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CHAPTER 10: SOMATIC AND  SPECIAL SENSES
Receptors and Sensations 5 Types of Receptors a) chemoreceptors b) pain receptors c) thermoreceptors d) mechanoreceptors e) photoreceptors
Sensation  - a feeling that occurs when    impulses are interpreted by   the brain Projection  - the brain causes these feelings to   seem to come from the area   being stimulated Sensory adaptation  - impulses fail to send    signal due to continuous    stimulation
Somatic Senses    senses that are associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and organs 1.  Touch and Pressure Senses a) sensory nerve fibers A b) Meissner’s Corpuscles - sensitive to the motion of objects that barely contact the skin B C
c) Pacininan Corpulscles - stimulated by heavy pressure and  deep pressure 2. Temperature Senses - are 2 types of free nerve endings - heat receptors - cold receptors
3. Sense of Pain - are free nerve endings that are widely  distributed throughout the skin and internal organs Visceral Pain - widespread pain from the internal organs - can cause  referred pain - pain feels like it is coming from other part of the body
Sense of Taste - occurs on the  taste buds  on the tongue taste buds - taste bud made up of: - taste cells - taste pores - taste hairs taste cell taste hair taste pore
Sense of Smell    olfactory sense olfactory bulb olfactory receptor cells - chemical must enter the nose as a gas and be partially dissolved in fluid to smell - chemicals detected by the  olfactory receptor cells , sent to the  olfactory bulb , and then  sent to the brain via the  olfactory tract - each olfactory receptor cell can detect a different type of smell
- chemicals must be dissolved in a watery fluid for the taste cells to detect stimuli - the sense of smell also helps us taste our food 5 Taste Sensations a) sweet b) sour c) salty d) bitter e) umami
Sense of Hearing 1. External Ear pinna external auditory meatus - functions to collect sound waves
2. Middle Ear tympanic membrane malleus incus stapes auditory tube
3 smallest bones in the body
3. Inner Ear Inner ear
semicircular canals cochlea
- semicircular canals - involved with   equilibrium - cochlea - interprets sound waves Organs of Corti - sound vibrations move hairs    stimulates nerves    sends to brain Sense of hearing 3. Inner Ear
Sense of Equilibrium Static Equilibrium - help maintain stability
Dynamic Equilibrium - detects motion of the head - helps maintain balance while moving
Sense of Sight Visual Accessory Organs 1. eyelids 2. conjuctiva - membrane that lines inner surface   of eyelids 3. extrinsic muscles - 6 muscles that moves the eyeball
eyelid conjuctiva muscle muscle
4. lacrimal gland - secretes tears to moisten and lubricate eye - decreases chance of eye infection
 
Structure of the Eye 3 Layers 1. Outer Tunic a) cornea - transparent covering over the eye b) scelera - white part of the eye c) optic nerve
2. Middle Tunic a) choroid coat - contains blood vessels - contains melanocytes to absorb    excess light b) ciliary body - moves the lens so it can focus c) lens -  very flexible so it can focus on objects -  accomodation  - the adjustment of    the lens
d) iris - colored part of the eye - allows a certain amount of light   into the eye e) pupil - opening into the eye
3. Inner Tunic a) retina - contains photoreceptors -  fovea centralis  - point on retina    where the light rays focus - produces the sharpest vision -  optic disk  - place where nerve fibers   leave retinal and become optic nerve - causes the blind spot b) vitreous humor - fluid inside the eyeball
Visual Receptors 2 Types a) rods - 100X more sensitive    than cones - allow us to see in    dim light b) cones - allows us to see    in color - gives sharper vision
Visual Pigments Rhodopsin - color vision seems to be related to the presence of 3 sets of cones containing different light-sensitive pigments a) red b) blue c) green

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Physiology CH 10 lecture notes

  • 1. CHAPTER 10: SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES
  • 2. Receptors and Sensations 5 Types of Receptors a) chemoreceptors b) pain receptors c) thermoreceptors d) mechanoreceptors e) photoreceptors
  • 3. Sensation - a feeling that occurs when impulses are interpreted by the brain Projection - the brain causes these feelings to seem to come from the area being stimulated Sensory adaptation - impulses fail to send signal due to continuous stimulation
  • 4. Somatic Senses  senses that are associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and organs 1. Touch and Pressure Senses a) sensory nerve fibers A b) Meissner’s Corpuscles - sensitive to the motion of objects that barely contact the skin B C
  • 5. c) Pacininan Corpulscles - stimulated by heavy pressure and deep pressure 2. Temperature Senses - are 2 types of free nerve endings - heat receptors - cold receptors
  • 6. 3. Sense of Pain - are free nerve endings that are widely distributed throughout the skin and internal organs Visceral Pain - widespread pain from the internal organs - can cause referred pain - pain feels like it is coming from other part of the body
  • 7. Sense of Taste - occurs on the taste buds on the tongue taste buds - taste bud made up of: - taste cells - taste pores - taste hairs taste cell taste hair taste pore
  • 8. Sense of Smell  olfactory sense olfactory bulb olfactory receptor cells - chemical must enter the nose as a gas and be partially dissolved in fluid to smell - chemicals detected by the olfactory receptor cells , sent to the olfactory bulb , and then sent to the brain via the olfactory tract - each olfactory receptor cell can detect a different type of smell
  • 9. - chemicals must be dissolved in a watery fluid for the taste cells to detect stimuli - the sense of smell also helps us taste our food 5 Taste Sensations a) sweet b) sour c) salty d) bitter e) umami
  • 10. Sense of Hearing 1. External Ear pinna external auditory meatus - functions to collect sound waves
  • 11. 2. Middle Ear tympanic membrane malleus incus stapes auditory tube
  • 12. 3 smallest bones in the body
  • 13. 3. Inner Ear Inner ear
  • 15. - semicircular canals - involved with equilibrium - cochlea - interprets sound waves Organs of Corti - sound vibrations move hairs  stimulates nerves  sends to brain Sense of hearing 3. Inner Ear
  • 16. Sense of Equilibrium Static Equilibrium - help maintain stability
  • 17. Dynamic Equilibrium - detects motion of the head - helps maintain balance while moving
  • 18. Sense of Sight Visual Accessory Organs 1. eyelids 2. conjuctiva - membrane that lines inner surface of eyelids 3. extrinsic muscles - 6 muscles that moves the eyeball
  • 20. 4. lacrimal gland - secretes tears to moisten and lubricate eye - decreases chance of eye infection
  • 21.  
  • 22. Structure of the Eye 3 Layers 1. Outer Tunic a) cornea - transparent covering over the eye b) scelera - white part of the eye c) optic nerve
  • 23. 2. Middle Tunic a) choroid coat - contains blood vessels - contains melanocytes to absorb excess light b) ciliary body - moves the lens so it can focus c) lens - very flexible so it can focus on objects - accomodation - the adjustment of the lens
  • 24. d) iris - colored part of the eye - allows a certain amount of light into the eye e) pupil - opening into the eye
  • 25. 3. Inner Tunic a) retina - contains photoreceptors - fovea centralis - point on retina where the light rays focus - produces the sharpest vision - optic disk - place where nerve fibers leave retinal and become optic nerve - causes the blind spot b) vitreous humor - fluid inside the eyeball
  • 26. Visual Receptors 2 Types a) rods - 100X more sensitive than cones - allow us to see in dim light b) cones - allows us to see in color - gives sharper vision
  • 27. Visual Pigments Rhodopsin - color vision seems to be related to the presence of 3 sets of cones containing different light-sensitive pigments a) red b) blue c) green