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Medical Technology Career
        English II
   By: Blanche Núñez
    October 8th 2012
Adjectives, adverbs and preposotions
   Adjectives are words that describe or modify
    another person or thing in the sentence.
   The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.
   For example:
       the tall professor
       the lugubrious lieutenant
       a month's pay
   Adjectives nearly always appear immediately
    before the noun or noun phrase that they
    modify.
   Sometimes they appear in a string of
    adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a
    set order according to category.
       For example:
       the tall professor
   Adjectives can express degrees of modification.
   The degrees are known as the positive,
       the comparative, and the superlative.
   We use the comparative for comparing two
    things and the superlative for comparing three
    or more things.




COMPARATIVE                      SUPERLATIVE
   COMPARATIVE                SUPERLATIVE
     Use THAN                   Use THE
     Suffix – er                Suffix –est
     If the adjective of        If the adjective of
      two or more                 two or more
      syllables ends in           syllables ends in
      «y», add –ier .             «y», add –iest.
     Use MORE when an           Use MOST when
      adjective has more          an adjective has
      than one syllable.          more than one
                                  syllable.
   Tom is old. He is 70.         …Joe is 120. He is the
    But Paul is 83. He is          oldest.
    older than Tom.



   A pocket camera is            ...But a digital camera
    expensive... A reflex          is the most expensive
    camera is more expensive       of the three
    than a pocket camera.
rich             richer           richest
   lovely           lovelier         loveliest
   beautiful        more beautiful   most beautiful



good              better             best
bad               worse              worst
little            less               least
Much,many, some   more               most
far               further            furthest
   Do not use more along with a comparative
    adjective formed with –er.
   Do not use most along with a superlative
    adjective formed with -est
       something is more heavier or most heaviest).
   The as — as construction is used to create a
    comparison expressing equality:
       She is as bright as her mother.
   The order in which adjectives in a series sort
    themselves out is perplexing for people
    learning English as a second language.
    It takes a lot of practice with a language before
    this order becomes instinctive, because the
    order often seems quite arbitrary.
   The categories in the following table can be
    described as follows:
Adjectives, adverbs and preposotions
School is boring, but homework
     more boring
is_________________ than school.
Source
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm
Adjectives, adverbs and preposotions
   Adverbs are words that modify
       a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
       an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast
        was his car?)
       another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the
        aisle. — How slowly did she move?)
   Adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under
    what conditions something happens or happened.
   Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many
    words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an
    adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a
    guarantee that a word is an adverb.
   The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly,
    neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

       That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.
   Often these adverbs are formed by adding -ly
    to the end of an adjective.
   Adjectives ending -l add -ly ; careful-carefully.
   Adjectives ending -y change to -ily ; lucky-
    luckily
   Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly ;
    responsible-responsibly.
   Adjectives ending – ic change to –ally; fantastic
    - fantastically
   Adverbs of Manner (How something happens)
    She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
       Carefully, correctly,eagerly,easily,fast, loudly, patiently,quickly

   Adverbs of Place (Where something happens)
    She has lived on the island all her life.
       Abroad,anywhere,downstairs,here,in,nowhere,out,outside,there

   Adverbs of Frequency (How often something happens)
    She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
       Always, sometimes, usually, seldom,rarely, never

   Adverbs of Time (When something happens)
    She tries to get back before dark.
       After, later, just, now recently, tomorrow, yesterday, soon

   Adverbs of Purpose (Why something happens)
    She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
       To, in order to, accidentally, intentionally, because, since, so that
   One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability
    to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of
    manner are particularly flexible in this regard.
     Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.
     The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.
     The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.
   The following adverbs of frequency appear in
    various points in these sentences:
       Before the main verb:
         I never get up before nine o'clock.
       Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb:
         I have rarely written to my brother without a good
          reason.
       Before the verb used to:
         I always used to see him at his summer home.
   Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either
    before the verb or between the auxiliary and
    the main verb:
       He finally showed up for batting practice.
       She has recently retired.
THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
  Verb        Manner           Place      Frequency       Time        Purpose
                                          every                       to keep in
Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool               before dawn
                                          morning                     shape.

                                          every                       to get a
Dad walks impatiently       into town                 before supper
                                          afternoon                   newspaper.

Tashonda                                  every
                            in her room               before lunch.
naps                                      morning

            In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to
            have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three
            (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so
            flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move
            to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before
            supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a
            newspaper." When that happens, the introductory
            adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.
careful
Sue is a (careful)___________ girl.
She takes her medicines
   carefully
_______________.
Adjectives, adverbs and preposotions
   A preposition describes a relationship between
    other words in a sentence.
   Prepositions are nearly always combined with
    other words in structures called prepositional
    phrases.
   Example:
       You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk).
   We use at to designate specific times.
       The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
   We use on to designate days and dates.
       My brother is coming on Monday.
       We're having a party on the Fourth of July.
   We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a
    month, a season, or a year.
     She likes to jog in the morning.
     It's too cold in winter to run outside.
   We use at for specific addresses.
       Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
   We use on to designate names of streets, avenues,
    etc.
       Her house is on Boretz Road.
   And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns,
    counties, states, countries, and continents).
     She lives in Durham.
     Durham is in Windham County.
   We use to in order to express movement toward a
    place.
       They were driving to work together.

   Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to
    express movement. These are simply variant
    spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds
    better to you.
       We're moving toward the light.

   With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside,
    outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
       Grandma went upstairs
   We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes,
    hours, days, months, years).
       She held his breath for seven minutes.
   We use since with a specific date or time.
       He's worked here since 1970.




   See the chart for others prepositions and their usage.
   There are hardly any rules as to when to use
    which preposition. The only way to learn
    prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary,
    reading a lot in English (literature) and
    learning useful phrases off by heart (study
    tips).
Adjectives, adverbs and preposotions

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Adjectives, adverbs and preposotions

  • 1. Medical Technology Career English II By: Blanche Núñez October 8th 2012
  • 3. Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.  The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.  For example:  the tall professor  the lugubrious lieutenant  a month's pay
  • 4. Adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify.  Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category.  For example:  the tall professor
  • 5. Adjectives can express degrees of modification.  The degrees are known as the positive,  the comparative, and the superlative.  We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
  • 6. COMPARATIVE  SUPERLATIVE  Use THAN  Use THE  Suffix – er  Suffix –est  If the adjective of  If the adjective of two or more two or more syllables ends in syllables ends in «y», add –ier . «y», add –iest.  Use MORE when an  Use MOST when adjective has more an adjective has than one syllable. more than one syllable.
  • 7. Tom is old. He is 70.  …Joe is 120. He is the But Paul is 83. He is oldest. older than Tom.  A pocket camera is  ...But a digital camera expensive... A reflex is the most expensive camera is more expensive of the three than a pocket camera.
  • 8. rich richer richest lovely lovelier loveliest beautiful more beautiful most beautiful good better best bad worse worst little less least Much,many, some more most far further furthest
  • 9. Do not use more along with a comparative adjective formed with –er.  Do not use most along with a superlative adjective formed with -est  something is more heavier or most heaviest).  The as — as construction is used to create a comparison expressing equality:  She is as bright as her mother.
  • 10. The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language.  It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary.  The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
  • 12. School is boring, but homework more boring is_________________ than school. Source http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm
  • 14. Adverbs are words that modify  a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)  an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)  another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)
  • 15. Adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened.  Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb.  The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:  That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.
  • 16. Often these adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective.  Adjectives ending -l add -ly ; careful-carefully.  Adjectives ending -y change to -ily ; lucky- luckily  Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly ; responsible-responsibly.  Adjectives ending – ic change to –ally; fantastic - fantastically
  • 17. Adverbs of Manner (How something happens) She moved slowly and spoke quietly.  Carefully, correctly,eagerly,easily,fast, loudly, patiently,quickly  Adverbs of Place (Where something happens) She has lived on the island all her life.  Abroad,anywhere,downstairs,here,in,nowhere,out,outside,there  Adverbs of Frequency (How often something happens) She takes the boat to the mainland every day.  Always, sometimes, usually, seldom,rarely, never  Adverbs of Time (When something happens) She tries to get back before dark.  After, later, just, now recently, tomorrow, yesterday, soon  Adverbs of Purpose (Why something happens) She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.  To, in order to, accidentally, intentionally, because, since, so that
  • 18. One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.  Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.  The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.  The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.
  • 19. The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:  Before the main verb:  I never get up before nine o'clock.  Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb:  I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.  Before the verb used to:  I always used to see him at his summer home.
  • 20. Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:  He finally showed up for batting practice.  She has recently retired.
  • 21. THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose every to keep in Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool before dawn morning shape. every to get a Dad walks impatiently into town before supper afternoon newspaper. Tashonda every in her room before lunch. naps morning In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.
  • 22. careful Sue is a (careful)___________ girl. She takes her medicines carefully _______________.
  • 24. A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence.  Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases.  Example:  You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk).
  • 25. We use at to designate specific times.  The train is due at 12:15 p.m.  We use on to designate days and dates.  My brother is coming on Monday.  We're having a party on the Fourth of July.  We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.  She likes to jog in the morning.  It's too cold in winter to run outside.
  • 26. We use at for specific addresses.  Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.  We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.  Her house is on Boretz Road.  And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).  She lives in Durham.  Durham is in Windham County.
  • 27. We use to in order to express movement toward a place.  They were driving to work together.  Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.  We're moving toward the light.  With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.  Grandma went upstairs
  • 28. We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).  She held his breath for seven minutes.  We use since with a specific date or time.  He's worked here since 1970.  See the chart for others prepositions and their usage.
  • 29. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).