1. SUBMITTED BY:
PATEL BHAVIK V.
PATEL PARTH A.
PATEL NIKUL I.

2.  For safe , efficient economic and
comfortable travel of vessels in
rivers,channels harbours and along lake
and ocean shores navigation aids are
necessary

3.  To avoid dangerous zones
 To follow proper harbour approaches
 To locate ports during night and bad
weather conditions

4.  1)Fixed type: Light house
Beacon lights
Lights on piers
 2)Floating type: Bouys
Lightship

5.  Compels attention
 Permits time for easy response
 Commands respect
 Visibility distance

7.  They are all tower structure built of masonry
or reinforced concrete.
 Beacon light is provided.
 Tower is divided into number of floors.
 The tower should be strong enough to with
stand heavy wave action.
 Usually, they must have a visibility upto
30 km.

9.  Beacon light are fixed or flashing for
easy identification by the navigator.
 They are used for means of alignment or
indicating changes of direction.

10.  These are two types,
1)Buoys
2)Lightships
1)Buoys
 They are small sized floating structures,
generally in the form of large cylindrical cans
and drums.

11.  Buoys are of different types:
 Channel and entrance demarcation buoys
 Luminous buoys
 Audible buoys or bell buoys
 Mooring buoys

12. 2)Lightships

13.  In locations where it is not practical to build
light houses, small ships displacing about
500 tones are used for the purpose.
 The lantern is generally situated at about 9
to 12 m height above water levels.
 The bulls of lightships are generally painted
with red colour.
 They are generally held in position by a single
anchor.