,000 highly trained soldiers.
The BEF could go to France and fight alongside the French at short notice.
Chronology of the war
1914
War started after the murder of Franz Ferdinand
War plans were activated
A-H gave an ultimatum to Serbia
A-H declared war on Serbia
Russia stood for Serbia
Germany stood for A-H
France stood for russia
Great Britain stood for france
Italy stood for Germany
RESULT: WORLD WAR

3. 1915
Trenches were built
Stalemate continued
1° use of poison gas
Numerous casualties
1916
Stalemate went on
2 important battles: “Verdun” & “Somme”
Germans tried to defeat france through attrition “bleed france white”
1917
Crucial year / Turning point
USA entered the war (ships, mexico)
Russia left the war (REVOLUTION)
Russian revolution
TSAR (monarchists) vs BLOSHEVIKS (communists)
1918
Stalemate is broken (thanks to USA intervention)
Germany surrenders
Glossary
Stalemate: was the time when nobody could win in chess, in this case it was when neither
Germany nor France could win. It happened because the weapons that both countries had, were
better to defend than to attack, so neither could move from their trenches.
BEF: The british expeditionary force (BEF), were the sldiers that Britain sent to france, when they
were fighting with Germany, so they could support the military forces. They were professional
soldiers.
Cavalry: The part of the military force of troops that serve on horseback.
Infantry: Is the group of soldiers that fight on foot.
Casualties: Dead or injured man.
Essaywriting
Did the assessination of F.Ferdinand make European war inevitable?

4. In this essay I’m going to analyse what other causes made the assassination of F.Ferdinand ‘the
spark that lit the bonfire’. Because it wasn’t the only thing that made the war inevitable.
Firstly, the French Revolution was one of the many causes as the French rebelled against their
king, the democratic government appeared, there was a political change. This encouraged other
countries or estates to become independent, to rule themselves; like Italy and Germany. Their
unification was very important, but specially Germany’s as she was growing very rapidly, mostly,
thanks to the economic change of the Industrial Revolution. As there were factories, there was
more production and more consumption, which meant, more money. She wanted to become a
powerful and important empire so she needed a stronger navy to have overseas colonies. This was
a threat to other countries, like Britain as she was ‘the Queen of the Seas’ so they started
competing for a better navy. This was called ‘The Naval Race’.
Secondly, alliances were formed. The Triple Alliance, made up of: Austria-Hungary, Italy and
Germany; and the Triple Entente made up of: France, Russia and Britain. At first, Britain didn’t
want to get involved but with the threat of the growing power of Germany, and them competing
to see who was better, she joined. This alliances were formed by old rivalries like France and
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia, Austria-Hungary and Serbia which wasn’t part of the
alliances but was friends with Russia and they helped one another.
Third of all, the two Morrococrisis were also causes. As in the first one France wanted to take over
Morroco but Germany interfered and that made her furious. Later a conference was held in which
the Kaiser wanted Germany to be seen as a major power in Africa but he was treated as if he had
no right to speak in such matters, he was humiliated. Britain and France stuck together to oppose
him, this confirmed their alliance. In the second crisis, the French wanted to take over Morroco
again and as compensation, Germany was given land in central Africa. As she had sent a gunboat
to Agadir the British and the French made a deal to patrol the Mediterranean and defend France’s
Atlantic and North Sea coasts.
Finally, ‘the spark that lit the bonfire’. As Germany made it clear that she supported Austria-
Hungary, she was now confident to make trouble with Russia and Serbia. Serbia was the most
powerful country in the Balkans so she thought that she had to dealt with. Austria-Hungary was
looking for a good excuse to crush Serbia, and the opportunity came with the murder of
F.Ferdinand which she blamed Serbia of. The Serbians could not accept being part of the Austrian
Empire so they asked for some time to consider, Austria didn’t agree and declared war.
In conclusion, there were many causes that made the war inevitable and that made F.Ferdiand’s
murder ‘the straw that broke the camel’s back’.