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- 1. BLOOD & BLOOD PRODUCTS
- 2. Whole Blood Red Blood Plasma Cells Platelets Fresh Frozen Cryoprecipitate Leuko-reduced Plasma RBC Washed RBC Derivatives Irradiated RBC Albumin Immunoglobulin Factors VIII & IX
- 3. Compose of RBC, plasma, WBC, platelets Restores blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity Maximise use of WB: Preparation of specific blood components and plasma derivatives Platelets not functional and clotting Factors V and VIII are greatly reduced Indication Extensive bleeding to replace the loss of both red cell mass and plasma volume Massive transfusion: such as major trauma case, certain surgical procedures
- 4. Cellular Components – Red Blood Cell Products Platelets Plasma Components – Fresh Frozen Plasma Cryoprecipitate Plasma Derivatives – Albumin Immunoglobulin Factors VIII, IX
- 5. Cellular Components – Red Blood Cell Products Platelets Plasma Components – Fresh Frozen Plasma Cryoprecipitate Plasma Derivatives – Albumin Immunoglobulin Factors VIII, IX
- 6. Most plasma removed from whole blood Provide oxygen-carrying capacity without unnecessary volume Platelets removed Lack of clotting factors in RBC: 1 FFP given every 4 units transfused. High volume transfusions result in decreased clotting factors Indication Anaemia Blood loss during surgery Thalassaemia
- 7. Washed with sterile normal saline to remove most of the plasma proteins, antibodies and platelets Not leukoreduced –some leukocytes removed but not enough to prevent alloimmunization Shelf-life of 24hrs – preparation in an open system and most of the anticoagulant-preservative solution removed. Indication Patients with recurrent febrile reactions Urticarial reactions Anaphylactic reactions
- 8. Prepared by filtration method: Reduce leukocyte count to less than 5 x 106 Indication Prevent febrile nonhaemolytic transfusion reactions due to donor leukocytes Decrease post-transfusion reactions due to HLA alloimmunization Reduce transmission of CMV infections, since CMV lives in WBCs
- 9. Gamma irradiation inactivates donor lymphocytes Graft vs host disease (GVHD) is reduced in immunocompromised or immunodeficient patients Indications Prevention of post-transfusion GVHD eg bone marrow transplant recipients
- 10. RAD-SURE indicators show if a blood bag is irradiated or not
- 11. Anticoagulants - Prevent blood clotting Preservatives - Provide cells with nutrients during storage; maintain red cell viability and function
- 12. CPDA-1 Citrate – Anticoagulant (binds to calcium) - Calcium essential component of clotting cascade - Binding to calcium decreases clotting ability Phosphate – Maintain 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels in red cell - 2,3-DPG essential for movement of oxygen from RBCs to body tissues Dextrose – Sugar substrate needed to generate ATP Adenine – Synthesis of ATP allowing longer shelf life of 35 days
- 13. SAGM – Sodium chloride, Adenine, Glucose and Mannitol Nutrition source for red cells Supports integrity of red cell membrane to reduce haemolysis Maintain high ATP levels in RBCs Extending shelf life from 35 to 42 days Lowers viscosity = faster transfusion
- 14. Compose of platelets, WBC and plasma Aid in clotting Viable for 5 days Maintained at 20-24°C with constant agitation Cold temperatures and lack of agitation decrease the viability of the platelets Indications Massive bleeding or undergoing invasive surgery Platelet dysfunction Thrombocytopenia - ↓ platelet count
- 15. Cellular Components – Red Blood Cell Products Platelets Plasma Components – Fresh Frozen Plasma Cryoprecipitate Plasma Derivatives – Albumin Immunoglobulin Factors VIII, IX
- 16. Plasma Contains all coagulation factors including labile Factors V and VIII No platelets and RBCs Stored at -30°C for up to 12 months Indications Treat bleeding due to coagulation factor deficiencies eg. massive transfusion Plasma exchange – Treatment of TTP (Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ) patient’s plasma is replaced by donor plasma
- 17. Fibrinogen Factors VIII and XIII von Willebrand’s factor Prepared by freezing plasma at -70°C followed by thawing at 4°C. Once thawed, the precipitate that forms is centrifuged to sediment the cryoprecipitate Indications Fibrinogen deficiency Treatment of hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) von Willebrand’s disease Massive haemorrhage
- 18. Cellular Components – Red Blood Cell Products Platelets Plasma Components – Fresh Frozen Plasma Cryoprecipitate Plasma Derivatives – Albumin Immunoglobulin Factors VIII, IX
- 19. Prepared by fractionation of plasma No coagulation factors or blood group antibodies 5% and 20% albumin solutions Indications Hypovolaemia – decrease in blood plasma due to burns, bleeding. Eg. Severe burns, act as volume expansion by replacing protein loss from burn site Hypoalbuminaemia - Liver failure
- 20. Compose of IgG antibodies – used in replacement IgG therapy Maintain adequate antibody levels to prevent infections and confers passive immunity Indications Treatment of hypoglobulinaemia (reduced gamma globulins) or agammaglobulinaemia (absent) Autoimune diseases such as immune thrombocytopenia
- 21. Prepared from fractionation of plasma that contains Factor VIII Product treated to reduce risk of viral transmission Indication Control bleeding in haemophilia A patients with: congenital Factor VIII deficiency acquired Factor VIII deficiency Factor VIII inhibitors
- 22. Compose of: Factors II, VII, IX and X. Factor IX makes up 5% of this product Indication Hemophilia B( Factor IX deficiency) Congenital Factor VII or X deficiency Factor IX inhibitors
- 23. Granulocyte concentrate Composed of: granulocytes, RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets Shelf-life 24hrs at 20-24°C Indication Severe neutropenia with severe bacterial or fungal infections Fever unresponsive to antibiotic therapy
- 24. Rh Immune Globulin (RhIg) Protect Rh-negative mother who is pregnant with Rh-positive infant Usually given in pregnancy and immediately after birth Indication Prevention of Rh(D) HDN
- 25. AND MORE!!! Antithrombin III Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor Fibrinogen Thrombin Protein C (Too many to list)
- 26. Types of blood donation: Whole blood donation Apheresis donation: Plasma or platelet donation Advantage of apheresis donation Donations can be made every month (whole blood donations - 3mths) Allows larger amount of platelets to be collected from a single donor compared to whole blood donations Minimise patient’s exposure from multiple donors’ blood