Within the countries of South Africa and Northern Ireland, an undercurrent of social divisiveness and ethnic tensions has permeated many facets of life for the citizens and residents there, influencing political and economic development on a macro and micro level and occasionally erupting into violent conflict along racial lines. Through the sponsorship of the James Graham Brown Foundation and the Brown Fellows Program, I have had the opportunity to study and witness firsthand the impact and legacy of Apartheid and the Troubles and the aftermath of these two periods of ethnic turmoil. For my Brown Fellows experience, I chose to pursue a comprehensive, overarching project that would take place in three parts, with each summer proposal representing a small piece of the end result, rather than each proposal representing an individualized, self-contained, leadership project. To tie these three leadership projects together into a single finished project, I plan to present my findings in the form of a Senior Honors Thesis that summarizes my findings and research, serves as a chronicle of my time in the Brown Fellows program and represents the educational foundation that I have been building over the past three years. This past summer, I traveled to England, spending time in the British Library and in the archives in Cambridge and Oxford in order to gather more material for my thesis. Through review of historical documents and texts, I found evidence to support the argument that the notion of the White Man’s Burden not only served as a justification for the proliferation of British imperialism around the world, but was also used as justification for social, political and economic exploitation of the countries in question. I plan to incorporate my findings with my previous work in South Africa and Northern Ireland, drawing parallels between the treatment of the populations of these two nations and establishing the origin of social stratification that served as a precursor to the Troubles and Apartheid as resting within the notions of racial and ethnic superiority evident in the idea of the White Man’s Burden. Through this research, I hope to establish a greater understanding of the conditions that lead to the development of inequality along ethnic lines in these countries, so that more appropriate social solutions can be found.

1. Shouldering the Burden: The Social influence of British Imperialism, the “White Man’s Burden” and the
Development of Ethnic Conflict in South Africa and Northern Ireland
Abstract
Within
the
countries
of
South
Africa
and
Northern
Ireland,
an
undercurrent
of
social
divisiveness
Tying it All Together
During
the
summer
of
2010,
I
collected
firsthand
informa:on
on
the
social
situa:on
in
South
Africa.
and
ethnic
tensions
has
permeated
many
facets
of
life
for
the
ci:zens
and
residents
there,
Through
conduc:ng
recorded
interviews
with
local
and
na:onal
party
leaders
across
the
poli:cal
influencing
poli:cal
and
economic
development
on
a
macro
and
micro
level
and
occasionally
spectrum,
engaging
in
academic
discussion
with
professors
of
history
and
poli:cal
science,
examining
erup:ng
into
violent
conflict
along
racial
lines.
Through
the
sponsorship
of
the
James
Graham
archival
records,
and
speaking
with
experts
and
laymen
of
all
ages
from
a
variety
of
economic
posi:ons
Brown
Founda:on
and
the
Brown
Fellows
Program,
I
have
had
the
opportunity
to
study
and
and
racial
backgrounds,
I
explored
the
history
of
Apartheid,
its
origins,
impact,
and
aHermath
on
the
witness
firsthand
the
impact
and
legacy
of
Apartheid
and
the
Troubles
and
the
aHermath
of
these
people
of
South
Africa.
two
periods
of
ethnic
turmoil. During
the
summer
of
2011,
I
engaged
in
an
academic
program
at
the
John
Hume
Global
Ins:tute
for
Irish
For
my
Brown
Fellows
experience,
I
chose
to
pursue
a
comprehensive,
overarching
project
that
Studies
at
University
College
Dublin
in
Ireland.
En:tled
Conflict
and
Concilia:on:
Northern
Ireland
and
the
would
take
place
in
three
parts,
with
each
summer
proposal
represen:ng
a
small
piece
of
the
end
Peace
Process
in
Compara:ve
Context,
the
program
specifically
focused
on
the
history
of
racial
and
ethnic
result,
rather
than
each
proposal
represen:ng
an
individualized,
self-­‐contained,
leadership
project.
tension
present
since
the
first
interac:ons
between
the
Bri:sh
and
the
Irish.
The
program
served
as
a
To
:e
these
three
leadership
projects
together
into
a
single
finished
project,
I
plan
to
present
my
chronological
explora:on
of
increasing
conflict
through
the
Irish
independence
movement,
the
Troubles
and
the
present,
providing
informa:on
through
academic
dialogue
and
presenta:ons
with
si]ng
and
findings
in
the
form
of
a
Senior
Honors
Thesis
that
summarizes
my
findings
and
research,
serves
as
guest
professors
and
through
primary
and
secondary-­‐source
documenta:on.
a
chronicle
of
my
:me
in
the
Brown
Fellows
program
and
represents
the
educa:onal
founda:on
that
I
have
been
building
over
the
past
three
years. Following
the
program,
I
spent
addi:onal
:me
conduc:ng
independent
study
through
Queen’s
University
Belfast
in
Northern
Ireland.
In
addi:on
to
gathering
further
historical
data
on
the
social
stra:fica:on
of
This
past
summer,
I
traveled
to
England,
spending
:me
in
the
Bri:sh
Library
and
in
the
archives
in
Northern
Ireland
along
ethnic
lines,
I
witnessed
firsthand
the
erup:on
of
ethnic
tensions
into
violence
as
Cambridge
and
Oxford
in
order
to
gather
more
material
for
my
thesis.
Through
review
of
historical
an
observer
of
riots
in
Ardoyne,
in
response
to
militaris:c
parades
conducted
by
the
Protestants
which
documents
and
texts,
I
found
evidence
to
support
the
argument
that
the
no:on
of
the
White
Man’s
corresponded
to
the
TwelHh
Night
annual
celebra:ons.
Burden
not
only
served
as
a
jus:fica:on
for
the
prolifera:on
of
Bri:sh
imperialism
around
the
Through
a
combina:on
of
this
previous
research
and
that
conducted
this
summer,
I
have
come
to
the
world,
but
was
also
used
as
jus:fica:on
for
social,
poli:cal
and
economic
exploita:on
of
the
conclusion
that
the
development
and
jus:fica:on
for
a]tudes
and
legal
maneuvers
that
promoted
social
countries
in
ques:on.
division
and
inequality
along
racial
and
ethnic
lines
within
South
Africa
and
Northern
Ireland
have
a
direct
I
plan
to
incorporate
my
findings
with
my
previous
work
in
South
Africa
and
Northern
Ireland,
lineage
to
the
no:on
of
the
“White
Man’s
Burden,”
it
in
and
of
itself
serving
as
a
concise
summary
drawing
parallels
between
the
treatment
of
the
popula:ons
of
these
two
na:ons
and
establishing
document
that
aaempted
to
dis:ll
and
jus:fy
the
expansion
of
empire
and
the
subjuga:on
of
na:ve
the
origin
of
social
stra:fica:on
that
served
as
a
precursor
to
the
Troubles
and
Apartheid
as
res:ng
popula:ons.
The
incorpora:on
of
Social
Darwinism
and
other
pseudoscien:fic
studies
that
also
occurred
within
the
no:ons
of
racial
and
ethnic
superiority
evident
in
the
idea
of
the
White
Man’s
Burden.
along
the
lines
of
the
“White
Man’s
Burden”
at
the
:me
represented
aaempts
to
cer:fy
and
codify
past
Through
this
research,
I
hope
to
establish
a
greater
understanding
of
the
condi:ons
that
lead
to
the
and
present
discriminatory
views
as
being
morally
acceptable.
This
naturally
lead
to
the
posi:oning
of
development
of
inequality
along
ethnic
lines
in
these
countries,
so
that
more
appropriate
social
those
viewed
as
non-­‐white
into
a
second-­‐class
societal
posi:on
in
these
countries,
sparking
protest
and
solu:ons
can
be
found. ethnic
tension
that
even
remains
today.
This Summer’s Work The Big Picture
During
the
month
of
June,
I
had
the
opportunity
to
conduct
independent
I
do
not
intend
my
research
to
serve
as
a
condemna:on
of
individuals,
reseasrch
on
Bri:sh
history
in
London,
Cambridge
and
Oxford,
United
ins:tu:ons,
peoples,
or
governments.
Rather,
I
hope
that
my
final
thesis
Kingdom.
My
studies
concentrated
on
the
influence
of
social
development
in
will
serve
as
the
condemna:on
of
an
idea.
The
no:on
of
racial
and
ethnic
colonial
and
imperial
possessions,
specifically
concentra:ng
on
a
period
from
superiority
encapsulated
in
the
idea
of
the
“White
Man’s
Burden”
set
a
the
19th
century
to
the
present
and
within
the
countries
of
South
Africa
and
founda:on
for
inequality
that
South
Africa
and
Northern
Ireland
and
a
Northern
Ireland.
During
the
course
of
this
research,
I
employed
primary-­‐ legacy
that
the
people
of
these
countries
is
s:ll
aaemp:ng
to
cope
with
source
historical
documents
and
secondary
resources,
exploring
the
history
today.
It
is
my
hope
that
an
understanding
of
the
origin
of
these
past
of
racial
views
in
the
Bri:sh
Empire,
the
codifica:on
of
discriminatory
injus:ces
will
paint
a
clearer
picture
of
history
and
societal
developments,
prac:ces
and
dialogue
within
the
legal
system
in
the
United
Kingdom
and
in
and
lead
to
more
targeted
and
effec:ve
solu:ons
that
can
combat
years
of
its
territories,
and
the
basis
of
thought
in
which
these
views
emerged. mistreatment.
Thursday, August 23, 2012