1. TDM 458
International Tourism
Ara Pachmayer

2. What are some ways that Europe has had
a global influence throughout history?
How might this impact tourism?

3. EU countries (and neighbors)
Eastern Europe (former USSR sphere of
influence)
Former USSR

6.  The richer countries in
Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Scandinavia
• Benelux (Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxembourg)
 Poorer countries
• Spain
• Greece
• Portugal
 Not EU members –
Switzerland, Norway,
Iceland
 Eastern Europe…new
EU members

7.  Recognition of importance of tourism industry
 Madrid Declaration of 2010
• Consolidated Tourism Policy – more integrated
approach
• Consolidate the image and profile of Europe
• Strengthen sustainable competitiveness of tourism
• Maximize potential of EU financial policies to develop
tourism
 Development/re-development projects
 Creation of the Schengen Area
 Common Currency
• Great benefit to tour operators and tourists alike!

8. Leader+
European Regional Development Fund
• The ERDF aims to strengthen economic and
social cohesion in the European Union by
correcting imbalances between its regions
• Interreg
European Social Fund
• The ESF sets out to improve employment and job
opportunities in the European Union

12. Only for very wealthy in pre- or early-
railroad era
• Gardens
• Spas
• Education
Increase through WWI
• Passport controls broke down through WWI
• Before WWI you could travel without a passport
• After WWI passport needed which was not
accessible to all

13. Sharp increase 1950-1970s
• Airline industry
• Traditional resorts (Spanish islands, Riviera, Black
Sea)
Sharp increase 1990s
• Eastern European destinations (collapse of USSR
and independence)
• More remote locations
Changes in tourism geography over time
• Over time more people started to travel to Eastern
Europe

15.  2008 - Arrivals stagnate growing by only
0.3%, Expenditures declined by 1%
 2010 - grew by 3% – finally some recovery, though
expenditures declined by .4%
 Northern and Western Europe hurt the worst in 2008
• Netherlands declined by -8%, 10% growth in 2010!
• France -3%, 0% growth in 2010
• UK -2%, still negative growth in 2010
 2011 Europe 1 of the fastest growing regions (+6%)
• Tourism to Europe accounts for 51% of worlds arrivals
and 45% of expenditures

20.  High in smaller states
• E.g., Cyprus, Estonia, Malta
 High in summer home states
• E.g. , Portugal, Spain
 Moderately high in most of Europe
• 8 to 14%
 Low in least-developed states
• Romania , Serbia, Macedonia

22. Negative population growth
Immigration from colonialism
• Results in VFR tourism both inbound and
outbound
Aging Population
• May curtail travel to some regions and increase
travel to other regions

23.  58% of Europeans
took at least one
holiday of four
consecutive nights
away from home
• Close to 75% in
northern Europe

24. France: 39 days
• Germany: 27 days
• Netherlands: 25 days
• Great Britain: 23 days
• Canada: 20 days
• United States: 12 days
 Accepted vacation periods, e.g.
• Midsummer in Sweden, Finland, Estonia
• Pentecost in Bavaria
• August in Italy
• July – August in France (through to La Rentrée)

25.  More people staying
closer to home
 Larger decline in
‘traditional’
destinations
 2008 -> 2009
• More people plan
to travel within
country (43% >
48%)
• More people plan
to travel to non-
Euro countries
NYTimes

30. Culinary tourism
Nautical tourism
Ethnic / religion / lifestyle
tourism
Spa / wellness/ health
tourism
Ecotourism
Cultural / heritage tourism
Dark tourism

31. http://www.aljazeera.com/video/europe/201
1/10/20111029193514161433.html

33. Nordic States/Scandinavia
Western Europe
Microstates
Eastern Europe

35. Economic crisis
Isolation
Natural Disasters
Fishing v. tourism
Viking heritage
Nature

36.  EU
 Types of Tourism
• Vikings
• Fjords
• Ancestral tourism
• Cottages

37.  Liberal country in the Nordic region
 Royal family
 Cottages
 Cross-border shopping
 Nature
• Allemansrätten — the Right of Public Access
 @sweden Twitter
• http://curatorsofsweden.com/about/#content
• Influence on Tourism?

38. Lakes
Lapland
Second homes
Relationship with Russia and Estonia
Sami culture

39. Includes UK (Scotland, England, Wales, N.
Ireland) and the Republic of Ireland
• Contentious issues to say British Isles
Issues
• Terrorism
• Separatist movements and nationalism
• EU
Types of Tourism

40. MEDITERRANEAN
EUROPE

41.  History
 Issues in Tourism
• Tourism Development
 Large developments in the coastal regions
• Terrorism
Separatism

43. Heritage and Cultural Sites
• More WHS than any other country
Issues
• Low or negative population growth
 Rural country, agricultural, move to tourism
development as unable to maintain agricultural position
without children to take over
• Costal Development for tourism
 Same as Spain
Venice Flooding
• http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/12/venice-
floods-photos_n_2115886.html

44. Role in history
Empire and center of the world
Archipelago situation
Conflict with Macedonia
Economic situation
New Markets for tourism

45.  Small size
 Small populations
 Small economies
 Postage Stamp Countries
 Tourism
Very important part of the economy of most
microstates
 Countries
• Andorra
• Monaco
• San Marino
• Liechtenstein
• Vatican City
• SMOM – collection of buildings within a palazzo in
Malta – is it even a country??

54. Tourism under communism
Collapse of Communism (1989-1992)
Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia
and Czechoslovakia
Resulting instability, political unrest and
other problems for the region
• All of which creates challenges for tourism

55.  Yugoslavia formerly the most
economically attractive Eastern
European country
• Not aligned with USSR (not quite as tightly
controlled economically)
• Death of strongman Tito (in 1980) put an end to
stability (though signs of ethnic tension go as far
back as 1970s)
 However....multiple ethnicities, nationalities
and religions

56.  War from 1990 or
so on to recent
(Generally
Peaceful now)
 Genocide / ethnic
cleansing

57.  Tourism in Eastern Europe
• led to major increase in arrivals (VFR and Leisure)
• Increased travel by East Europeans out of the region
 Countries
• Hungary
 Lake, second home, diaspora, spa tourism
• Czech Republic
 Heritage cities, nature, cosmopolitan and historic city
of Prague, popular with expats, diaspora tourism
• Slovakia
 Less developed, nature-based tourism in mountains
along border with Poland

58.  Poland
• Diaspora travel, heritage cities, holocaust
• Direct flights from Chicago and other US cities to
Poland on LOT airlines
 Albania
• Underdeveloped, before and after communism
 Slovenia
• Mountains and natural features, historic cities,
closeness to Italy helps tourism
 Croatia
• Coastal resorts, heritage cities
 Estonia – less expensive, WHS, well preserved, Cruises
 Romania
• Communist heritage, Dracula tourism

59.  Geographically and, to some extent culturally, a part of Asia and the
Middle East
 However, Turkey sees itself as part of Europe
• Secular rule, but some degree of political repression
 Campaigning for admission to EU
• Economic benefits
• Also, Turkey and Greece historically enemies -- and Greece is part of EU
• Formal applicant, but admission not likely any time soon (cultural issues,
size, politics)
 Politically stable (authoritarian gov’t), but it’s an unstable region