presentation on industrial revolution and neo classical architecture

1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. Introduction
• The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing
processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820
and 1840.
• The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a
small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th
century.
• Industrial Revolution as a widespread replacement of manual labour
by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century.
• Radical changes at every level of civilization throughout the world.
Impact
Affected a lot of Industries like:
• Textile manufacturing, Metallurgy, Steam Power, Chemicals, Glass
Industry, Agriculture, Mining, Transportations etc
• Invention of steam engine, growth of mechanised cotton factory and
Iron making industry contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Also the
invention of Portland Cement during this phase also contributed to it

3. Origin
• The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of
Great Britain.
• Used up almost all the trees for burning.
• In their search for something else to burn, they turned to the hunks of
black stone (coal) that they found near the surface of the earth.
• Soon they were digging deeper to mine it. Their coal mines filled with
water that needed to be removed; horses pulling up bucketfuls
proved slow going.
• To the rescue came James Watt (1736–1819), a Scottish instrument-
maker who in 1776 designed an engine in which burning coal
produced steam, which drove a piston assisted by a partial vacuum.
• After his patent ran out in 1800, others improved upon his engine. By
1900 engines burned 10 times more efficiently than they had a
hundred years before.
• At the outset of the 19th century, British colonies in North America
were producing lots of cotton, using machines to spin the cotton
thread on spindles and to weave it into cloth on looms. When they
attached a steam engine to these machines, they could easily out
produce India

4. Why Britain
• Britain wasn’t the only place that had deposits of coal. So why didn’t
the Industrial Revolution begin in China, or somewhere else that
boasted this natural resource?
Possible reasons why industrialization began in Britain include:
• Shortage of wood and the abundance of convenient coal deposits.
• Commercial-minded aristocracy; limited monarchy.
• System of free enterprise; limited government involvement.
• Government support for commercial projects, for a strong navy to
protect ships.
• Cheap cotton produced by slaves in North America.
• High literacy rates.
• Rule of law; protection of assets.
• Valuable immigrants (Dutch, Jews, Huguenots [French Protestants]).

5. Why Britain
Global forces influencing the development of industrialization in Britain
include:
• Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean.
• British colonies in North America, which provided land, labor, and
markets.
• Silver from the Americas, used in trade with China.
• Social and ideological conditions in Britain, and new thoughts about
the economy, that encouraged an entrepreneurial spirit.

6. Spread of Industrial Revolution
• Britain tried to keep secret how its machines were made, but people
went there to learn about them and took the techniques back home.
• The first countries after Britain to develop factories and railroads were
Belgium, Switzerland, France, and the states that became Germany.
Building a national railroad system proved an essential part of
industrialization. Belgium began its railroads in 1834, France in 1842,
Switzerland in 1847, and Germany in the 1850s.
• Industrialization began in the United States when Samuel Slater
emigrated from Britain to Rhode Island in 1789 and set up the first
textile factory on U.S soil. Railroad construction in America boomed
from the 1830s to 1870s. The American Civil War (1861–65) was the
first truly industrial war — the increasingly urbanized and factory-
based North fighting against the agriculture-focused South — and
industrialization grew explosively afterward.
• By 1900 the United States had overtaken Britain in manufacturing,
producing 24 percent of the world’s output.

7. Impact on Architecture
• Beginning in the 18th century the Industrial Revolution made
fundamental changes in agriculture, manufacturing, transportation
and housing. Architecture changed in response to the new industrial
landscape. Prior to the late 19th century, the weight of a multistory
building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls.
The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower
sections. Since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such
load-bearing walls could sustain, large designs meant massively thick
walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the building's height.
• In America, the development of cheap, versatile steel in the second
half of the 19th century helped change the urban landscape. The
country was in the midst of rapid social and economic growth that
made for great opportunities in architectural design. A much more
urbanized society was forming and the society called out for new,
larger buildings. By the middle of the 19th century downtown areas in
big cities began to transform themselves with new roads and buildings
to accommodate the growth. The mass production of steel was the
main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the
mid 1880s.

8. Impact on Architecture
• By assembling a framework of steel girders, architects and builders
could suddenly create tall, slender buildings with a strong steel
skeleton. The rest of the building's elements — the walls, floors,
ceilings, and windows were suspended from the load-bearing steel.
This new way of constructing buildings, so-called "column-frame"
construction, pushed them up rather than out. Building design in
major urban centers now placed a premium on vertical space. Like the
flying buttress of the 14th century, the steel weight-bearing frame
allowed not just for taller buildings, but much larger windows, which
meant more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became
thinner creating more usable floor space.

9. Impact on Architecture
• In the second half of the 19th century dislocations brought about by
the Industrial Revolution became overwhelming. Many were shocked
by the hideous new urban districts of factories and workers’ housing
and by the deterioration of public taste among the newly rich.
• Taxes against glass, windows and bricks were repealed which saw a
new interest in using these building materials. Factory made plate
glass was developed and complex designs in iron grillwork were a
popular decoration for the classical and Gothic buildings. There were
also terracotta manufacturing improvements, which allowed for more
of its use in construction. Steel skeletons were covered with masonry
and large glass skylights were popular.

10. Impact on Architecture
• Forged Iron and Milled Steel Began to Replace Wood, Brick and Stone
as primary materials for large buildings. Usage of glass too impacted
Architecture.
• A much more urbanised society was forming and the society called
out for new larger buildings. Mass production of steel was the main
driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid
1880s.
• The invention of Cement also contributed to the Industrial Revolution.
Cement was used on a large scale in the construction industry.
• It led to the creation of the factories. Led to the growth of Urban
Areas as large number of workers migrated into the cities in search of
work in the factories. Housing was provided to the workers at the site.

11. Impact on Architecture-Age of Enlightenment
• The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement
that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century,
"The Century of Philosophy“.
• The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the
primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals
like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and
separation of church and state.
• The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific
method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious
orthodoxy.
• A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-
classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

12. Impact on Architecture-Age of Enlightenment
•The idea was to reform society using reason, to challenge ideas
grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through
the scientific method.
• Promoted scientific thought, scepticism, and intellectual interchange.
• The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought.
• This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly
stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the
conclusions against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light
of the evidence.
• Disenchantment with Baroque and Rococo turned late 18th-century
designers and patrons toward the original Greek and Roman prototypes.
• Some famous examples of the structures are Eiffel Tower in Paris,
France and Crystal Palace in London

13. NEO CLASSICISM

14. Neo Classicism (1640-1850)
• In architecture, Neoclassicism (or merely classicism) signaled a return
to order and rationality after the flamboyant Baroque, and the
decorative frivolity of the Rococo.
• As a style composed of many elements, based to a varying extent on
the antique forms of Greek architecture and Roman Architecture,
neoclassical architecture can be imitated to a greater or lesser extent.
For this reason, building designers have continued to borrow from
Greek and Roman models ever since the mid-17th century - one might
even say, since the fall of Rome in the fifth century! - which makes
neoclassicism the world's most popular style of building.
• Romanesque architecture (c.800-1200) is probably the earliest
example of Neoclassicism, being an attempt to recreate some of the
forms and features of buildings from ancient Rome.
• The earliest forms of neoclassical architecture grew up alongside the
Baroque, and functioned as a sort of corrective to the latter's
flamboyance.

15. Neo Classicism-Features
• Used in a variety of image-related construction programs - by feudal
monarchies, enlightened democracies, totalitarian regimes and
worldwide empires - Neoclassicism was yet another return to the
Classical Orders of Greek and Roman Antiquity on a monumental
level, albeit with the retention of all the engineering advances and
new materials of the modern era.
• It was marked by large-scale structures, supported and/or decorated
by columns of Doric, Ionic or Corinthian pillars, surmounted by
enlarged Renaissance-style domes. Sometimes columns were
multiplied and stacked, to create an impression of height, while
facades were decorated with a combination of colonnades, rotundas
and porticoes.

16. St Paul's Cathedral (1674-1711) in London, Sir Christopher Wren

17. Royal Observatory, Greenwich (1675), Sir Christopher Wren

18. Royal Chelsea Hospital, London (1681), Sir Christopher Wren

19. Chiswick House, London (1729), William Kent

20. Temple Front- Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia, (1769-1809)

21. Natural Landscaped Garden- William Kent, garden at Oxfordshire, (1738-41)

22. Public Buildings-William Kent and John Vardy, Horse Guards, London, (1751-8)

23. Interpretation-Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Altes Museum, Berlin (1823-30)

24. Monumentality-Pier Alexandre Vignon, La Madeleine, Paris, 1807-42

25. Picturesque, Assemetry-John Nash, Cronkhill, Shropshire, England, 1802-5

26. Picturesque Urbanism- John Nash and Park Crescent, London, 1819-24

27. Industrial Sublime, Lewis Cubitt, King’s Cross Station, London, 1851-52

28. Technical Sublime, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England, designed 1829-31, constructed
1836-64

29. The conceptual approach, with a little basis in the historical fact was the
key innovation of Neoclassicism.
• It emphasized the values of order, reason and civility.
• In some instances it came with an aristocratic slant; in other cases with
a progressive emphasis on science and egalitarianism for which it was
viewed as a corrective aimed at the excesses of aristocratic culture.
• A turn away from the curves, inventiveness and mysteriousness of the
Baroque toward a more rectilinear and transparent organization of space.
• Unlike Baroque, Neo Classical buildings were designed according to the
precedents from classical antiquity; which served as a proof of the
continuity of history and the legitimacy of civil society.
•In England, Neo Classicism developed primarily in the domain of private
sector, with the great houses for the elite. In France, Neoclassicism was
associated wit the Enlightenment and the French Revolution and thus has
a civic component.
• In Germany, it was used for the institutions like schools, museums and
theatre.

30. Further Reads
•https://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/impact-of-industrial-
revolution-on-architecture/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture
•http://www.domusweb.it/en/editorial/2017/01/10/for_a_theory_of_de
sign.html
•http://science.jrank.org/pages/1073/Building-Design-Architecture-
Industrial-Revolution-new-materials.html

31. Further Reads
•http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-
science-technology-and-medicine/bridges-and-buildings-the-structures-
the-industrial-revolution
•http://humanities.uwe.ac.uk/bhr/Main/Architecture/indust_rev.htm
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#The_nineteenth
_century:_Industrial_Revolution
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c&t=212s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDPO3ArwPF0&t=228s

32. Assignment 1
1. Write a detailed note on the evolution of new building typologies
and the increasing user requirement with the influence of Industrial
Revolution.
2. Industrial Revolution resulted in socio economic changes and
brought in new materials and the construction technology, which led
to a new trend in architecture called modern movement. Explain the
context in which modern architecture emerged.
3. How did Age of Enlightenment impact Neoclassical Movement?
Write short notes on Neo Classical Architecture. Name few Architects
of this era.
4. Write brief notes on Crystal Palace and Eiffel Tower. What is the
relation between Industrial Revolution and these structures.