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THE LTE SYSTEM AND FOUR GENERATION
By:
Aya fawzi alawad
Hanan sameer abu_qbeta
Aya eyad baek
Dania sofyan matar
Under The Supervision of Dr.Zouhair ALQudah
A Senior Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements
For The Degree Of Bachelor Of Science In Communication Engineering
Communication Engineering Department
Al-Hussein Bin Talal University
Ma'an-Jordan
Year : 2015-2016
2
ABSTRACT
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS :
We Would Like to Dedicate This Work To Our Parents, Who Were Beside us Throughout The
Step-By-Step, We Also Give Thanks And Appreciation To Dr, Zouhair ALQudah And Who Was
Our Consultant And Gave Us Help, Guidelines And Ttips Academy To Complete This Work And
This Paper First We Was A Great Experience.
4
Table of Contents:
ProjectProposal ……………………………………………………………….....5
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...6
Chapter 1: LI-FI Technique
1.1 : What Is Li Fi …………………………………………………....7
1.2 : Present Scenario ………………………………………………...8
1.3 : Why VLC ………………………………………………………..10
1.4 : How Li Fi Is Work ………………………………………....…...11
1.5 : Application of Areas …………………………………………….13
1.6 : Comparision between Li-Fi and Wireless …….............................14
Chapter 2 WI-FI Technique
2.1 : What is Wi-Fi and How Does it Work ………………………..….16
2.2 : Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi comparison …………………………………..........17
Chapter 3 : Bluetooth
3.1 : What is Bluetooth ……………………………………………...…20
3.2 : Comparision between bluetooth and WiFi …………………….....21
3.3 : Comparision between bluetooth and LiFi …………………….......22
Chapter 4 : WI-MAX
4.1: What is WI-MAX ………………………………..………………23
4.2 : Fundamental WiMAX Concepts ………………..……………….23
4.3 : RANGE OF WI-MAX ………………………..………………….27
4.4 : Uses Of WI-MAX …………………………….…………………28
5
Project Proposal
6
Introduction of Li-Fi Technology:-
In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of
radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use
transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.
Since simple light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points.
This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized-
The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of
years and does not have any major ill effect. Moreover there is 10,000 times more space
available in this spectrum and just counting on the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000
times more availability as an infrastructure, globally.
It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and
off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that
human eyes cannot notice, so the output appears constant.
More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rates. Teams at the
University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh are focusing on parallel data
transmission using arrays of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other
groups are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light's frequency, with each
frequency encoding a different data channel.
Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speeds in the lab.
Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over
500 megabytes per second using a standard white-light LED. Haas has set up a spin-off firm to
sell a consumer VLC transmitter that is due for launch next year. It is capable of transmitting
data at 100 MB/s - faster than most UK broadband connections
7
CHAPTER 1
LI-FI Technique
1.1 What is Li-Fi
LiFi is Light -Fidelity
LI-FI is transmission of data through illumination, sending data through a LED light bulb that
varies intensity faster than human eye can follow .
Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to
transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED
lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.
 Working Process
Operational procedure is very simple, if the led is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you
transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice
opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that us required is some LEDs and a controller
that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s .
Flicker depending upon the data we want to encode .
Thus every light source will works as a hub for data transmission.
 LI-FI CONSTRUCTION:-
The LIFI™ productconsists of 4 primary sub-assemblies:
• Bulb
• RF power amplifier circuit (PA)
• Printed circuit board (PCB)
• Enclosure
8
The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the
microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions.
An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into
an electric field about the bulb.
The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the
bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma generates an
intense source of light.All of these subassemblies are contained in an aluminum
enclosure
1.2 : Present Scenario
Radio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wireless data double each year .Every thing,
it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up.
1.4 Million Base Stations 5 Billion
9
Issues regarding Radio Spectrum
Capacity
— Radiowaves
— Cost and Expensive
— Less Bandwidth compared to other spectrums
— Insufficient spectrum for increasing data
—
Efficiency
— Millions of base stations consume huge amount of energy for
 Transmitting the radio waves
 To cool the base station cabins
— 5% Efficiency
Availability
— Available within the range of Base stations
— Limited availabity
— Unavailable in aircrafts
—
Security
— Less secure(passes through the walls)
10
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
1.3 Why VLC
Why only VLC ?
 Gama rays cant be used as they could be dangerous.
 X-rays have similar health issues.
 Ultraviolet light is good for place without people, but otherwise dangerous for the
Radio
Waves
Infrared
Rays
Visible
Rays
Ultraviolt
Rays
X-Rays Gama
Rays
11
human body.
 Infrared, due to eye safety regulation, can only be used with low power.
HENCE WE LEFT WITH THE ONLY THE VISIBLE - LIGHT
SPECTRUM.
1.4 How Li Fi Is Work
On one end all the data on the internet will be streamed to a lamp driver when the
led is turned on the microchip converts the digital data in form of light .
A light sensitive device (photo detector) receives the signal and converts it back into
original data. This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information
wirelessly is technically referred as Visible Light Communication .
12
Transmitting Elements
LED Fluorescent Lamp
Receiving Elements
Photo Diode Image Sensor
13
1.5 Application of Areas
Li Fi technology is still in its infancy .However some areas where it seems perfectly
applicable are:-
 TRAFFIC LIGHTS
Traffic lights can communicate to the car and with each other. Cars have LED-based
headlights, LED-based cack lights, and cars can communicate with each other and
prevent accidents in by exchanging information.
 INTRINSICALLY SAFE ENVIRONMENT
Visible Light is more safe than RF, hence it can be used in places where RF can't be
used such as petrochemical plants
 Airlines
Whenever we travel through airways we face the problem in communication media
because the whole airways communication are performed on the basis of radio
14
waves. To overcomes this drawback on radiowavs , li-fi is introduced.
 ON OCEAN BEDS
Li-Fi can even wok underwater were Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open
endless opportunities for military/navigation operations.
1.6 : Comparision between Li-Fi and Wireless
Table 1
COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT & FUTURE WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGIES
Technology Speed Data Density
Wireless(current)
WI-FI
IEEE802.11n
150Mbps *
Bluetooth 3Mbps *
IrDA 4Mbps ***
Wireless(Future)
WiGig 2Gbps **
Giga-IR 1Gbps ***
LI-FI <1Gbps ****
Comparision between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi
15
 Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light
instead of radio waves to transmit information.
 Instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED
lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive
information.
 WI-FI is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, and
li-fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area
and for relieving radio interference issues .
 So the two technologies can be considered complimentary.
S.NO. Parameters
Wireless Technologies
Light fidelity
Wireless fidelity
1. Speed for data transfer Faster transfer speed(<1 Gbps) Data transfer speed
(150 Mbps)
2. Medium through which
data transfers occurs
Used light as a carrier Used radio spectrum
3. Spectrum range Visible light spectrum has 10.000time
broad spectrum in comparison to radio
frequency
Radio frequency spectrum
range is less than
Visible light spectrum
4. Cost Cheaper than Wi-Fi because
free band doesn’t Need
license and it uses light
Expensive in comparison
to Li-Fi because
its uses radio spectrum
5. Network topology Point to point Point to point
6. Operating frequency Hundreds of Tera Hz 2.4GHz
16
CHAPTER 2
WI-FI Technique
2.1 What is Wi-Fi and How Does it Work
Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. A common
misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity," however this is
not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x.
Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by
using radio frequency (RF) technology -- a frequency within the electromagnetic
spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied
to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate
through space.
17
The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of
an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and
"tune" into. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network,
computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters
Some major benefits of Wi-Fi technologyare:
 Global Accessibility
 Ease of Communication
 CostEffective
 Eliminate cellular usage charges
 Eliminate cabling and wiring for PC's
2.2 Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi comparison.
18
We are living in the age of internet and Wi-Fi is a very famous as well as useful
wireless network technology which is used for the purposeof allowing electronic
devices to connect to the internet. The world is very accustomed to the
Technology of Wi-Fi but how familiar are you with the term “Li-Fi”. While Wi-Fi
is a technology which is local- area wireless network- based internet service, Li-Fi is
bidirectional as well as a fully- connected wireless communication technology
which is similar to Wi-Fi in functionality and a lot of other ways
19
This page on LiFi vs WiFi describes basic difference between LiFi
and WiFi technologies.
Following table mentions feature comparison between both.
Feature LiFi WiFi
Full form Light Fidelity Wireless Fidelity
Operation
LiFi transmits data
using light with the help
of LED bulbs.
WiFi transmits data using radio waves
with the help of WiFi router.
Interference
Do not have any
intereference issues
similar to radio
frequency waves.
Will have intereference issues from
nearby access points(routers)
Technology
Present IrDA compliant
devices
WLAN 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad standard
compliant devices
Applications
Used in airlines,
undersea explorations,
operation theaters in the
hospitals, office and
home premises for data
transfer and internet
browsing
Used for internet browsing with the
help of wifi kiosks or wifi hotspots
Merits(advantages)
Interference is less, can
pass through salty sea
water, works in densy
region
Interference is more, can not pass
through sea water, works in less densy
region
Privacy
In LiFi, light is blocked
by the walls and hence
will provide more
secure data transfer
In WiFi, RF signal can not be blocked
by the walls and hence need to employ
techniques to achieve secure data
transfer.
Data transfer speed About 1 Gbps
WLAN-11n offers 150Mbps, About 1-2
Gbps can be achieved using
WiGig/Giga-IR
20
Frequency of
operation
10 thousand times
frequency spectrum of
the radio 2.4GHz, 4.9GHz and 5GHz
Data density
Works in high dense
environment
Works in less dense environment due to
interference related issues
Coverage distance About 10 meters
About 32 meters (WLAN
802.11b/11g), vary based on transmit
power and antenna type
System
components
Lamp driver, LED
bulb(lamp) and photo
detector will make up
complete LiFi system.
requires routers to be installed,
subscriber
devices(laptops,PDAs,desktops) are
referred as stations
LI-FI is not the replacement of wifi technology. It can be considered as incredible
companion of the wifi technology. It operates between 380 nm to 780 nm optical
range. LiFi is used to exchange data incredibly rapidly and securely at much lower
power level compare to WiFi.
21
CHAPTER 3
Bluetooth
3.1 What is Bluetooth
is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using
short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from
fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs).
The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, Bluetooth operates at
frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard
bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top.
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum,
Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of
79 designated Bluetooth channels, Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz it
usually performs 1600 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH)
enabled, Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40
channels.
22
3.2 Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
Bluetooth Wi-Fi
Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4, 3.6, 5 GHz
Cost Low High
Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) High (11 Mbps )
Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG IEEE, WECA
Security It is less secure Security issues are already being
debated.
Year of development 1994 1991
Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse,
keyboards, office and industrial
automation devices. Activity
trackers,such as Fit bit and
Jawbone.
Notebook computers, desktop computers,
servers,TV, Latest mobiles.
Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the
devices connecting with each
other
Wireless adaptors on all the devices of
the network, a wireless router and/or
wireless access points
Range 5-30 meters With 802.11b/g the typical range is 32
meters indoors and 95 meters (300 ft)
outdoors. 802.11n has greater range.
2.5GHz Wi-Fi communication has
greater range than 5GHz. Antennas can
also increase range.
Power Consumption Low High
Latency 200ms 150ms
Bit-rate 2.1Mbps 600Mbps
23
3.3 Bluetooth vs. Li-fi (IEEE 802.15.7r1)
Bluetooth Li-Fi
Frequency 2.4 GHz Free and unregulated channels. Li-Fi uses the visible light
spectrum instead of radio frequencies to enable wireless data
communication.
Cost Low Li-Fi will be very much efficient and economical than Wi-fi.
Li-Fi or VLC communication - can be achieved without
interfering with the regular illumination role of the LED.
Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) Nearly infinite bandwidth. The visible light spectrum is
plentiful (10,000 more than RF spectrum), unlicensed & free.
Li-fi exceeds the abilities & qualities of wireless RF
technology. Li-Fi can achieve about 1000 times the data
density of Wi-Fi.
Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG Li-Fi consortium - a non-profit organization - has been
formed to work out the technical standards and to introduce
optical wireless technology.
Security It is less secure
Line-of-sight means hard to hack. Li-Fi signals are confined
to the illumination area and will not travel through walls. So,
they give the most secure control over data link. Optical
beams are very difficult to hack without detection.
Year of development 1994 Development in process
Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, keyboards,
office and industrial automation
devices. Activity trackers,such as
Fit bit and Jawbone.
High data content devices such as TV sets, mobile phones,
tablets, laptops, digital cameras,camcorders,hard-drives and
even flash memory drives. The first commercial Li-Fi LED
bulbs and Li-Fi-equipped laptops/smart phones are yet to be
introduced.
Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the
devices connecting with each other
Requires fewer components than radio technology.
Power Consumption Low Low. LED illumination is already efficient and the data
transmission requires negligible additional power.
24
CHAPTER 4
Wi-Max
4.1 What is WI-MAX
WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard,
which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access
equipment
WiMAX, which will have a range of up to 31 miles, is primarily aimed at making broadband
network access widely available without the expense of stringing wires (as in cable-access
broadband) or the distance limitations of Digital Subscriber Line.
4.2Fundamental WiMAX Concepts
Base Station (BS) The BS is the node that logically connects wireless subscriber devices to
operator networks. The BS maintains communications with subscriber devices and governs
access to the operator networks.
Subscriber Station (SS). The SS is a stationary WiMAX-capable radio system that
communicates with a base station, although it may also connect to a relay station in multi-hop
relay network operations.
Mobile Station (MS). An MS is an SS that is intended to be used while in motion at up to
vehicular speeds. Compared with fixed (stationary) SSs, MSs typically are battery operated
and therefore employ enhanced power management.
25
Relay Station (RS). RSs are SS configured to forward traffic to other RSs or SSs in a multi-
hop Security Zone The RS may be in a fixed location (e.g., attached to a building) or mobile
(e.g., placed in an automobile). The air interface between an RS and an SS is identical to the
air interface between a BS and an SS.
 A WIMAX system consists of
A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can
provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km).
A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer
Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today
26
WIMAX TOWER WIMAX RECEIVER
4.3 HOW WIMAX works?
27
 WIMAXScenario
Consider a scenario where a WiMax-enabled computer is 10 miles away from the WiMax
base station.
A special encryption code is given to computer to gain access to base station
The base station would beam data from the Internet required for computer (at speeds
potentially higher than today's cable modems)
The user would pay the provider monthly fee for using the service. The cost for this service
could be much lower than current high-speed Internet-subscription fees because the provider
never had to run cables
The WiMAX protocol is designed to accommodate several different methods of data
transmission, one of which is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
If WiMAX-compatible computers become very common, the use of VoIP could increase
dramatically. Almost anyone with a laptop could make VoIP calls
28
4.3 RANGE OF WI-MAX
Optimized for up to 50 Km
Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometres
Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0μ seconds
PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range in mind
BENEFITS OF WIMAX
Speed
• Faster than broadband service
Wireless
• Not having to lay cables reduces cost
• Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas
Broad Coverage
• Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots
Benefits to Customers
Range of technology and service level choices from both fixed and wireless broadband
operators
DSL-like services at DSL prices but with portability
Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices
No more DSL “installation” fees from incumbent
29
4.4 USES OF WIMAX
30

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  • 1. 1 THE LTE SYSTEM AND FOUR GENERATION By: Aya fawzi alawad Hanan sameer abu_qbeta Aya eyad baek Dania sofyan matar Under The Supervision of Dr.Zouhair ALQudah A Senior Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Bachelor Of Science In Communication Engineering Communication Engineering Department Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Ma'an-Jordan Year : 2015-2016
  • 3. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS : We Would Like to Dedicate This Work To Our Parents, Who Were Beside us Throughout The Step-By-Step, We Also Give Thanks And Appreciation To Dr, Zouhair ALQudah And Who Was Our Consultant And Gave Us Help, Guidelines And Ttips Academy To Complete This Work And This Paper First We Was A Great Experience.
  • 4. 4 Table of Contents: ProjectProposal ……………………………………………………………….....5 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...6 Chapter 1: LI-FI Technique 1.1 : What Is Li Fi …………………………………………………....7 1.2 : Present Scenario ………………………………………………...8 1.3 : Why VLC ………………………………………………………..10 1.4 : How Li Fi Is Work ………………………………………....…...11 1.5 : Application of Areas …………………………………………….13 1.6 : Comparision between Li-Fi and Wireless …….............................14 Chapter 2 WI-FI Technique 2.1 : What is Wi-Fi and How Does it Work ………………………..….16 2.2 : Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi comparison …………………………………..........17 Chapter 3 : Bluetooth 3.1 : What is Bluetooth ……………………………………………...…20 3.2 : Comparision between bluetooth and WiFi …………………….....21 3.3 : Comparision between bluetooth and LiFi …………………….......22 Chapter 4 : WI-MAX 4.1: What is WI-MAX ………………………………..………………23 4.2 : Fundamental WiMAX Concepts ………………..……………….23 4.3 : RANGE OF WI-MAX ………………………..………………….27 4.4 : Uses Of WI-MAX …………………………….…………………28
  • 6. 6 Introduction of Li-Fi Technology:- In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Since simple light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points. This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of years and does not have any major ill effect. Moreover there is 10,000 times more space available in this spectrum and just counting on the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000 times more availability as an infrastructure, globally. It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eyes cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rates. Teams at the University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using arrays of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other groups are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light's frequency, with each frequency encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speeds in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard white-light LED. Haas has set up a spin-off firm to sell a consumer VLC transmitter that is due for launch next year. It is capable of transmitting data at 100 MB/s - faster than most UK broadband connections
  • 7. 7 CHAPTER 1 LI-FI Technique 1.1 What is Li-Fi LiFi is Light -Fidelity LI-FI is transmission of data through illumination, sending data through a LED light bulb that varies intensity faster than human eye can follow . Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.  Working Process Operational procedure is very simple, if the led is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitting data. Hence all that us required is some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s . Flicker depending upon the data we want to encode . Thus every light source will works as a hub for data transmission.  LI-FI CONSTRUCTION:- The LIFI™ productconsists of 4 primary sub-assemblies: • Bulb • RF power amplifier circuit (PA) • Printed circuit board (PCB) • Enclosure
  • 8. 8 The PCB controls the electrical inputs and outputs of the lamp and houses the microcontroller used to manage different lamp functions. An RF (radio-frequency) signal is generated by the solid-state PA and is guided into an electric field about the bulb. The high concentration of energy in the electric field vaporizes the contents of the bulb to a plasma state at the bulb’s center; this controlled plasma generates an intense source of light.All of these subassemblies are contained in an aluminum enclosure 1.2 : Present Scenario Radio Spectrum is congested but the demand for wireless data double each year .Every thing, it seems want to use wireless data but the capacity is drying up. 1.4 Million Base Stations 5 Billion
  • 9. 9 Issues regarding Radio Spectrum Capacity — Radiowaves — Cost and Expensive — Less Bandwidth compared to other spectrums — Insufficient spectrum for increasing data — Efficiency — Millions of base stations consume huge amount of energy for  Transmitting the radio waves  To cool the base station cabins — 5% Efficiency Availability — Available within the range of Base stations — Limited availabity — Unavailable in aircrafts — Security — Less secure(passes through the walls)
  • 10. 10  Electromagnetic Spectrum 1.3 Why VLC Why only VLC ?  Gama rays cant be used as they could be dangerous.  X-rays have similar health issues.  Ultraviolet light is good for place without people, but otherwise dangerous for the Radio Waves Infrared Rays Visible Rays Ultraviolt Rays X-Rays Gama Rays
  • 11. 11 human body.  Infrared, due to eye safety regulation, can only be used with low power. HENCE WE LEFT WITH THE ONLY THE VISIBLE - LIGHT SPECTRUM. 1.4 How Li Fi Is Work On one end all the data on the internet will be streamed to a lamp driver when the led is turned on the microchip converts the digital data in form of light . A light sensitive device (photo detector) receives the signal and converts it back into original data. This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is technically referred as Visible Light Communication .
  • 12. 12 Transmitting Elements LED Fluorescent Lamp Receiving Elements Photo Diode Image Sensor
  • 13. 13 1.5 Application of Areas Li Fi technology is still in its infancy .However some areas where it seems perfectly applicable are:-  TRAFFIC LIGHTS Traffic lights can communicate to the car and with each other. Cars have LED-based headlights, LED-based cack lights, and cars can communicate with each other and prevent accidents in by exchanging information.  INTRINSICALLY SAFE ENVIRONMENT Visible Light is more safe than RF, hence it can be used in places where RF can't be used such as petrochemical plants  Airlines Whenever we travel through airways we face the problem in communication media because the whole airways communication are performed on the basis of radio
  • 14. 14 waves. To overcomes this drawback on radiowavs , li-fi is introduced.  ON OCEAN BEDS Li-Fi can even wok underwater were Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military/navigation operations. 1.6 : Comparision between Li-Fi and Wireless Table 1 COMPARISON BETWEEN CURRENT & FUTURE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Technology Speed Data Density Wireless(current) WI-FI IEEE802.11n 150Mbps * Bluetooth 3Mbps * IrDA 4Mbps *** Wireless(Future) WiGig 2Gbps ** Giga-IR 1Gbps *** LI-FI <1Gbps **** Comparision between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi
  • 15. 15  Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information.  Instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information.  WI-FI is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, and li-fi is ideal for high density wireless data coverage in confined area and for relieving radio interference issues .  So the two technologies can be considered complimentary. S.NO. Parameters Wireless Technologies Light fidelity Wireless fidelity 1. Speed for data transfer Faster transfer speed(<1 Gbps) Data transfer speed (150 Mbps) 2. Medium through which data transfers occurs Used light as a carrier Used radio spectrum 3. Spectrum range Visible light spectrum has 10.000time broad spectrum in comparison to radio frequency Radio frequency spectrum range is less than Visible light spectrum 4. Cost Cheaper than Wi-Fi because free band doesn’t Need license and it uses light Expensive in comparison to Li-Fi because its uses radio spectrum 5. Network topology Point to point Point to point 6. Operating frequency Hundreds of Tera Hz 2.4GHz
  • 16. 16 CHAPTER 2 WI-FI Technique 2.1 What is Wi-Fi and How Does it Work Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity," however this is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x. Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology -- a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.
  • 17. 17 The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune" into. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters Some major benefits of Wi-Fi technologyare:  Global Accessibility  Ease of Communication  CostEffective  Eliminate cellular usage charges  Eliminate cabling and wiring for PC's 2.2 Li-Fi vs Wi-Fi comparison.
  • 18. 18 We are living in the age of internet and Wi-Fi is a very famous as well as useful wireless network technology which is used for the purposeof allowing electronic devices to connect to the internet. The world is very accustomed to the Technology of Wi-Fi but how familiar are you with the term “Li-Fi”. While Wi-Fi is a technology which is local- area wireless network- based internet service, Li-Fi is bidirectional as well as a fully- connected wireless communication technology which is similar to Wi-Fi in functionality and a lot of other ways
  • 19. 19 This page on LiFi vs WiFi describes basic difference between LiFi and WiFi technologies. Following table mentions feature comparison between both. Feature LiFi WiFi Full form Light Fidelity Wireless Fidelity Operation LiFi transmits data using light with the help of LED bulbs. WiFi transmits data using radio waves with the help of WiFi router. Interference Do not have any intereference issues similar to radio frequency waves. Will have intereference issues from nearby access points(routers) Technology Present IrDA compliant devices WLAN 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad standard compliant devices Applications Used in airlines, undersea explorations, operation theaters in the hospitals, office and home premises for data transfer and internet browsing Used for internet browsing with the help of wifi kiosks or wifi hotspots Merits(advantages) Interference is less, can pass through salty sea water, works in densy region Interference is more, can not pass through sea water, works in less densy region Privacy In LiFi, light is blocked by the walls and hence will provide more secure data transfer In WiFi, RF signal can not be blocked by the walls and hence need to employ techniques to achieve secure data transfer. Data transfer speed About 1 Gbps WLAN-11n offers 150Mbps, About 1-2 Gbps can be achieved using WiGig/Giga-IR
  • 20. 20 Frequency of operation 10 thousand times frequency spectrum of the radio 2.4GHz, 4.9GHz and 5GHz Data density Works in high dense environment Works in less dense environment due to interference related issues Coverage distance About 10 meters About 32 meters (WLAN 802.11b/11g), vary based on transmit power and antenna type System components Lamp driver, LED bulb(lamp) and photo detector will make up complete LiFi system. requires routers to be installed, subscriber devices(laptops,PDAs,desktops) are referred as stations LI-FI is not the replacement of wifi technology. It can be considered as incredible companion of the wifi technology. It operates between 380 nm to 780 nm optical range. LiFi is used to exchange data incredibly rapidly and securely at much lower power level compare to WiFi.
  • 21. 21 CHAPTER 3 Bluetooth 3.1 What is Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels, Each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz it usually performs 1600 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping (AFH) enabled, Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels.
  • 22. 22 3.2 Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) Bluetooth Wi-Fi Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4, 3.6, 5 GHz Cost Low High Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) High (11 Mbps ) Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG IEEE, WECA Security It is less secure Security issues are already being debated. Year of development 1994 1991 Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, keyboards, office and industrial automation devices. Activity trackers,such as Fit bit and Jawbone. Notebook computers, desktop computers, servers,TV, Latest mobiles. Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the devices connecting with each other Wireless adaptors on all the devices of the network, a wireless router and/or wireless access points Range 5-30 meters With 802.11b/g the typical range is 32 meters indoors and 95 meters (300 ft) outdoors. 802.11n has greater range. 2.5GHz Wi-Fi communication has greater range than 5GHz. Antennas can also increase range. Power Consumption Low High Latency 200ms 150ms Bit-rate 2.1Mbps 600Mbps
  • 23. 23 3.3 Bluetooth vs. Li-fi (IEEE 802.15.7r1) Bluetooth Li-Fi Frequency 2.4 GHz Free and unregulated channels. Li-Fi uses the visible light spectrum instead of radio frequencies to enable wireless data communication. Cost Low Li-Fi will be very much efficient and economical than Wi-fi. Li-Fi or VLC communication - can be achieved without interfering with the regular illumination role of the LED. Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) Nearly infinite bandwidth. The visible light spectrum is plentiful (10,000 more than RF spectrum), unlicensed & free. Li-fi exceeds the abilities & qualities of wireless RF technology. Li-Fi can achieve about 1000 times the data density of Wi-Fi. Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG Li-Fi consortium - a non-profit organization - has been formed to work out the technical standards and to introduce optical wireless technology. Security It is less secure Line-of-sight means hard to hack. Li-Fi signals are confined to the illumination area and will not travel through walls. So, they give the most secure control over data link. Optical beams are very difficult to hack without detection. Year of development 1994 Development in process Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, keyboards, office and industrial automation devices. Activity trackers,such as Fit bit and Jawbone. High data content devices such as TV sets, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, digital cameras,camcorders,hard-drives and even flash memory drives. The first commercial Li-Fi LED bulbs and Li-Fi-equipped laptops/smart phones are yet to be introduced. Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the devices connecting with each other Requires fewer components than radio technology. Power Consumption Low Low. LED illumination is already efficient and the data transmission requires negligible additional power.
  • 24. 24 CHAPTER 4 Wi-Max 4.1 What is WI-MAX WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX refers to broadband wireless networks that are based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which ensures compatibility and interoperability between broadband wireless access equipment WiMAX, which will have a range of up to 31 miles, is primarily aimed at making broadband network access widely available without the expense of stringing wires (as in cable-access broadband) or the distance limitations of Digital Subscriber Line. 4.2Fundamental WiMAX Concepts Base Station (BS) The BS is the node that logically connects wireless subscriber devices to operator networks. The BS maintains communications with subscriber devices and governs access to the operator networks. Subscriber Station (SS). The SS is a stationary WiMAX-capable radio system that communicates with a base station, although it may also connect to a relay station in multi-hop relay network operations. Mobile Station (MS). An MS is an SS that is intended to be used while in motion at up to vehicular speeds. Compared with fixed (stationary) SSs, MSs typically are battery operated and therefore employ enhanced power management.
  • 25. 25 Relay Station (RS). RSs are SS configured to forward traffic to other RSs or SSs in a multi- hop Security Zone The RS may be in a fixed location (e.g., attached to a building) or mobile (e.g., placed in an automobile). The air interface between an RS and an SS is identical to the air interface between a BS and an SS.  A WIMAX system consists of A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km). A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today
  • 26. 26 WIMAX TOWER WIMAX RECEIVER 4.3 HOW WIMAX works?
  • 27. 27  WIMAXScenario Consider a scenario where a WiMax-enabled computer is 10 miles away from the WiMax base station. A special encryption code is given to computer to gain access to base station The base station would beam data from the Internet required for computer (at speeds potentially higher than today's cable modems) The user would pay the provider monthly fee for using the service. The cost for this service could be much lower than current high-speed Internet-subscription fees because the provider never had to run cables The WiMAX protocol is designed to accommodate several different methods of data transmission, one of which is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) If WiMAX-compatible computers become very common, the use of VoIP could increase dramatically. Almost anyone with a laptop could make VoIP calls
  • 28. 28 4.3 RANGE OF WI-MAX Optimized for up to 50 Km Designed to handle many users spread out over kilometres Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0μ seconds PHY and MAC designed with multi-mile range in mind BENEFITS OF WIMAX Speed • Faster than broadband service Wireless • Not having to lay cables reduces cost • Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas Broad Coverage • Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots Benefits to Customers Range of technology and service level choices from both fixed and wireless broadband operators DSL-like services at DSL prices but with portability Rapidly declining fixed broadband prices No more DSL “installation” fees from incumbent
  • 29. 29 4.4 USES OF WIMAX
  • 30. 30