1.
Christina A. / 1213013008 Ivena M. A. / 1213013010 Paulin K. G. / 1213013018

2.
• Families
• Peer Relations, Play, and Television
• The Self, Gender, and Moral
Development
What influences it?

3.
Families
• Parenting styles
• Adapting parenting to developmental changes in the
child
• Cultural, ethnic, and social class variations in family
• Siblings relationship and birth order
• The changing family in a changing society
• Depressed parents

4.
Parenting Styles
Three parenting styles by Diana Baumrind:

5.
1. Authoritarian
Is a restrictive style in which parents exhort the child to follow
instruction and to respect their work and effort. This style has a firm
limit and controls on the child
2. Authoritative
This style encourages children to be independent but parents still place
limit and controls on the children’s actions
3. Permissive
Neglectful parents are uninvolved in the child’s life.
Indulgent parents are highly involved with their children but place
few demands or control on them.

6.
Adapting Parenting to Developmental
Changes in the Child
Parents need to adapt their behavior to their
children based on their children’s developmental
maturity.
As the child grow older, parents increasingly to
reasoning, moral exhortation and giving or withholding
special privileges, give less physical affection.

7.
Cultural, Ethnic, and Social Class
Variations in Family
Different culture, different ethnic, different
social class
Different values, different parenting behaviors

8.
Siblings Relationship and Birth Order
Actions Parents Siblings
Interaction More Less
Following dictates More Less
Behave punitively and
negatively
Less More
Understand the child’s
problem
Less More

9.
Birth order effects suggest that birth order might
be a strong predictor of behavior. However, we
must remember that there are so many other
complex influences on a child’s behavior.

10.
The Changing Family in a Changing
Society
• Working Mothers
Maternal employment is a part of modern life.
Many working mothers are feeling guilty about being
away from their children. Working parents’ guilt can be
reduced if they begin paying closer attention to how
their children are doing.

11.
• Effects of divorce on children
Two main models to explain how explain how divorce
affects children’s development:
Multiple factor
model of
divorce

12.
• Family structure model
Any differences in children from different family structures
are due to the family structure variations, such as the father’s
being absent in one set of the families.
• Multiple factor model of divorce
Takes into account the complexity of the divorce context and
examines a number of influences on the child’s development.
Such as: age and developmental changes; conflict; sex of the
child and custody arrangements; income and economic
stress.

13.
Most children initially experience considerable
stress when their parents divorce, and they are
at risk for developing problem behaviors.

14.
Depressed Parents
Research shows that depression in parents is
associated with problem of adjustment and
disorders, especially depression, in their
children.

15.
Peer Relations, Play,
and Television

16.
Peer Relations
• Peer group function
to provide a source of
information and comparison
about the world outside the
family
• Two kinds relations
Poor peer relations and
Harmonious peer relations
• The Distinct but
Coordinated Worlds of
Parent-Child and Peer
Relations

17.
The Distinct but
Coordinated Worlds of
Parent-Child and Peer
Relations
1. bullies ⇒ their parent
rejected, were
authoritian
permissiviness toward
aggresion discord
2. whipping boys ⇒ their
parent were anxious
and over protective.
Peer Relations

18.
Play
Play’s Functions
• Freud and Erikson
Play help child master
anxieties and conflicts.
• Piaget
Play advance children's
cognitive development.
• Vigotsky
Belives that play advance
children's cognitive
development.
• Daniel Berlyne
Describes play as being
exciting and pleasurable.

19.
Play
• Unoccupied play
• Solitary play
• Onlooker play
• Parallel play
• Associative play
• Cooperative play
Parten's Classic
Study of Play

20.
Unoccupied play
the child is not playing but occupies herself with
watching anything that happend to be of
momentary interest.

21.
Solitary play
The children are
play alone and
independently of
others.

22.
Onlooker play
Occurs when the child watches other children
play.

23.
Parallel play
Occurs when the child plays separately from
others but with the tpys like those the others are
using.

24.
Associative play
when the child is interested in the people playing
but not in coordinating their activities with those
people, or when there is no organized activity at
all. There is a substantial amount of interaction
involved, but the activities are not in sync.

25.
Cooperative play
involves social interaction in a group with a
sense of group identity and organized activity

26.
Play
Types of Play
• Sensorimotor /
Practice Play
• Pretense / Symbolic
Play
• Social Play
• Constructive Play
• Games

27.
Television
• Television's roles
• Effect of television
on children
• Aggression and
Prosocial Behavior

28.
Strategies for Enriching the
Quality of Children's Play
1. Time = give 30- to 50- minute at
least several times a week.
2. Space = at least 25 to 30 square
feet
3. Experience = field trip
4. Play Materials

29.
Amount of television watching by
children

30.
The Self, Gender, and
Moral Development

31.
The Self
Initiative vs. Guilt
As preschool, children
encounter a widening social
world, they are challenge more
& need to develop more
purposeful behavior to cope
with these challenges. Children
are asked to assume more
responsibility. Uncomfortable
guilt feelings may arise, though,
if the children irresponsible &
are made to feel too anxious.

32.
The Self
Self-Understanding
is the child’s cognitive
representation of self,
the substance & content
of the child’s self-
conception.

33.
Gender
Gender refers to the social
dimension of being male or
female.
Gender identity is the sense of
being male or female, which most
of children acquire by the time
they are 3 years old.
Gender role is a set of
expectation that prescribe how
males and females should think,
act, and feel.

34.
Gender
Biological Influences
Sigmund Freud
Human behavior and history are
directly influenced by sexual drives.
Erik Erikson
Because of genital structure, males
are more intrusive and aggressive,
females more inclusive and passive.

35.
Gender
Social Influences
Identification theory
The preschool child develops a sexual
attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
By approximately 5 or 6 years of age
the child renounces this attraction
because of anxious feelings. Then, the
child identifies with the same-sex
parent, unconsciously adopting the
same-sex parent’s characteristics.

36.
Social learning theory of
gender
Children’s gender development
occurs through observation and
imitation of gender behavior, and
through the rewards &punishments
children experience for gender
appropriate and inappropriate
behavior.
Gender

37.
Gender
• Parental Influences
Mother are more consistently
given responsibility for nurture
& physical care.
Father are more likely to
engage in playful interaction &
be given responsibility for
ensuring that boys & girls
conform to existing cultural
form.

38.
Gender
• Peer Influences
Boys teach one another need
masculine behavior and do that
strictly.
Girls mainly congregate with
one another.

39.
Gender
• School & Teacher
Influences
• Girls’ learning problems are
not identified as often as boys’
are.
• Boys are given the lion’s share
of attention in school.
• Girls start school testing higher
in every academic subject than
boys, yet graduate from high
school scoring lower on the SAT
exam.

40.
Gender
• Boys are most often at the top
of their classes, but they are also
are most often at the bottom.
•Pressure to achieve is more
likely to be heaped on boys than
on girls.

41.
Gender
• Television was portraying
females as less competent than
males.
•In the print media
Females are shown more often
in beauty products, cleaning
products, and home appliances
advertisements.
Males are shown more often in
car, liquor, and travel
advertisements.
• Media Influences

42.
Gender
Cognitive Influences
• Cognitive Developmental
Theory
Children’s gender typing
occurs after they have
developed a concept of
gender. Once they
consistently conceive of
themselves as male or
female, children often
organize their world on the
basis of gender.

43.
Gender
• Gender Schema Theory
states that an individual‘s
attention & behavior are
guided by an internal
motivation to conform to
gender-based sociocultural
standards and stereotypes.

44.
Gender
• The Role of Language in
Gender Development
The language that children
hear most of the time is
sexist.

45.
Moral Development
Concerns rules and
conventions about
what people should
do in their
interactions with
other people.

46.
Behave
Reason or
Think
Feel

47.
Moral Development
• Piaget’s View of How
children’s moral
Reasoning Develops
Heteronomous morality
The first stage of moral
development in Piaget’s
theory, occurring
approximately 4 to 7 years
of age. Justice and rules
are conceived of as
unchangeable properties
of the world, removed
from the control of people.

48.
Moral Development
Autonomous morality
The second stage of moral
development in Piaget’s
theory, displayed by older
children (about 1o years of
age and older]. The child
becomes aware that rules
and laws are created by
people and that, in
judging an action, one
should consider the actor’s
intentions as well
consequences.

49.
Moral Development
Immanent justice the concept
that if the rule is broken,
punishment will be meted
out immediately.

50.
Moral
Behavior
Social Learning
Theory
Processes of
Reinforcement
Imitation
Punishment
Situation

51.
Moral Development
• Moral Feelings
• Superego as the
main structure of
personality.
• Child’s superego
develop when the
child resolves the
Oedipus Complex
conflict.

52.
Moral Development
• Self-punitiveness of
guilt
• Empathy
• The cognitive
component