Training on
Occupational Health & Safety (OHS)
Risk Assessment

What is OHS?

WHY we need to do HIRA?
Protect Ourselves
HIRA is key to prevention of accident
Everyone deserve to go home safely at the
end of the work
Elevate safety & health awareness &
ownership
Aware of hazards, risks and controls and
practicing safe science
OHSAS 18001 Clause 4.3.1Procedures
Compliance with Regulations

Hazard
Risk
Risk Assessment
Risk Control

 Hazard- Something (e.g. Source, situation, or act, an object, a property of a
substance, a phenomenon or an activity) that can cause adverse effects.
 Risk- The likelihood of the potential harm from that hazard being realised.
 Risk Assessment- Process of evaluating the risk(s) arising from a hazard(s),
taking into account whatever precautions are already being taken.
 Risk Control- Measures taken to eliminate, reduce or protect against risk. Risk
control is a step of the hazard management process that involves dealing with
the risk in question. Risk control is generally carried out in a hierarchical way.
Controlling risk is a key aspect of maintaining a safe workplace.

General Requirement of OHS Policy
Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle & continual improvement

Key Elements of OHS Policy
Top management shall ensure that the OHS policy:
a. Is appropriate to the nature and scale of the organization’s OHS risks.
b. Includes a commitment to prevention of injury and ill health and continual improvement
in OHS management and OHS performance.
c. Includes a commitment to at least comply with applicable legal requirements and with
other requirements to which the organization subscribes that relate to its OHS
hazards;
d. Provides the framework for setting and reviewing OHS objectives.
e. Is documented, implemented and maintained.
f. Is communicated to all persons working under the control of the organization with the
intent that they are made aware of their individual OHS obligations.
g. Is available to interested parties.
h. Is reviewed periodically to ensure that it remains relevant and appropriate to the
organization

What is Hazard?
Hazard:
Something (e.g. Source, situation, or act, an object, a property of a substance, a phenomenon
or an activity) that can cause adverse effects.
There are an unlimited number of hazards that can be found in almost any workplace,
including:
Chemical hazards, arising from liquids, solids, dusts, fumes, vapours and gases;
Physical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and extreme
temperatures;
Biological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses, infectious waste and infestations;
Psychological hazards resulting from stress and strain

Type of
Hazards
Biological
Hazard
Physical
Hazard
Ergonomic
Hazard
Environmental
Hazard
Physiological
Hazard
Chemical
Hazard

Environmental Hazard

DIFFERENT BETWEEN HAZARD & RISK ?

Hazard Identification Risk Assessment
 Hazard identification:
 Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics.
 ill health:
 Identifiable, adverse physical or mental condition arising from and/or made
worse by a work activity and/or work related situation.
 Incident:
 Work - related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (3.8) (regardless of
severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred.
 Nonconformity:
 Non-fulfillment of a requirement.
Risk assessment:
Process of evaluating the risk(s) arising from a hazard(s), taking into
account whatever precautions are already being taken.

Hazard identification:
Process of recognizing that a hazard(3.6) exists and defining its
characteristics.
ill health:
Identifiable, adverse physical or mental condition arising from and/or made
worse by a work activity and/or work related situation.
Incident:
Work - related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (3.8) (regardless of
severity) or fatality occurred, or could have occurred.
Nonconformity:
Non-fulfillment of a requirement.

Identify the Hazards?

WHAT IS RISK ?
Risk:
The likelihood of the potential harm from that hazard being realised.

Steps of Risk Assessment

Workplace Inspection
 Inspect the workplace at least once in 3 months.
 Develop programs for corrective actions.
 Evaluate effectiveness of corrective actions.
 Report & record unsafe acts and conditions.
 Advise management on improvement of safety.

Determine Hazard
 Probability
 Severity
1st Step-Probability (A):
Estimate the probability of each hazard – previously identified – according to its likelihood
of occurrence (very likely, likely; quite possible; possible; not likely) and assign the
quantitative value accordingly.
2nd Step-Severity (B): Estimate the severity of each hazard according to its potential of
the harm (very high, high; moderate; slight; nil) and assign the quantitative value
accordingly.
3rd Step-
Once the probability and the severity of the hazard is determined, by multiplying
these two factors, a range of risk ratings between 1 and 25 will be obtained.

Hazard Probability Value Hazard Severity Value
Very Likely 5 Very High 5
Likely 4 High 4
Quite Possible 3 Moderate 3
Possible 2 Slight 2
Not Likely 1 Nil 1
Probability (A)X Severity (B)=RPN

Risks Based Control Plan
High Risks
 Substantial efforts should be made to reduce the risk levels.
 The risk reduction measures should be implemented urgently
within the defined time period.
 It might be necessary to consider suspending or restricting the
activity.
 Considerable resources might have to be allocated towards
additional control measures.
 Arrangements should be made to ensure that the existing controls
are maintained.
Emergency  Termination of the process
Low Risk
 Acceptable.
 No additional controls are required unless they can be
implemented at very low cost.
 Arrangements should be made to ensure that the existing controls
are maintained.
Medium Risk
 Look into the possibility of reducing the risk level within the
acceptable level.
 The risk reduction measures should be implemented within a
defined period.
 Arrangements should be made to ensure that the existing controls
are maintained.

Consideration of determining controls:
Elimination.
Substitution.
Engineering controls.
Signage/warnings and/or administrative controls.
Personal protective equipment (PPE).

Elimination– Eliminating Risk all together.
Examples include: Usage of low voltage electrical appliance.
Substitution– If elimination is not practical, try substituting or replacing one substance or process
with another.
Examples include:
Substituting a safer substance for a more hazardous one .
Replacing hazardous operations with less hazardous operations.
Engineering controls- Redesign – hazards can sometimes be “engineered out” through redesign of the
work site, workstations, work processes and jobs.
Examples include:
Providing fail-safe interlocks on equipment, doors, valves, etc. Installing guardrails around elevated
work areas
Providing non-slip working surfaces
Controlling traffic to avoid collisions
Administrative controls- If engineering controls cannot eliminate or control a hazard, administrative
controls can be used to control the hazard to a level that is as low as reasonably achievable.
Administrative controls are less effective than engineering controls since they do not eliminate the
hazards.
Examples include:
Administrative controls such as restricted entry, barricading, display of visual signage’s, Training, Work
permit system, Authorized Pass system, Introducing planned maintenance and Inspection etc.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)- Examples of PPE commonly used include:
Safety eyewear, hard hats and safety boots,
Hearing protection if workers are exposed to noise that exceeds allowable levels
Respiratory protective equipment to protect the lungs against harmful dusts and vapors.

OHS Objective should be SMART

OHS System Implementation and operation
Resources, roles, responsibility, accountability and authority
Top management shall ensure:
Define, document and communicate roles, responsibilities, accountability and
authorities in order for facilitate effective OH&S management.
Provide resources essential to the implementation and control of OH&S.
 Appoint (a) specific management representative (s) with defined role,
responsibility and authority for:
a. Ensuring that the OH&S System is established, implemented and
maintained.
b. Reporting on performance of OH&S to top management for review and
as basis for improvement.