The document discusses various sleep disorders including primary sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. It also discusses parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep paralysis, and restless leg syndrome. Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep and can be acute or chronic, treated with medication or behavior modification. Other disorders discussed include sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders, narcolepsy which involves daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, and various parasomnias. Maintaining good sleep hygiene through a regular schedule, light and temperature control can help address sleep problems.

1. Sleep Disorders
Types & Treatments
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2. Sleep Disorders
ivation toll
•Primary Sleep Disorders:
-Dyssomnias p depr eatest
• Slee it’s gr
akes ilities.
- Insomnia t
cogni tive ab
on
- Narcolepsy shown
- Breathing-Related Sleeping Disorders s have ugh sleep
Studie h eno
hat wit ion the
•
t
privat ill become
- Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
de
-Parasomnias anim als w ntually
d eve
- Nightmares sick an
- Night Terrors die.
- Sleepwalking
- Sleep Paralysis
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3. Insomnia
•Difficulty falling asleep &
staying asleep.
•Not due to direct effects
of substance use or
general medical
condition.
•About 60 million
Americans have chronic
insomnia.
•Affects 40% of women
and 30 % of men.
•Acute or Chronic
•Treatment: medication or
behavior modification.
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4. Monday, May 21, 12 4

5. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
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6. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
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7. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
• Drug or alcohol use
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8. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
• Drug or alcohol use
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)
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9. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
• Drug or alcohol use
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)
• Medical disorders
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10. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
• Drug or alcohol use
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)
• Medical disorders
• Sleep apnea
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11. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
• Drug or alcohol use
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)
• Medical disorders
• Sleep apnea
• Restless leg syndrome
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12. Chronic Causes of Insomnia
• Medications
• Drug or alcohol use
• Psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
depression, anxiety)
• Medical disorders
• Sleep apnea
• Restless leg syndrome
• Poor sleep hygiene
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13. Insomnia Treatment
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14. Insomnia Treatment
Lifestyle changes often can help relieve acute (short-term) insomnia. These
changes might make it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep.
A type of counseling called cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help
relieve the anxiety linked to chronic (ongoing) insomnia. Anxiety tends to prolong
insomnia.
Several medicines also can help relieve insomnia and re-establish a regular sleep
schedule.
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15. Sleep Apnea
Repeated stoppage in breathing
during sleep
Caused by lack of breathing
drive (central) or by blockage
(obstructive)
Signs/Symptoms:
Snoring, headaches, fatigue,
poor sleep, chronic
congestion, irritability, Treatment: Continual Positive Airway Pressure
obesity, sexual dysfunction (CPAP), Lifestyle Changes, and Surgery.
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16. Medications
• Albuterol • Corticosteroids
• Attention Deficit Disorder Meds (e.g. • SSRIs (antidepressants)
Ritalin)
• Decongestants (Pseudoephedrine, • Phenytoin (seizure medication)
Phenylephrine)
• Chemotherapy (cancer
• Caffeine medications)
• “Diet pills" • Beta-blockers (high blood
• Nicotine pressure meds)
• Thyroid medications
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17. Circadian Rhythm Sleep
Disorder
•Persistent pattern of sleep disruption
leading to excessive sleepiness or
insomnia due to mismatch between sleep-
wake schedule.
•Obvious distress/impairment in social
and occupational settings.
Delayed Sleep Phase Type
An unnatural sleeping pattern created by
falling asleep late and waking up late
which eventually establishes an inability
to fall asleep and awaken at a desired
earlier time.
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18. Narcolepsy
•Narcolepsy (NAR-ko-lep-se) is a
disorder that causes periods of extreme
daytime sleepiness due to trouble sleeping at
night and is sometimes accompanied by
paralysis and hallucinations
• Hallucinations: Vivid, life-like dreams
that occur while falling asleep or waking up.
• Sleep paralysis: This condition prevents
you from moving or speaking while waking up
and sometimes while falling asleep. Last from
a few seconds to a few minutes.
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19. Narcolepsy Causes
Hypocretin (hi-po-KREET-in), a chemical in sy?
Na rcolep
the brain that helps promote wakefulness. Most Wh o Is A
tR isk for
sy af f
ects men
and
lly be
gin
Narco
lep usua
ptoms
people who have narcolepsy have low levels of this wome
n . Sym
t he
r yo ung a
teen o also can
dult
during e disorder childr
en ,
chemical. What causes these low levels is unknown. Th
years. later in life
or in
5.
develop befo re age
but it' s rare
Possible factors include:
•Heredity. Some people may inherit a gene that affects hypocretin. Up to 10% of people who
have narcolepsy report having a relative with the same symptoms.
•Infections
•Brain injuries caused by brain tumors, strokes, or trauma.
•Autoimmune disorders
•Low levels of histamine, a substance in the blood that promotes wakefulness.
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20. Narcoleptic
Cataplexy
Cataplexy (KAT-ah-
plek-se) This condition
causes a sudden loss of muscle
tone while you're awake.
Muscle weakness can affect
certain parts of your body or
your whole body. For example,
if cataplexy affects your hand,
you may drop what you're
holding. It may last seconds or
minutes.
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21. Sleepwalking
(somnambulism)
Sleepwalking is a disorder that
occurs when people walk or do Symptoms of sleepwalking
another activity while they are include:
still asleep.
•Confusion/disorientation when woken up.
•Sleepwalking most often occurs during
deep, non-REM sleep, early in the night. •A blank look on their face.
•Opening their eyes while still asleep.
•Sleepwalking happens most often in •No memory of the episode.
children ages 5 - 12.
•Performing a detailed activity of any type
•The episode can last from a few seconds to while still asleep.
over 30 minutes.
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22. Sleep Paralysis
•In the early stages of sleep.
•A person suddenly wakes
up and is aware of their
surroundings, but cannot
move.
•Treated with
antidepressants and SSRI’s
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23. Night Terrors
Night terrors (sleep terrors)
are a sleep disorder in which a
person quickly wakes from
sleep in a terrified state. •Most common in children ages 3 - 7
between midnight and 2 a.m.
•The cause is unknown, but night •A person may remember the details of
terrors may be triggered by: the dream and will not be disoriented after
•Fever the episode.
•Lack of sleep
•Periods of emotional tension,
•Treatment: Reducing stress may reduce
night terrors.
stress, or conflict.
•Frightening movies or
TV shows.
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24. Nightmares
Prevalence by Age Group
• Extremely frightening dreams that
occur in REM sleep. Young Adults
3%
• Less intense then sleep terrors. 3-5 Year Olds
Adults
47% 50%
• Person rapidly becomes aware and
alert almost immediately after waking
up.
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25. Restless Leg Syndrome
Neurological disorder that is characterized by unpleasant
sensations of legs and an urge to move them when at the
rest.
•The unpleasant feelings are described as creeping, crawling, pulling, itching,
tingling, burning, aching, or electric shocks.
•The urges to move happen when the body is at rest and inactive. Thus, being worse
in the evening which can cause chronic sleep disturbances and sleep deprivation.
•Causes: Mostly unknown (idiopathic)
•Treatment: underlying cause, some meds, and exercise.
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26. Sleep Hygiene
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27. Sleep Hygiene
✓ Try to limit caffeine intake.
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28. Sleep Hygiene
✓ Try to limit caffeine intake.
✓ Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals
before bedtime)
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29. Sleep Hygiene
✓ Try to limit caffeine intake.
✓ Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals
before bedtime)
✓ Set your bedroom for a comfortable temperature.
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30. Sleep Hygiene
✓ Try to limit caffeine intake.
✓ Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals
before bedtime)
✓ Set your bedroom for a comfortable temperature.
✓ Minimize light exposure.
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31. Sleep Hygiene
✓ Try to limit caffeine intake.
✓ Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals
before bedtime)
✓ Set your bedroom for a comfortable temperature.
✓ Minimize light exposure.
✓ Try to follow a regular and consistent sleep schedule.
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32. Sources
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