Water treatment is the Process of removal of contaminants from untreated water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for the most critical of its intended uses, usually for human consumption. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals such as iron, manganese and sulfur, and other chemical pollutants such as fertilizers.Preliminary treatment of wastewater generally includes those processes that remove debris and coarse biodegradable material from the waste stream and/or stabilize the wastewater by equalization or chemical addition. Primary treatment generally refers to a sedimentation process ahead of the main system or secondary treatment. In domestic wastewater treatment, preliminary and primary processes will remove approximately 25 percent of the organic load and virtually all of the nonorganic solids. In industrial waste treatment, preliminary or primary treatment may include flow equalization, pH adjustment or chemical addition that is ex-tremely important to the overall treatment process. Waste water treatment can involve physical, chemical or biological processes or combinations of these processes depending on the required outflow standards. Conventional water treatment concepts blended with Modern technology is offered by Canadian Clear in their pressure sand filter, activated carbon filter, de-mineralizes, softener, iron removal filter, fluoride removal of plants, ozonators, ultra violet sterilizers, ultra filtration, micro filters, nano filtration, electro deionization, reverse osmosis system and so on. Canadian Clear advanced research and development wing has developed systems for various applications in prime industries like off shore oil rigs, fertilizers, hospitals, refineries, etc. We have an offer of effective water treatment plants which are automated to remove several captions and anions from the contaminated water. Our plants are entirely free from virus attacks and bacterial elements. These systems are durable, automatic, reliable and trustworthy to offer efficient and safe operation.

2. What Is In This Chapter?
 Water Treatment Overview
 Reasons for the treatment of drinking water.
 Overview of basic water treatment processes.

3. Water Treatment Overview
 Treatment systems are installed for two reasons: to
remove those things that can cause disease and those
things that create nuisances.
 The basic goal is to protect pub-lic health. However,
the broader goal is to provide potable water that is safe
to drink, pleasant in appearance, pleasant in taste and
odor, and cost-effective to produce.

4. Water Treatment

5. Reasons for the treatment of
drinking water
 The two main reasons for treating water are
1) To remove those contaminants that are harmful to health
and
2) To remove con-taminants that make the water look, taste,
or smell bad. Since many contaminants harmful to health
cannot be seen, smelled, or tasted, early water treatment
efforts focused on mak-ing the water more appealing to the
consumer or improving the aesthetic1 qualities of the water.

6. Microorganisms
Calcium
Iron
CONTAMINANTS THAT MUST BE REMOVED

7. Basic Water Treatment Unit Processes
 Water treatment requires chemical, physical, and sometimes biological
processes to remove contaminants. The more common processes used
in potable water treatment are the chemical and physical processes.
 Biological processes are primarily used for treatment of wastewater.
However, the slow sand filtration process is a biological process that
has been historically used to remove pathogens from potable water.
 The biological activated carbon (BAC) process is also a biological
process that is used to remove organic contaminants from potable
water.

8. Cont..,
 The chemical processes involved in potable water treatment
include oxidation15, coagulation16 and disinfection17. The physical
processes include flocculation18, sedi-mentation19, filtration20,
adsorption21, and disinfec
 The types of processes that are required and the order in which
they are used depend on the types and concentrations of
contaminants that must be removed. addition using ultraviolet
light.

9. Basic water treat-ment processes steps.
 Oxidation
 Coagulation
 Flocculation
 Clarification and Sedimentation
 Granular Media Filtration
 Membrane Filtration
 Adsorption
 Disinfection

10. Oxidation
 Chemical oxidation is used in water treatment to aid in the
removal of inorganic con-taminants such as iron (Fe2+),
manganese (Mn2+), and arsenic (As3+) to improve re-movals
of particles by coagulation or to destroy taste- and odor-
causing compounds.
 Oxidation can also be used prior to coagulation, filtration,
adsorption, or sedimentation to improve the removal of
inorganic, particulates, taste, or odor.

11. Coagulation
There are two types of colloidal material
 Hydrophobic25
Hydrophobic means water-fearing. Hydrophobic colloidal material is
mostly inorganic material that contributes to turbid-ity and carries a
negative electrical surface charge.
 Hydrophllic26
 Hydrophilic means water-loving. Hydrophilic colloidal material is mostly
composed of organic material that is the common source of color in water.
Hydrophilic compounds are surrounded by water molecules that tend to
make these particles negatively
charged as well.

12. Hydrophobic particles Hydrophobic particles after coagulation
COAGULANT
Coagulation

13. Flocculation
 Flocculation is a physical process of slowly mixing the coagulated
water to increase the probability of particle collision.
 This process forms the floc. Floc is a snowflake-looking material
that is made up of the colloidal particles, microorganisms, and
precipitate.
 Flocculation can occur with the addition of only the primary
coagulant. However, ad-ditional chemicals can be added to
improve the settling or filtering characteristics of the coagulated
materials (floc)

14. Clarification and Sedimentation
 Clarification of water involves removing contaminants
through simple gravity sedimentation or through solids
contact processes that operate in either a down-flow or up-
flow configuration.
 The three most common types of clarifiers used in small
systems include gravity sedimentation, up-flow sludge
blanket clarification, or down-flow contact clarification.

15. Granular Media Filtration
 Filtration is a physical process of separating suspended
and colloidal particles from water by passing the water
through a filter media.
 Filtration involves a number of physical processes.
Among these are straining, settling, and adsorption.

16. Granular Media Filtration
Types of Filters
The two main types of filters used in small systems include
gravity filters and pres-sure filters.
 Gravity filters rely on the depth of water above the filter
media to provide the driving force to pass water through
the media as it clogs.
 Pressure filters are enclosed in pressure vessels and can
operate with much higher driving forces. In general, most
gravity filters operate with 4 - 6 feet of available head, and
pressure filters operate with 10 - 20 feet of head

17. Membrane Filtration
 The RO process provides the highest level of treatment of
the membrane processes and is also effective in removing
salts from brackish water or seawater. Membrane processes
are classified based on effective size range.
 These filters are essentially a course membrane filter
designed specifically to remove Giar-dia and
Cryptosporidium.

18. FILTERATION EQUIPMENTS
 Filtration equipments are used to remove contaminates or
separate a mixture of different elements.
Types of filtration :
 Sedimentation Equipment
 Gravity Filtration Equipment
 Vacuum Filtration

19. Adsorption
 Organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from
water through the adsorp-tion process. Adsorption of a
substance involves its accumulation onto the surface of a
solid called the adsorbent.
 Organic adsorption Activated carbon can be used to
remove hundreds of different types of organic con-
taminants.
 Some inorganic contaminants can be removed through the
adsorption process as well. Adsorption can be on to the
surface of a filter media or on to the surface of floc.

20. Disinfection
 Disinfection is defined as the process used to control
waterborne pathogenic organ-isms and thus prevent
waterborne disease.
 The effectiveness of disinfection in a drinking water system
is measured by testing for the presence or absence of coli
form bacteria57.

21. Shivsu canadian clear
 For more detail contact us.,
 No.149, Poonamallee High Road, (E.V.R Lane) Kilpauk,
Chennai-600 010,
India. 1-800-425-20000 +91-44-28362461 - 71 +91-44-28362470
 Mail Id:
 support@canadianclear.com
info@canadianclear.com