Advantages of Spectracarb Graphitized Carbon Panels vs Sintered Titanium as Current Collectors for PEM Electrolyzer Applications.

1. Spectracarb Graphitized CarbonPaper asCurrent
Collectors forPEMElectrolyser Applications
CHRISTOPHERPERABO-HANNOVERMESSETECHNICALFORUM–28APRIL2016

2. CAPLINQ Europe BV
Manufacturer | Distributor | Partner
1. EFT and CAPLINQ Intro
USA and Europe Partnership
2. PEM Electrolyzer Market
Markets and Applications
3. Spectracarb Production Process
The logic of the papermaking process
4. Cost Drivers
How next generations will bring down the cost
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

3. - European presence without
requiring a European entity
- We give foreign companies local
storefront presence
- No commissions / distributor fees
- We are engineers and technical
representatives
- We travel through Europe, the
Middle East and Africa
- We meet with designers and
engineers, not just purchasers
TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE
CAPLINQ GETS WHATMARKET PARTNERMEANS
Not a one-stop shop, but a modular service provider
- We build brand and product awareness:
online and offline
- We design technical datasheets, selector
guides and brochures
ORDER FULFILLMENT MARKETING STRATEGISTS
MARKET
PARTNER

4. KEY FACTS:
Founded In 1998
Founding Members Each With Over 30 Years
Experience
Fibers/Composites
High Technology Fibers
Materials /Services
Located in Shelton, CT
1950m2 (~21,000 sq. ft) facility
Fiber Processing
Materials Development Lab
Spectracarb Development
ENGINEERED FIBERSTECHNOLOGY
Established 1998

5. SPECTRACARBGDL BACKGROUND
Timeline 1991 - 2016
Spectracarb early days – 1991 to 2005
Leading producer of GDL products for commercial applications
Leader in development of new GDL materials
• DOE Contracts
• Automotive / Industrial Sponsorship
Spectracarb 2005 - 2012
Acquired by EFT who has grown Spectracarb through:
• Engineered Materials Research
• Wet-Laid Paper Development
• Specialty Short-Cut Fiber Investigations
Spectracarb 2013 - 2016
Partnership with Caplinq Europe BV Since 2013
• Attended Hannover Messe every year since 2013
• Technology Focus is customer-led GDL Development

6. Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Toyota Fuel Cell
FUELCELLSVSELECTROLYZER
Opposite sides of the same coin
Polymer electrolyte
membrane (PEM)
Electrolyzer
FUELCELL
HydrogenIN
ElectricityOUT
ELECTROLYZER
ElectricityIN
HydrogenOUT

7. THEMARKET ISCALLING FORELECTROLYZERS
There are at least four clear markets that have emerged
++
CO2+ 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
Biogas plants
Electrolyzers have been used to convert CO2 from biogas plants
into methane and water
Power Grid Stabilization
Storage of renewable energy
for grid stabilization
Remote Hydrogen Production
Electrolyzers are used to produce hydrogen for industrial uses in
areas that are remote or difficult to access
Hydrogen Fuel
Electrolyzers are used to resupply fuel cells for automotive and
light duty vehicles

8. ELECTROLYZERS
FORGRID
STABILIZATION
USE AMMONIA INSTEAD OF METHANE
TU Delft and NUON are partnering to use
the H2 created by electrolyzers to create
ammonia.
+
N2+ 3H2 2NH3
By using ammonia (NH3)
instead of methane (CH4),
energy is generated without
freeing CO2

9. WHEREINTHEWORLD?
Electrolyzers for various purposes around the world
United States
California is leading the way in
developing the hydrogen station
infrastructure, but generally, the USA
is slow in addressing hydrogen storage.
Germany
In Germany, H2 can be fed back into the natural gas
(CH4) grid which can accept a 5% surplus of H2
Netherlands
In Netherlands, N2 is combined with H2 to create
ammonia (NH3) which is stored as a liquid and reused
Brazil, India and Africa
Today, PEM Electrolyzers are still more expensive that H2
suppliers, but as PEM costs drop PEMs more gain in market
share. Also in some cases, the areas are too remote that
PEM Electrolyzers are the best viable option.

10. WHEREISSPECTRACARBUSED?
Different materials for different applications
• Shanghai Shen-Li Fuel Cell Production
• 2008 Olympics/2010 World Expo
China City Bus
Program
Spectracarb 2050A 6060
Vanadium Redox BatteryFUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
Spectracarb 2225-900 ACF
PEM ELECTROLYZER
Current
Collector
ULTRA CAPACITOR
Spectracarb 2050A 15590 / 7090
Porous
Electrodes
Spectracarb 2050A 0850

11. MATERIALCOMPARISONFORCURRENTCOLLECTOR
Bipolar
Plate (BiP)
Current Collector
Iridium Oxide (IrO2)
Membrane Electrode
Assembly (MEA)
Platinum (Pt)
Membrane
Spectracarb
GDL 2050A-12580
Cathode

12. MATERIALCOMPARISONFORCURRENTCOLLECTOR
Sintered titanium vs graphitized carbon panels
POROUS CURRENT COLLECTOR MATERIALS
Material Properties Spectracarb 2050A-6060 Sintered Titanium
Thickness
Thickness range from 125micron to 4mm. Cost has non-linear
relationship.
Any thickness is possible, but cost has a linear
relationship to thickness
Oxidation on Cathode (H2)
side
No such effect with the Spectracarb GDL
Presents longer-term reliability as the compressed
H2 makes the sintered titanium malleable
Compressibility
Can be compressed significantly. A 3mm thick sheet can
compress to 2mm under pressures of 6-8MPa
Not compressible (rigid) at electrolyzer pressures
Compression Set
No compression set. Near perfect hysteris after pressure is
removed.
N/A – Not compressible
Pore Size Random distribution, average pore size is 20 micron 20 – 100 microns
Porosity 70 – 75% 30 – 50%
Resistance Values
Slightly lower resistance values than with sintered titanium.
Higher hear treatment decreases resistance.
Slightly higher resistance values obtained than
with carbon panels
Cost Considerable price advantage of the carbon paper
Considerably more expensive. Twice as expensive
in low volumes.
Microporous Layer Can be manufactured directly on the carbon paper Requires a standalone MPL
Under Pressure Carbon paper tends to become brittle under higher pressure No increased brittleness under pressure
Electrical Conductivity Requires at least 100 S/cm, the higher the better

13. SPECTRACARBPRODUCTION
Spectracarb production Capability
Production Capacity* > 50K sheets / year
(40 x 40 cm / 50 x 50 cm)
*without any manufacturing changes)
Ongoing Production Capacity >100 K Sheets/year
*without additional Capital
Larger Size Sheets 55 x 55 mm -70 x 70 mm are
Possible with Additional Equipment / Higher
Graphitization Temperatures Possible

14. EFT /SPECTRACARBGDLFORFUELCELLELECTRODES
KEY APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS:
Very High Conductivity Porous Graphite Papers & Panels
High Strength and Durability
Good Air Permeability
Excellent Moisture Transport / Water Management
Lab-Scale Prototype Development to
Commercial Scale Manufacturing
Produced in USA / CAPLINQ European Agent

15. Custom Carbon Panels
• Specific Porosity
• Specific Density
• Tight tolerance on both size
and thickness
Stabilization / Graphitization
Furnace temperatures up to
900°C - 3000oC
BondedGraphiteFiberPaper/Panel
WET-LAIDPOROUSGRAPHITEPAPERPROCESS
Basic Process Scheme
Carbon Filament
Precision Cutting
Carbon Fiber Slurry
Resin Impregnation
Molding / Resin Curing
Once injected, resin is cured (hardened)
Paper Formation
Optional Wet-
proofing, MPL
coating, sintering
Other Components
PAN Filament
Stabilization,
carbonization
Carbon Fibers
Wide range of carbon fibers available

16. ADVANTAGESOFPAPERMAKINGAPPROACHFOR
SPECIALIZEDGDLPRODUCTS
Versatility
Wide range of fibers, particle
modifiers & binders can be used
in papermaking process.
Small Scale
Papermaking process makes
small production runs possible.
Lab Scale
Preparation is scalable from lab
batch to pilot batch to
production scale.
Tolerance
Process allows wider control
over the thickness, density and
porosity.
High Density
High density and thick panels
with high compressive
compliance are possible.

17. ENGINEEREDFIBERSTECHNOLOGYGDLPRODUCTS
All Spectracarb™ grades of gas diffusion layer
ENGINEERED FIBERS TECHNOLOGY GAS DIFFUSION LAYER PRODUCTS – ALL
SPECTRACARB GRADES
Gas Diffusion
Layer (GDL)
Spectracarb
Grade
Type
Thickness
µm (mils)
Density
(g/cm³)
Basic
Weight
(g/m²)
Air
Permeability
(cfm/ft2)
Through
Plane
Resistance
(mΩcm²)
Tensile
Strength
(N/cm)
Flexural
Strength
(MPa)
Flexural
Stiffness
(GPa)
Porosity
Mean
Pore
Size
(µm)
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m-K)
TP (IP)1
PTFE
Treated
MPL
2050A-0550 Paper 130 (5) 0.5 - 35 - - - > 70% No No
2050A-0850 Paper 203 (8) 0.44 88 35 18
4.2 MD & 2.6
XMD
37 95 >70% 3.4 (20.7) No No
2050A-1050 Paper 250 (10) 0.5 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-1240 Paper 310 (12) 0.9 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-1535 Paper 380 (15) 0.35 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-1550 Paper 380 (15) 0.5 175 35 15 - 40 78% 3.4 (20.7) No No
2050A-1732 Paper 430 (17) 0.32 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-2050 Paper 500 (20) 0.5 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-6060 Paper 1524 (60) 0.6 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-7090 Paper 1778 (70) 0.9 - 35 - - - >70% No No
2050A-135552 Paper 3429 (135) 0.55 - 35 - - - >60% No No
2050A-150852 Paper 3810 (150) 0.85 - 35 - - - >60% No No
2225-900 ACF Fabric 500 - 135 - - - - - No No
1 TP AND IP STAND FOR THROUGH PLANE AND INPLANE RESPECTIVELY. DATA GIVEN @ 25C
2 SUITABLE FOR CHANNELED FLOW FIELD APPLICATIONS. MACHINES VERSIONS CAN BE SUPPLIED.
» TYPICAL DIMENSIONS ARE: 380 X 380MM, 400 X 400MM AND 500 X 500MM
» CUSTOM GRADES AND SIZES (UP TO 1 SQUARE METER) CAN BE FABRICATED TO MEET CUSTOMER SPECIFICATIONS

18. SPECTRACARBASELECTROLYZERCURRENTCOLLECTOR
Only Spectracarb GDL Panels can be both thick and dense
Spectracarb Electrolyzer
Cathode GDL Panels
Spectracarb Electrolyzer
Cathode GDL Panels
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Density, g/cc
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Thickness,microns
Spectracarb Electrolyzer
Cathode GDL Panels
Spectracarb Carbon Panels can be
produced as thin as 130μm (5 mils)
and as thick as 3810 130μm (150 mils)
THICKNESS
Spectracarb Carbon Panels have density
as low as 0.32 g/cm3 and as thick as
high as 0.95g/cm3
DENSITY
ONLY SPECTRACARB GDL CAN BE
BE BOTH THICK AND DENSE

19. PROPERTIES-SPECTRACARBELECTROLYZERPANEL
Spectracarb is an elastic material
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stress, PSI
Percent Strain
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Resistivity, mOhm-cm
Percent Strain
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Strain,%
Strain (%) vs. Stress over compressive loading
Percent Strain 1
Percent Strain 2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Resistivity
Resistivity (mOhm-cm) vs Stress (psi)
Resistivity, mOhm-cm, 1st Loading
Resistivity, mOhm-cm, 2nd Loading
Stress: Repeated Stress <20% Strain Resistivity: Repeated Stress <20% Strain

20. REDUCING THECOSTOFPEMELECTROLYZERS
Next generation PEM designs have cost-down strategies in mind
REDUCING
COSTS
FOUR WAYS TO REDUCE PEMCOSTS
Increaseactivearea HigherpressurePEMs
ReduceMaterial Cost Increaseusefullife
A larger active area decreases
the cost per kg of H2 produced.
Custom Spectracarb™ sheets
can be supplied up to one
square meter in area.
These eliminate a compression
step, allowing customers to buy
lessexpensive compressors.
Spectracarb™ sheets withstand
morethan 35 barsofpressure.
Sintered Titanium is expensive
and the cost is linear with size.
Spectracarb™ is 2-3 times less
expensive and with optimized
ordering*they can be even less.
Longer life cycles increase the
value of the PEM. Yearly service
checks reveal that Spectracarb™
sheets are still intact while
membranesneedto be replaced.
*Factors that affect cost are shown on the next slide.

21. REDUCECOSTOFGRAPHITIZED CARBON PANELS
EFT is focused on driving down the production costs
PRODUCTION
COSTS
ReduceMachiningCosts
OptimizeFurnaceRuns
Materials& Size
•Machining to thickness
•Cutting tosize
•Tight tolerancerequirements
•Processesare ~25% ofcost
Furnacerunsareexpensive!
•Furnacesameas sinteredTi
•Graphitizationis >2000°C.
•Furnacerunsare ~50%ofcost
Lowvolumesareexpensive!
Whether the furnace runs 1 part or
10,000 parts, the furnace cost is
the same. There is a linear
relationship between cost and
number ofunits produced.
•Panels aremoldedinsheets
•Circlesmeanwastematerial
•Panel optimizationis key
•Materialsare ~25% ofBOM
EFT’seffortsfocusonoptimizing
furnaceproductionruns.
50%25%
25%
EFTisexploringcheapermethods
EFTisexploringoptimalsizes

22. PLEASE VISITUS INHALL 27,STAND D-35

23. THANKYOU!
Please get in touch with us to discuss your specific application
Engineered Fibers Technology, LLC
Serving USA, Canada, Mexico & South America
88 Long Cross Road
Shelton, CT 06484
USA
Phone: +1 (203) 922 1810
Fax: +1 (203) 922 1814
Amsterdam, Netherlands Office
Serving Europe, Middle East, Asia & Africa
Provincialeweg 1
1561KK Krommenie
The Netherlands
Phone: +31 (20) 893 2224
Fax: +31 (84) 746 3497
PLEASE VISITUS INHALL 27,STAND D-35