الإسلام والديمقراطية الليبرالية في تركيا النساء الإسلاميات في معترك السياسة

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Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy
lslamist Women in Turkish Politics
by Ye~im Arat
The Arabic translation of this book is made possible by
permission of the State University of New York Press © 2005,
and may be sold Worldwide
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, ctl:, :Y' )L;,_; .;;J,J...JI .)l Jr")I _) ._;.;> ~y J:, ~l,.... '-:'j>- ~
Ye~im Arat, Political/slam in Turkey and :~I '-.;':11 .r-.PI ~IJ..Ul ~.i..A .:_,...s- ~ (')
Women~· Organizations, TESEV yayinlari; 8 (Istanbul: Tiirkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etiitler Vakfi
(TESEV), 1999).
•:C,..~ ~_,J,-".c,i "'-:'Y t')L..,'jl cJ! ;JL.;'jl ; 3'"""')L..,'ji",:WS ('~"-I J~ 0-"
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Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation ofCultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic :~I (i)
Books, 1973), p. 22.
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0-' ..1..>-IJ .h.i; ~ ~ ..:..iJL...a.,.JI eul; 0 (Edward Said) ~ >)J>)
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if' ~J r:i');;..1 IJ J,L:lI w 01 ..i_.. _<v)":iS) ...:...JIJ r:i');;..1IJ J IS:>'J I
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash ofCivilizations and the Remaking a/World Order (New (l)
York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).
Seyla Benhabib, «Unholy Politics,>> Constellations: An International Journal of: ~ ~ JJ (V)
Critical and Democratic Theory, vol. 9, no. I (March 2002), pp. 34-45.
I

18. '-:"'i.::5JI ll..> J 4JJL; ~ I ~l...WI r->JI J Cr.:::' ')....~I ~ ;;sJ L.:...lI
J_r-- t.~ ~J~ i~ .J.j j->-l.l.:JI I..L.. ~ .:JIJ>) 0).' .J_ a;·IL:
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' .~~~~ J.JJ~ <) ~")l....'?JIJ ~WJI :":JJI
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w -II :c., -·--II ~L; ,:i_;L...l.JI ')l..':il · ~L>.UI :UJWI
- .r-' -J~ ' - J i ' cr.:-: - - -
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,;;___;:._;..JI ;;_,;.:JI ..::..>Jb-1 ~ ,j-'J .~H' i~ ~:; ..~ 0K-JI
'-:"'.r"JI .} ~~I tJ_r.... 05 .;.... .!.>-I _,JI '-:"'_r-lI J; i lk;JI ..:JJl5J
,_y'_j- ~1 ..:JJ.lJ_, ;(A)<,;w..JI .GI,I_r.~ _y:;S ~ ._;fi 0l5 '-?.lJIJ
•<.S_r>-i ~l; 0-' ~J ;;_,.11~.UI ~ J-,.i ~_,.1}11 _y ;;_,.;L..WI
0l5 ~ i')...~1 t::' ;;_,.;L...WI ol.l_r.~IJ ~~I CJ_r.... ._,.b)...w
'-r' cr-..01 :W_,> i>~) , JL:l~_, cr-..01 ; "";. a->- y. ~)I ;;J_,..UI ._;.l>
.•L.;;;':il_, ~I ~
~L..:..JI ~I (:!-~ J i')l....~I ~L. , ~J~I u-::--G ~
'!) . cr-..01 J ~ .:r.J-UI ~ ~I ;_;;....WI <kLII_, '-?Y-11
;;_,.;...:..JI ~J_,kl_,.,.. ~L: 4-k-!.r- 01 ~ .. J5 ..::....J..; ~J~I 01
;;_,.;~ :C,_,J ;;J_,, ~ cr-..01 0-' it,· ,II ~_r.JI ;;J.l..JI ~L.,
0i '~ n iw J_,.:....UI '-"' J_,',rl '_,-WI ~1 w ,<'l'-:"'~~ _;-t._,.;;
Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal: McGill University (A)
Press, 1964), and Binnaz Toprak, Islam and Political Development in Turkey, Social, Economic,
and Political Studies of the Middle East = Etudes sociales, Cconomiques et politiques du Moyen
Orient; v. 32 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1981)
Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3nt ed. (London: Oxford University ( ~)
Press, 1976); Metin Heper, The State Tradition in Turkey (Walkington, UK: Eothen Press, 1985);
<;aglar Kcyder, State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development (London; New York:
Verso, 1987), and Feroz Ahmad, The Making ofModern Turkey, Making of the Middle East Series
(London; New York: Routledge, 1993).
V

19. J-.... j.>.; ._fi.;;Jl:J ,J.J~ IJJ~ (.)" '.JJ..UI Jl t:.} U.LSJI i~L:-JI
.;;_,...L,-ll ~ru 1..c,.. .........,Y. r")...,~,
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~, '.kL ~~ ~ ~ t.?..i.JI 11~...JI 01)-!J.l iWI .r...W11 ~ ~
~J J.,.i Cr" , ~L.....ll ~ i)>) :_r Lo.JJ-l: 4..11~1 , '.JJ..UI .)
l...: 4-,; ~ ,y i _;I,~I o.l.. ~J . •IJj_,]I ~J ..:.k.. ..;:._;,.; ~J ;JJ..liI
i..L,->-__,.ll ;_:;.......)!;_;;_,;WI 41 ~l W cr-..UL: ~ ~ J1 ,_r..; ~
y ly <.1J..liI ._j..u. 0l5 di..i.J ; ~..Ll I 4L;U.lI j5 :_r ._, ~~ l, ;;_;.:..,....JI
.4-:---}..... ,1 ..L> J ):UL.o~ L t..l_,.,.,.._. 1 <.,:.,..liI ~ L.::lL i I_rl'J I
il,>- .) 'JJ>J i">l.~I ~ i _,h,...JI ~.) cP.-1 ,y ~I ~I
I, ctJ..iS I. · ·LiJI 1 )1 .- . II I, .k_i; I >I ·fl
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c_,5L.11 ~J i .r.>111 ~..lil ..:_.,L..:.,y..ll J)l.i.) ;;-:> ,~I <.SY---'
4--~ 0l5 .;JI kiJ)I ~ cb-' c)) 'JJ-l: <.5:;1 L:.. , '-......Li..JI
Toprak, Ibid., and Andrew Davison, Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic ( ~ •)
Reconsideration, Yale Studies in Hermeneutics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).
A

20. t-' r-s ,d); __.ll '-OW'j~ ,;;...WI ;~I .) i')l....'jl _r.; .) >1.)':11
..:J..,._J ;_,...')l....'jl .....;1/''!1 ..L>-1 0l5 <.5.i..ll Jy_,.k.JI .l..l.:;_;l 0-' J~)1
0l5 c,?.i..ll 01;':11 ~.?. il,A.ll ._,..;~ -..ll ''--::-!/ i.J..;~ ..:-l.._,J ..1....
(Bernard Lewis) '-'""'""_,] >};.r. Jij .;_,5_,.::ll '-'.J..ll __.)) '-::-!_rll '-'.J..l~ c!;
oy, .r-SJ i')l....'jl '-k.L ·~1 -..Jl :uJ..u1 ..:..;.u" :dl; J.s- 'L.,._,..<...u
.<' ''" " ~ ·II .._.._.:JI J - .~r" J '-!"' .r . y.>- ..;
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0-i..UI J~11 i>wl '-;l:....: 0_,......_;..JI .~':11 ~~ ~ ;;;JJ..UI ~
r-s .;:JI ~rJI ,.U, ~ r-1 c.rSJJ . J~'!I '7"'_r- '""' IJ~I
'-' .- II lk; I . c- . 0l5 ;;J ..uI ~1 ~ . - ' ..., I . II I A -II-~ i ~ J - ..r::"' -~ ~. u-r
;:_;.;W,JI ..:-1..>-)l..o'jl ilk.:JII..L. ~J .JjJ ,~0· it_..~ ..L>I_,ll
.<..11 " ..lJI • 1-' ._,~......>- I'·
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it_.. .) J'l~_;jl '7"'_r-..]1 ~1.; 0l5J , ~..UI il,.;-JI '""' ~
'-:,bi~..UI ~~ '7"'_r-..]1 .ll-J ~ ~I I.U. 4..:.1..1..; jl...; ~ t I
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I}JL>-J .y._;.JIJ w11 V"").!..o I~ W , '-::-!rJI '-'.J..l~ <.5?1 ; .r"
. ·I'· I<' ' . <...:., ..U I •l....:j I <., j I . .._.._.:jI ;...s. U I'-?""cr....., -- J' , ..; . . .J (.:. ,
~ , '-:,11~..UI 0-' ..1..;_r..ll, ~LJ..k.. J ;;JJ..UI .!j.k; J )..>. 0-'J
it_.. (MilliNizam) "~}I i.k:JI '7"'j>-11 Y'J """"')....) ~L_,... '7"'j>- JJ1
~I 4..:..!_,.::...-..UI ~I ).) ~ t~ J.,.. ;:.:; 0 .;_j .. c,s:J , W •
·.J_,.::......UI 41 Jl:l~J ,;_,.;l...LJI ,"i,.J 0-i..UI j<:...l '-'r-JI ~~ ~ol
Y"J ._,.,~1 lh 0-' J.:..t...: ~ 01 __.ll J.:_,.b -::..JJ ~ r-1 er>JJ
_}) .JL.;,1J '~..r" ~ t!'J c,?lll (MilliSelamet) "~}I ;tA;'jl '-'j>-11
'-1-y-<ll ~J..>dl L..;~.; ~1 ~ 0-'J ~I i.,>JI .) ~J:]1 ~1
.V""l:JI i l,>- .) 0 ..UI .!J..UI t."' -,?..UI
Lewis, Ibid., p. 416. ( )
'I

21. oli)I u j> ~l; ~ ' '~~~· r~ L,?~l J.>..L::..ll ........u
~I ~ "_ra.:y , ~_,.]I ilk.:J I '-:'y- ~ ~ _r.:--:. _J ~ ')...,'jI
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~i ~ ,<Jy..l.JI .) W}.•v ':-'f- y-Si ol!)l '-:'f- ~i ,;~
~ j-.=-J ' ' o i ~ ..:..>~ l>..:;; I ~ <..~I _) .))::; I 4_,.:: _r.5i
'-:'y.> .t:;_i ' '" il.- 1; • · , II ~~I .)3 ..,:..,1_,.../'!1 :y '-_-...; y-Si
ilk.:JI .!l,:;.>-1 .) ~1_,...]1 <:;_r-3 llo>~l ;_,;_,;WI r-WI 11 ii.J;.; olO)I
~ , 1'n ·1..u::.....J ta,. · .11., .• 1 1.::;.. .,_; · ..UI · ·w1. ['-+' . ~ . r- ~ _,....,f.. '-? '-!'y
;;_,.; w_.j I i..l,-> j.,.M; ~i :y 0W _,.,.II .)[ '[_,..I_? I '-:'_r-JI i:t.; ' ..!.U:,
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, '-:'j>JI ,L; '-?jjI ,!.:,.;'!I ~ J..G -::.-; l5 4'SJ3 ; .!,L.JI ,.i_. ...::..J..:..;
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;_,..; L...LJI .l;__x 0-" .!lb .JlS ~ , ~I J->I, :;~ '-:'l..k..;;.;.....l
:y ~3 , ".J3 _,.>-'JI" .J_,..,.. ')...,'jI .!]L..3 .J_,......::._,_.J I .L}:!I ~3 crJI
~ J5 d ..t, ~ :y3 , _;-'JI :y ;;_,.! _) -.,....; ~ J5 ..:..>U , 4-:_,...;} ...,
- - II . c-, . I . . - II . (r) -·II I •. ; .
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;;J ..UI . C- ' .:1J.iS :C. · • · - II ;;::; L..WI ..:..>..L<.:; I -II <.....t;.;:;'! I :cLl.AJIJ r-- J . .!~ - <..r •. -
..:;..;LS3 ,;*1 '-:'_:,.4; 3i '-:'I.W.:....,'!I 1.... ~ _J ;;_,.;KII ;_,AlL, c:r...UI _)
L.3 ,<k.l...JI :y olJ)I '-:'? <..~ .1._,.<..... u::,.Oi c;JI ~~I ;_?.i..JI
~3 __, l..k.k..'!I I.... ) ..1.[ _) ..:..>.!...L..o J..i , '-:'_;.-.li J_,.. :_r ~i
Haldun Giilalp, ((The Poverty of Democracy in Turkey: The Refah Party Episode,>> ( ~ i)
New Perspectives on Turkey, no. 21 (Fall 1999), pp. 38-40.
..;_,.;- <.._.L.;..J ~G,JI :_,., ,.L...LJ ,?.'_,JY.Jl-'"1 ~_,JI ;y- .1.;_;...)1 <;_,..... )':-i 0-' (r)
Yael Navaro Yashin, Faces ofthe State: Secularism and Public :}:WI '~').......'XI 0-" ~~I
Life in Turkey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
~.

22. ~b.riJ1J "-···-:J-1 ~1 :~t;
...:.Lll53 , Cr.-::-" ')....,'iIJ ~ l...LJI .:_r.,-: ~I _,..JI r"!..:..&- ..::..>,::u_;
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;;__,JI_,d)I '-::: jJI ~I J::.,k;J i ')....'il: <.J..:.JI .....;I/11 0-" ~I o.;...
_r--:;, ,__,..;..'JI ...,_...;L..,.Ji ~J .:c._,.;b__,...JIJ :c._,.;l...LJI L..JJ..l..: ~ .rJI
,1 J>_jl ~ .rJI ;;_:;, __,.;JI -'""1........11 ,.i_. ~ 0-" •L,:...-.'li., 0_,.,... 'A...'iI
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~J ;J~3 ;;._;.;L:11 ;;_,;b_,..JL: ~L...WI ir+"l ,,:..lE J) <.H•.b'i~
;_,.s:.;3 ,;;.:!..WI ~~ :i.Ak.JI ;;_,;b_,..JI ;_,.s:.; ..:;...;l5 ,~:, 0-" ~)1
.1Jl.... 1r i ~..l)..i:JI ~ ')....,'il: <.J..:.JI ; .• , ·-,.- ,JI
..:....;LS 1;)3 , ~}JI i}....2.>JI ~ ~ & '--:JI_r.).ll ..:....;l5 1:,13
~~I t_J_r...... ..>..A;:.; I .ill , ;;__,..;I,__,...J I ~ ~)l;. 1..~..,-o c,l" '--:JI__,.,.,lJI
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.;.JoJ '-:"' Lk.;... J)L;... Cr' ~:,3 , '--:.J~I ~t; J..,-- '-?..UI ._; L..!..JI
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~ " }- ~ ~
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C;-'J ..;:, (./ ~IJ o__,...JI ;;__...; c)) '--:.)J11 ~ .rJI Wi.r.)JI
Heper, The State Tradition in Turkey. ( !)

23. .fJJ 'WJL....ll •lPJ[ ~ ul.i.JI :f ~I Jl ~WI ~lA J~
0lS_) , '-?::t_,.,_.jI :i..p-1rJ 4.._,.; lSJI i _;_,....._1l; ~_,.; -4~I rlkJI ~ r..l
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J J' J' ~ .r-' '-"'"' .r.o '-'~ . "'
_;1•.>:..;II_J ~I_J ~.?r--51 <.5--L;y ..)1 :UW'{L _ (AhmetRiza)
~I ~_) , ((il:..4..JI L,5.;"" '-:-'L..; _;L(j ~ ~~~ _ ~I..: 4......oWI
<,jS.r" )IJ i -4;..JI '-.,]1.;-.--.:lJI_J (Sabaha ttin) .:_r-..UI C.l..,o .r.:-')U ~WI
II i L:.i.lI l:5_,;" '-:-'j>- ~ r--'I ..l.i_) , ;;... _,s::.,.JI J>-1, <,,__,.JI ..:-I_;,W I_J
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....,.......:JI ;;_. 1..- i..r" ._j__,.> r-t'.i.J 0l5 _;... Cr.<~ I_) .:r-:11h _,.,]I
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~_,.:.. ..:-1..-~ .!.]L;., ..:...;LS •'-:_;~1 ...r::---1.; ~ ,~1_) r.:S-_)
~)I~ .:_,SJ_J ,.:;l,L i>4j_J (1)(Atatiirk) .!.l_;_,;l; ;;J_J.i.JI.~y i..r"
$erif Mardin, JOn Tiirklerin Siyasi Fikirleri (Political Thoughts of the Young Turks) ( o)
(Istanbul: ileti~im Yayinlari, 1983), p. 223.
Feroz Ahmad, «The Progressive Republican Party, 1923-1945,)) paper presented at: ( 1)
Political Parties and Democracy in Turkey (Conference), edited by Metin Heper and Jacob M.
Landau (London; New York: I. B. Tauris, 1991), pp. 65-82.

24. .~_,.all ~l_r.:lil r.:L.....II _)] i)..;'¥1 _j ~lf?l ~ ~ ..!.l]; (.;-"
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(Serbest Cumhuriyet ~I <.,?j~ ._,.,_;..>.JIJ ~ ~ 0 ._.;..;- ~ ~ t il.J,
r-+'-"'jL..... J.1 ._} .:r;::UI :C.,L..._,._l :C.,_,JJ'-11 , ~'f· i,U, ._} Firkasi)
t:"'" i I;:.>I J>}J ;;._,1.1 ~j.JI ;;sj L:....l~ ~ LJ....ll (.;-" ')!..u ;;_,,I ~')]
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Ziya bni~, «Political Islam at the Crossroads: From Hegemony to Co-existence,» ; ~ "oU_,JI
Contemporary Politics, vol. 7, no. 4 (2001), pp. 281-298.
Jecemy Salt. :)';I , ,L;)I -,.'? J')!.ioko ~._;.]I '<~I J.,_,.;..all ;_,._,b .;.i...:, Lo ._; J
«Turkey's Military ((Democracy;;,>) Current History, vol. 98, no. 625 (February 1999), pp~ 72-78.
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Alev (:inar, «Refah Party and the City Administration of Istanbul: Liberal Islam, 0 1!1,)
Localism and Hybridity,)) New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 16 (Spring 1997), pp. 23-44.

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Andrew Davison, Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: A Hermeneutic Reconsideration, (')
Yale Studies in Hermeneutics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 197-198.

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Ziya GOkalp, Tiirk(fiiliigiin Esaslari (Principles ofTurkism) (istanbul: Varlik Yayinlari, ('I')
1968), pp. 147-148.
DenizKandiyoti:((WomenandtheTurkish :_,bl .y_; ~ .,_L.JIJ ~yJ~ ~ _., ~J
State: Political Actors or Symbolic Pawns?,)> in: Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, eds.,
Women, Nation, State (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 126-149, and
«Identity and Its Discontents: Women and the Nation,)) Millennium: Journal of International
Studies, vol. 20, no. 3 (1991), pp. 429-443.
Afet inan, AtatUrk Hakkinda Hatiralar ve Belgeler (Documents and Memories on (f)
Atatiirk) (Ankara: Tiirk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1959), p. 257.
rv

39. ,Jl ~ ·~..,..}.~ ,0W_r.ll .}! -.::....;~1 ~ 0yL.; (!_r... ~~ '-?..UI
;;s.>L:....; ; _,..J I ..::...lj ... -4- J..=- ~ WJ L..~_, :i.._S_rll 4..1 _,..UI .>L..>j1
J~ JL.k; C:::"Y ~ 'i '.>L.a.:>-~ .'.l_,..UI 0_,_;...;, ~ ~ c.P.-)I
~;-.JI .L'JI c))~.; l_ro.> <...WI il,=JI ._....; L...>y>y ;.r-11
....:..,J.>..:l I tJ_r, .r.# J,_,.b ~ ~ ;_,.b.> t~ uSJ_, ,...........,..
.
o1)I Jp ~JJ.>. : l:'U
•-u~l U~ ~ L.. 0l5 ;_,.._11 J~ JL.k; C:::"Y 0"1_,
:C. ...>J ~.>.!_,...,; ~y.r. l..; .lW 0_,.,........., 0_,.....:.,rJI .1.:'II 0l5 , ...:..,..L>..;.U
.H.,;'¥~ 4..1_,..LIJ &II ~ l..; '-o1.>> ~ I_,.;l5 ~ tJ_,.:....lI dL..,....
;_,..JI ;J...:.; ..:....;LS •Jl::l~_.. .;_,..JI J) .;_,.....;..J~ ~"J~ ~.r'-' .))
J-;_,..1 "" ~ .rJI , <...,..1I_,...;_,..;_,"JI '-..1_,..UI <LJ.s. j.W l.._, ;,:w,._.
<.)"""'":""""""..; J..,...-- c.,?..LlI .,..;L....:....JI ~I J')G..y . i t.s:_,... 0-" : '":---'_,.;..;JI
0.r:"-'..-' , ~~ uUl..k..JI ..:;.k...;,lJ I ~ .!)t;_, -.::....; l5 , '-o.>~ I
._,....,....L c.L......JI ~ ~ ,......_,;; ..-;....;_,.JI ~ u-SJ_, _<!).L:JI ..:;'it...,:.; .y
i.J.>L,JI :c.k...;Lll ~ r-l ~H' it..? .jY ,~ 4..,JL..; 'S_r- c.,?
._,....,.....,t.:.J (:'~ ~ J_,.......,.JI .j (Nezihe Muhittin) .:r...UI ~ ~_;
>l-ui ._,.....,....'!..:, ~ ~.! ,11.;L:J1 ~~ '-:"'_j>JIII {'"""""""'~ '-7"'?
IJ..., j.>. F-' 0 ~ ~ , ..-;....;_,.lI C::' ,uSJy .'"":"'j>JI .y J;~ .,fL.;
.<');;J_,..UI if ili:..... ..:;I~ i _,.;, 0l5 ~"1 ,,t,..;'JI
C::' ilyL...JI ~ ~ ylk..J~ ;_,..lJ ~ •i.S_r>- ~L.; 0-"
...~_.. .j.....>JI_, ~I J~ .j '--..ol> iWI J~l ~~)I
~w <o>L ~ ,_,_1.-11 '-'""_,;..I ~ J_r=JI J .L..; ;~ ~
.L:JI -.:...L....- ..Liy . )..:JI .l.;.. J K..:. 0-' ~ 0-"J.l.; ~ c.P.-1 0-'
Serpil (:akir, Osmanli Kadin Hareketi (Ottoman Women's Movement) (Istanbul: Metis ( 0
Yayinlari, 1993).
Zafer Topmk, «1935 istanbul Uluslararasi Feminizm Kongresi ve Bari~,>> (The 1935 (o)
International Istanbul Feminism Congress and Peace), Toplum-Diisiin, no. 24 (March 1986),
pp. 24-29, and Yaprak Zihniog!u, Kadinsiz Inkilap (Revolution Without Women) (Istanbul:
Metis Yayinlari, 2003).

40. ~1 ~ ;~J..>....il ;i.J,..UI Jl..u.1 ~ J~ iWI J.-..ll J~ -J
~..G.:; U~ '-?/'~ ~ 1..i.1...:.. 0l5 J lk:JI ......._,_, d'_,.;]I ~
~ i1yl -/"-'- (HamideTop9uoglu) p}~_,:; i~ G.>-> .;;.J_,..UI
~ 01 cL.... ~ 4- ._ro-ll 0_,51l 01 __,1- Jw:.ll ~I __,1
_AI ~ '-?;Y.. 01_, 'c!' 1; 0~ 01 ,~.;...... c} .1ili ~ ~
l.i..o .L.....; .;.:.... .<'<;;.J_,J.-' ~ ;_ro-ll !l)_,.;L;1 J/- ..w ...,..~
c.r"L...."::I 4J...L.> 05 ._rll 4'!..>")....,lJ 4L.S:..ll ..:-~..t.. # 1~I
~ ~ -J -=-~ 4..;1!..., ..:.-;5 ~I Jl/":11_, ..:-,WI 4..;)->..-
tJL .,;l>-)1...,13 !lJ_,:;L;1 J1 ~.J..!Ji .~:/1 I~ 0l5_, .G.:..l.>.:ll ,.ji..l.l>1
:;S ._.;'))I ..:-I.,;l...WI G.>-,1_, , 0+'-'~_, ..:-1..:.~I .L:JI ..) ) "::I
(f i:t.;, C=" ).....,':>).l ..:-W)....... ~1 ;;_,..).....,'¥I ~I ~ ~I>~
...:-G..)...,'¥I ,J.,
«;1_ro-ll ll -: ~1..:-L.,Jw:.JI .L:JI ..;..J/ , ;_; WI ~l.,.>- -J
(Homogenizing) <<'.........;~ll ~ ..:.-;5 ~ _ >_,...;....JI .lUJ..: _ '-:,5.rJI
..:-1..0'):>.I '-?1 (f J fli ~ ~ :_,..::; G.:.~I U_r. ~ ._;]I
:_r._, ..:-4-J1_, ..:-l....h;;..JI .L:JI ~J.>..; ._!_l); J 1.U<....;'{~ ••L:JI ~
..:-lA:l:/I 0_,, 0-' .L:JI 0-' :_r.r,!- r-"~ Jo..-_,JI ~I J j ~ .,Jij.
1..1 .<v)~~:II ~I _, cr...UI _, J_,....ll .} ~ ..:-..0'):.;-:II __,)j
~~I tJ~ ~W j 1
; -_; , J---'.lL ..:-I.A.l:>.... .L.; , ~_, ;;_I G.. .)
,'-)i......SJI '-:]L:....il JKi"::i Jjr._L..::....:/1_, ...,.......WI ~I ._}J;, J~ 0-'
yi......SJI ..:-l>-)1...,'{1 4--:US ._;ll ;_,..Ji d'; i>l;j Ji..l.l>1 ~ 0-' .Jl53
·4'G..rb ~ ~ 4l cL......J'
(Patriarcha!Norms) ~y":/1 Jl/":11 ..:-_,...:.... ,:W,i.>JI ol.,>JI J t..1
;;.._,.......) ii3L........li 0-' r-")1 ~ ~_,.:..113 WI..UI_, u,.k..JI 4"..,5 .)
Ay§e Durakba§a, «Cumhuriyet DOneminde Kemalist Kadin Kimliginin : ~ :.JJ (I)
Olu§umu,)} (The Formation of Kemalist Woman's Identity in the Republican Period), Tarih ve
Toplum, val. 9, no. 51 (March 1988), p. 43.
Ye§im Arat, «The Project of Modernity and Women in Turkey,)} in: Sibel Bozdogan (V)
and Re§at Kasaba, Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, Publications on the Near
East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997), p. 101.

41. </..WI 0_,;WI 0 .;" ~)I ~ JJ.....II ~),;lill 'Wo ~ tJ c;JI
;__,..JI ~ j11 ~ ,.;' <;.y,11 ...;1_,...11 ,.i., -!.>b,-1 ~ ~~ r-1
<;.~I ...;1_,...11 :L,>-.r- ~ ~.J .,:.,Lb..:; }II .) ~~I .) ~
r-<-)I ~.J .<Al:C.WI o.,>JI J ~ ..;...;l5 .,;.II.:i.;y,'}/1 ii.JL:_II r.L...:
_; ;rJI.J ~)I~ ..::_,L.;Jl:>-}11 ~_,; i>l<-j ..:..._:;..ill ,d); 0-'
~ Cr' ...l:~ )K.; ~ :U')WI .,:..,..i.;..;l ~ Cr' .J 4-.ol>J I ; L:>JI
:U")WI r-t-' i>l<-).J . 4;..... J5 ~ crJI ;c;K.JI.J G rJI ~_;;
~I ...;1 _,.::..>I.J
1
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.<.,?..t.)..i.;JI 0-".J.J..l: ~ ~ 'L.a..:I Crl-" •":' ' ; r-o ..ili ' ;;_,....,l..a.::.>}/I
tJ.r--- _; <.5~I c,_...:..lI dl:, , '-:""'_,.A..II Jp _; ;1rJI .,:..,~I.J
c) 4-,>j..i .rJI ).J>11 J5 C" 4..,~ ).J>L rl,...<.JI c) ,~..L>...::..il
..::_,L:..i.lJ ' · · II ~I I..WI -.::...Li · . :i...iJ.::>...JI I . - q ..::_,}IL,.... ~ .J • <Y.) ~ cl J""""""' .
(Ak~amKtzSanat ;;_:;..;L-.JI j-<iJI cr)..t.. dJ..iS.J uL.._,.::...JI ..L;>l._., ~
..,:..,~!.; J_;:-. ..::_,l:;.J ~ cf ~ ,..::_,L,:.AJ" 4-.ol>...ll Okullan)
0 J & ._;r '~.WI <;..J~I ,j_, j1 J ;__,..JI ~.J~ I;!J
~I o)>'J;I _; .J~t:; :C,)'..> ~ t' ..l;.J ,:;_,~ J_;:-. ;;_:;.J 0~
~I J')l;- J_;..:-.jl JL...;;. c)_ ~.r' cr..l:..+-o Y'.J- (Taylorism)
_,.,.JI ~ <;._,..'}II i .,>JI J._,.,..; ;__,..J I ~ ~ J.:LlI <.,?.J~I
;__,; )h) I.J ; .LASJI J!.- ol,[.,...J .;l.......J ~~I .,:..,~ C:: ._..;l...::; <.,?..iJI
.L:JI ~ .)ly j>> ,:;_,.J~ cil!.ll .J.AA.il J~.J .<~1
~_,.;.;)1 .JI
.,:..,_.....:;....I.J .4---JI.J ~I cr)..WI .)J :C,_,;l!.ll cr)..WI _; :_;5 .j':>UI
)1! j>-1, c.?~ I ~I ,L., ;,L.!" ~ cj !)~L:.; <;~~~ ;,! _;.,1) iy'>j ~,1 (A)
Zebra Arat, «Turkish Women and the Republican Reconstruction of:~~ .11~~ '-?"y--9
Tradition,)) in: Fatma Miige G6~ek and Shiva Balaghi, eds., Reconstructing Gender in the Middle
East: Tradition, Identity, and Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 59.
'-"') n;.r)~l <...-;-. ~ <J1J.JI <;t;~ •.!.; r cj.WI ;,_,;LW il.:JI ~In ;,I c.P'I L..S
~r-'--"1 .ili ,<;~~~ _;.,L,..")L.,'jl ~ l,_.t; ~ :OyS.., jj ..:U; 0l.r ,.-")I~ .(W
.) ..Jif>'"l'l ,J.. -,.'~c..;J , '+-" ~ L,._.; ;rJI ~~ l...:,; JC,.)I ;J.W <,;.rJI Jl>:..;-,1
.~)I .!)J;
Yael Navaro, ««Using the Mind)) at Home: The Rationalization of Housewifery in (q,)
Early Republican Turkey (1928~1940),» (Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of
Sociology, Brandeis University, 1991).
t •

42. .(·~1 c.r:il·: r-l-i')]1 .WI~~ J:..-.; .j J_r...ll ..:.>~J
t' >, 11 .j .L.JI :.r' o~ ~~ .k..i; , ..:.l]; :.r' ~)I J-"
!]W, 0l5 .W , i.S~I e;J)I J---U ~x c,?.i.JI ~I Js- erL=-
~~ ,~ CjJ 0l5 '.:.>~I J .._;:.;- - ..:.>l..t.,..... .y,'!I :.r Jll.A> ,~
c)ly> 0l5 .W ..::.>1_-_•. II..) 0yl>..o..ll L.J ,.L.JI :f -.,.JJI ..:.>LJ.S
' -~ c)ly> l,.5.r' ~J ..::.>I..L,-11 .r J~l ~ Cr::-'L.......ll ..:...lJ
~ ~- ..:......L.!JI )1_,..,.. _ r.-:-5 >.>...>- >y.J c)l-uWli0 <"',.v.JI
~_,....:JI oIJL......lI ~r ._,..iL" 0 ~ J_,j ..:.l];J ' <",,..o.:,l5 ..._.ij ..];J
<-:,5.rJI ;JJJJI -:....;LS ·'":""'"j..J1 .j .L..JI ~ .j l.o_,;l; (Feminism)
;;_,JWJI ui.>-')...,liI ~ Lo..: 0JM !.I;'1I .wIJ J ~)I ..:.lJ..i5J
l5 - II '' ,_ . • (n, ~ • . · . II • I'·
..::.> ~ ~ ~J .!JJ ...,..., .r <-F ' .r"-' f-.r"-' i.SY--' ,_,.-..-
.) ~I 4Jl >y<-; _)I ;JJ.ill Cj.; ._;L..y ~ )1l .j <.,;WI
~ . ....;").....,'') I ,y ..:.,) _,.:...o..lI _,..,s:.:.lIJ _..>.-.iJ0 J ~I ..:.lJ;J , J ~I
ts 0 ..~....; ~ ,_,..,WIJ iWI ~ )~I .lo...i..> ~ , ..:.U; :_r ~)I
.iWI ~I J~ .j 4 ..,.....,:... o_rJI ..;_,_ili;J i'"'_rJI ilk; J~l
r-l ..::.>~L..;JI ~~ t:' ~ ;;_.,L,.-JI .j .L.JI :.r' ;J; ..;.$J L:,
~1"o i~ ,y WI .j 1,1 0W.;}I .j ..:.>l5Jl:..o..il .L.JI:;...,.....; J...::;
._:...,.,.. .!..>I)I '-:"'_r-JI ~ ~ J')>. ~y.a::)I ,:)>- ;_rJI ..:...;..;... .. ~
LS.r' _;. <JJ..UI '"'.>'-'c).<- WI_;. n .)ly u..w1 c>.,.<ll _;. .w1;..,....; -:.;IS( ·l
y>J ~~A ( ~ .:..;_,.,.i '-,ll.=-~ .i.J. ,;.lbJ :C,_,.A>JI J.l.WI c>.J'-' c).<- <.c..lI .} Y .)Iy J
Women in Turkey, General Directorate on the Status and :~I ·"-;"'..r-J1 j....,- ~ ~ -,?.iJI
1w1
Problems of Women (Ankara 1999).
JU.! [_Jl>- ~ _;")l]l .L.:JI ~-~WI ,_,;.,JI :r Ir-s -,-JI ,.iJ, ~ r!J
._,.,.i 0J' y '-"IJ)I ..j ~ :,S :C,_,.a,JI U.WI c5_,All
Ay~e bncU, «Turkish Women in the Professions: Why So Many?,;; in: Nermin (' ')
Abadan-Unat, ed., Women in Turkish Society, Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the
Middle East = Etudes sociales, i:conomiques et politiques du Moyen Orient; v. 30 (Leiden: E. J.
Brill, 1981), pp.l80-l93.
Feride Acar, «Turkish Women in Academia: Roles and Careers,)) METU Studies in (' n
Development, vol. 10 (1983), pp. 409A46.
Nermin Abadan-Unat, «Social Change and Turkish Women,» in: Abadan-Unat, ed., ( 'r')
lbid., p. 5.

43. illS ,.;_,~I LJ ..!.l1ylil 1.;t o1~Lp r1Ji js ·~ ~ r-::.: Jl5
~ (:} J ,,;t.; Cr' illS <.,?.iJIJ ..;_,~ L;..,;,;')'I ._;. ~ L.l.l;,; L,.5_,.; <.>.iJ
illS .u; .~11 '.....k;i 4J ~ L.... _rsi ilW_r.ll ._;. ;i_,..JI ~
~u....1 (/' ..;_,~J"' ~Y. ;;s)l.!.....l.J ..;_,)G,5-' .L.......; i ~ .!.ll:...o
...;~ ~ <>A ~ vi-4~ vt:;....L,... .L.; ..:...:tz ...;J ,~W_r.ll
~,L,d')'l v~~'>'4 ~ c;JI JSL.:....il ~ iJ.:..-11 t:' L..~ ~
<..r' , (_IJy.JIJ ;,_.J-' II uL,JJ_;....... J!.o ~~')II JJ.JJI v~l,;..>-IJ
~J 4-:J.....; ~W_r. ~lA... ._;. ~_,:;.)1 c)) i~l il~ 4..:~1
,..;_,L.;l..:JI . .( 0 : " I. il . " JL>-)1 ill ~ 'LS:... L..L.• - '-"J 0+"-!r ~.r-"7. . • • • • •
~ ., ~ "'
;;,_,;.....WI ..;_,L>.)..p'!I ..::....<:;1 L.. ~ r-"L>. ......;;y .>!.>.;I (J" i IrJI ~
•<.1J..Li I c} ..:...,_.b.;]I tJy!-oJ
L. c} '~I ._;. ilj.50 <.,?.UI t_~'!I ~~ , ..;_,~l..:JI ._;.
ul>-':>l..R'!I J')l.;.. Cr' , ;i_,....II _r..,rUJ ~I ~ iiJL....J~ ~
_ -4~ ~ R ,r~L.,....; ..;_,L,:..,;L.!J 1 ;;..,1-4 ..i.:..J .) L,t.;.,1 J 1'-::-l w:.11
~I:_;-- ~~')II ~I._;. i_,.,>jl v!J.> ..;_,l,i.-,11 :_;-- _ ~i
il..WJ •(Feminists) llv4_,.....;.)111 ~i ._,..l.<- ~i c;':>UIJ .U....._,;:..JI
JJ11 ~~ vi~ ul.:.; if'J . (o)..:,l>.)l..p'!l o-4-J i/r-.:...ll ~~
c;J I '-""yi.ll ~ y:::S ~ '*l,> ..::.>_r.iUJ 'f~ ...,.l.u ~ ._;)UI
il..G-i .Lij ·0-+'~i ~ ...,..l<-J .yl.S..ll ..;_,..,..~'!1 ~ 4>__,..;J
;,..._,bJ ilk.JI lh cj ~I .1L<; ~ il)JJ ~ ;;,..WI J"'yi.ll
~y .oJ..WI Jl_r>-IJ r.lWI W r ).1) ._;.J .vl>-':>l..R'!I ,J...,. ;c,JT
~..L':ll ..l...:J , '-:"L:.; ui-4 ~I ~ iiJI.....-.JL ;c,Jl..k..JI Cr' ~[;
~ ~1.; c)l 4.;_~1 ~I ..::...i..L.> '~A· i~ ._;.<,?~I
Ye~im Arat, Patriarchal Paradox: Women Politicians in Turkey (Rutherford, [NJ]: (' i)
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989).
Niikhet Sirman, «Feminism in Turkey: A Short History,» New Perspectives on Turkey, (' o)
vol. 3, no. I (Fall1989), pp. l-34.

44. I..L.. .)J .'-;.;L...,JI ~I .::..>l.. ......i; '1I Y"-" '"""' ~ ;;_.,L,...JI C/" ~
.<":,.~.;L.t...;..l ~J ~.;L.... (/" ~I ._) .L...:JI u..w '.JI.b~l
. -
'll .::..>~ l.!lI .) ~ <.,? jJI '-?""L,-JI y}- tWI I..L.. :.r ~)I Js-J
.::.>l>-)1.....~1 tuG J+.- ..i.JJ .c,.~w..; (/" ~I ~I .:.>~_,_;.ll ~l
I!. ·51 crJI ~_rJI dJ.; -'.ll.lSJ ;i_rJI ;;JL.- J:U <.S..UI ~l...WI
- -
J~I ._) .L...:JI .::..>'1J 1..,.,_. i i_,..JI J_,.k; <.S>L.JI _;L...:J I '-:"'L1.;J I
- - -
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~ -'.ll:,J '-,5 _r.lI ;;_.,L,-.1I .)l '-,-:JL .::..>~ .::..>~_,......;J I ~
t_W.J''ll ~ .) ~IJ.>.l :.r ~ .;JI ~L..11 ul_d::JI ~
I..L.. .J:.s- ~L:..; ~ r--1 ~L ~I t: ;i.rLJ ~IJ <_._1.·11
i..:..r"y,- .::..>'>,..LU J>.>k ~I i .;Jri> J.>- i _,A: ~ Z;5 c} ,:.WI
.i.:... j..,..uu Ji , ~ <.,?i 4:,..G> i ~ ~ ~I ;_,..!L.JI ~I _,..A.]I ~
~ !.:.. y:Si >.J.$. ~ .) ~~ ~ ~ '}J ,.:.>l.,;-o_,..:.....ll
_,..i1 I e:Jl; .::..>..;~I .::..>l;LJ...;..J 0l5 j.., , ~ .::..>l,..o)......~I .L.;JI
C"'IJ 0 L-.,..;....I J.>- ..:....l.=- ..i.J ,:_?.:; r--1 0 lJ '-:,5rJI 4 I .) '-:>-rJIJ
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..; ~ W-,1 tJL: _:,.;1 ~~I uL;LJ...;..JI o-4-J 0l5 ..GJ ,.jlk..:JI
.:.>~I ~ ~ 4-::-> ~ 0l5J -~ .:.>~.;..I.: 0)J .::.>t_,..').....~1
.::..>L,.;l5J .::..>I.;::,..-..J .::..>L,lIJ.JJ .::..>..h...;;.; J_,j Cr" u,..u..;J ~.;~I .)
~..l.>dI ..L.b .::..>~U I 4:,::5 .;JI .::..>I>LA:;'1I o.i.o ~ :.rJ ' .::..>l,.- ~lJ
<••• >....ll '-:,ll_r.:-L!I .d- ~l, ~ ~I dJ.; ..:....;l5 <,?.;~I
.::.>l>-).....~1 o.i.o ~ ~~ u~_,.....:JI ~:;1 W ,~..J..>..;jl .::.>l>-)1.....~
:.r .L...:JIJ •L..j)l ..L;i ..i.JJ .ii_,..JI ~b) il__,..::.>l .:.>..L;.> .l.i ~l.;.l.ll
L..:.,.: .~u. u1.ui I_,....J..>. ~~ ~.;> .Jl ul>-)1.....~1 ~w1 ~~
(Individualism) ~I>_,.; ilf'->-1 ~ J_,.......,.JL .1..;~1 ~I ...,.J.1
. ! - . ).,J .......:;I ? .;._! ..s. - - II '-' .>- I • • L..., '-', : II ~._._. ....i.>-Ju -· Ul M '....T ~ -..r ~ . -..r"'-' (..,.IT>..T-
Sirin Tekeli, «Emergence of the Feminist Movement in Turkey,}> paper presented at: (' l)
The New WomenS Movement: FeminiSm and Political Power in Europe and the USA (conference),
edited by Drude Dahlerup, Sage Modern Politics Series; v. 12 (London; Beverly Hills: Sage
Publications, 1986), pp. 179-199.

45. .Jy...lI I...Ji;..J I J ~I .}.r-:JI :y ~i....>. Jl :UL,;~~ , ~_,:}~I
~.Jc ~~I ..:,l>~[ J c:..>~L:.ll ~ -1,.J...!;.]I ~..l:.ll e:--' .)j_,
.:W ·II ;;::; w.JI :;,._,b 0iliI •')jI u L... ')...,';II ·.r . .. ' ! ' . -~
..:,I 1k • , II ,yi>.r"-'. d._,; w.-JI d.;_,.....;JI :.r .r'-P11 ~ I i L.;_,
.rJI c:..>~l 0/ ly_1.>-i L...l:-J> ;;_,,_;.JI ~_,:R.>...:_, ~~,~ :C..,WI
~ I_. 1.51 ;_ a:... "JI Z,....;y1 0-" 1•.Jc ,~L; ~_,5 ~ ~1_,;
~~I i.S_r>.11 -.:.>~1 ._.11 'Jr"-' ~.r'-' ~1_, ~
';I_,~ .:JL.. ~ ~ ,:C..,L:...JI ~I o..i.... .;L11 J-' .(lv)Z,...~
.1:r.- :.r .;~ :.r ~ ,y-o .Jj L.... ..:.> l.;_...>11 :,LA..;~ ,:J...,... J...L.>
~ .-L,JI ...:-J> :C,..;~I •-4J 0_,.....::.,_;...]1 .~'JI ~I <.,?.i.JI ~I
~I~ uL;__,......_:JI ..:;.._.lj , (J (r4 _, . U._,....,......;,_, ~I ul>Y...,..,~I
.lW ._,..) A...:;,j .:....: ~I_,_, C::-r" ~ ~_, :C,..;~ I ul>.")l.,~I
J ~1 1.5..u j; 0+)1 ~L .L:J~ :C..,L:.....ll -:.>b.")l.,~I ....,.._..1
crll J_,)JI ~ u-..> ..ill ..:.U; .)1 :UL,.;~l ..........;; ~~I U_r..
.J..j ;c,.;~l ~ ;;_,...:.....:JI ~1 0..L.Si_, ,u._,...')1......~1 l.o.;L1[ ~ ~
.ul.;_,_JI vi.;,L.. e-' ...,.,L>- ._,1... .L.;.lJ <..~I d _.;.,..-.Jl I~I
;i_rJI ;L.;L..... 0/J ~L ~I uirL......ll ul.,_,.....;JI -.:,,1) W
uL.L..;:..p,l :C,I.;, Js- ~1 0A .:r..UI J~_,11 J~l l..i..o .:._; i-ll--'
~ iL; L. ~ .).>-_, .~1 .WI J.J"'-o L:.... _;si ~L..k;;.._, .WI
-.::....JL1 , y I__,.,.,.ljI ~ 0_,, (.r ":"'_rill t_L.;I :.r 0_,_::.,_;...JI .L.;'JI
- ":"'_,All e c!"L..:II )11 J - ;;_.WI. <>.LJI J 0H ._;')UI vl-;_,...:.]1
.<.,.!Ir.}JI r-::' J::.,k; .)l ~W ~
u....;L::..II ul.,_,.....jl :.r ~l_r.1.; ~ Js-_, ,J_,11 it.A...JI ,_;_,
~I :L,b_, ;;_.,.;I,_;.JI (/ 'l;.L.;, _}~ ..l...U '":-"_,.>..11 J ;;_.,.;L::..II ~_,..JJ
.1.; ~ il_r-.)1 ..:.>.;~ ~ •-,.s.rJI ~I .;l1[ J .~I
, ~~ i.S.;,i ~~ .;~l .WI 0/ 0y~ J~)I 015_, ~)I
Sirin Tekeli, «Women in the Changing Political Associations of the 1980s,l> in: ( V)
Andrew Finkel and Niikhet Sirman, eds., Turkish State, Turkish Society (London; New York:
Routledge, 1990), pp. 259·288.

46. .)! ;;_,....;Jlo Lo1 . ~1 ~ ~I ~ '~_,....:..II ._,.JI.k..JI ..:.>>~.J
'-'""'We; I_, ;J,_;..JI ~ t;~I ~ ~ r-l ~b _,..JL; , ..::-L,;w.JI ..::-l:._,.....JI
JL,.- .j c:Jb a, II ~ L..5 ~:,_, ~>_,..ill i>I......JI ~ ..:.,...JI .j >_,..ill
J.5:!~1 ~ ~I_, .;I; ~ , _,..ill ~ ;)Jj J! _,..!.: J.: <.,5_,:.]I :UIA:ll
'Lj~ .u.; .::_,...J~1 -::...;5 ,_,.,..:.)1 I.L. ~-' .~_, ~ ._,WI
.rJI 4L..a.A.lI ;;-.-1 .:r.:-: 0-' -.;:...;l5 , 15__,..;...1 ..,_,..L.; 0-' _, ' t~:,~ t,....l,....-_,
~I ~1_, ~I c}~l_, J_r.JI --..i;.,JI ;_.WI;~~~ ..:.>J~
-~J.WI ~-'
J.: ,~ ..::-L,; w..JI ..::- l:._,.....JI '-?"b.:; ;_,5_,:.] I ;J_,..UI ~I_,; r-l
'-?.i.lI ()...,'~I J..::-:..6.; ~ .!..;-'-':- rL....:.,.I ~..U ..::.>4__,..;..1 ,L...; !lLo 0l5
~ ..:-W....... ,L:JI (.r" ~~~ o.L. ,· ·; ;,;_, ,~1 ~~.J .:.;_r.
_;_..dI ~ ~I ~r rI_r>-I ;J_,..UI if' .:rJ_,; ..,r_,.lI if' _r:;-S J.Jj
!lt.:.... -.;:...;5 <)-:-> ._) ..::-I.1A:....JI o.L. ~1 (.r" Jl:.W >I J....:....,I ~ :..,S_,
..::-1):.. ~ 05.J ;J_,...11 t: u.p.-ly '-?1 0>.r. ~ 15?1 ~~
~_;;.; ..w .~:, J! :uw'i~o ·rl; ~ ~.r. .::.,...y:J-_, ..:-t;_,.....JL:.
..:-L;_H-ll .L,S..:; 01 0-' ~)I __,L.....; ;~..L] -.::...;lS .rJI ..:-I> I.;.JI
.)! ~ .rJI ..::-~~~ ~ _r:;-S ~ ~1_, -::...;5 .:;...')1.....'/1
~I c) ,L.:JI ~ ..W , ;J6..._,;.....]I ; __,.,..;;AlI :uJ...II_, ; __,.,..;;AlI ~I
J l..l.) .,? ;..1..:..G:- ..::-L;y> ,1J.J i..,..WI U....._,..:-.JI :u..,..kJI_, , U....._,..:-.JI
~>l.a;j~l t_W_,~I ~ ~1 ,~WI cr...LWI 15..._. ~ ·()..-'/1
01 (A)w')l.....~l ;;,.,·1 'I u...k.ll .1: :c.....')l.....~l ..::-~ - 'I ·. ' .) .J"C.r.' . )__,..,....-.J • ' ~ ...r.:-:
~ if' .J .._)J~I ;_,...~~ I ~I .)) .:_,li::;I ..(; ..::.>l...L.. ,L..; i :i.-
..:-~_, ..::.>~:;..H..,...._._, '-?1J ..::-L...; L.o !lLo -.;:...; l5 , ..::-~ ')!.....'iI ,L...:JI
Ay~e 6ncll,«The Interaction of Politics, Religion and Finance: Islamic Banking in (A)
Turkey,>> paper presented at: The Symposium on Muslims, Migrants and Metropolis, Berlin
Institute for Comparative Social Research, Berlin, 1989, and Ay~e Bugra, «Class, Culture and
State: An Analysis of Two Turkish Business Associations,>> International Journal of Middle
Eastern Studies, vol. 30 (November 1998), pp. 521-539.

47. oli)l '-:'j>.) .;;~,; .l....Q..;. .)l uW~L, Jy:... .;:;l:)_, ul,.Jl1_,
J~l i..l: .....J.:..J> it.,1
1 JJ/" r,>-J ..::.>L,:..,;Lo.:.JI ~l..l; ..i..:...._, .'-F"')L,.,'J,I
:J.J.:c.... ~~J ..::.>~J ;)..>}5:_;j ..:.>Jj..k.; ,..:;_,~~~ o-4-J ~~
.(1~)_,.,.,5 ~ .Jl
>
l..!...i_; ,J:::-'')....,'),1 J~)l -.,....;~ .)[ ..:;.,l,.o')L,.,'J,I .L.:JI ..:;.,~_,i .J..i_,
._,4-->JI er:..G.r. ;)..>_, .L:JI J_w ,..r.--" 0l5 ~ :i.;.JJ-&--~11 >~:,';!
..::..>L..... WI ;;_;;,L.;._, :C: WI ..::..>L...:.rJI c) ~ l:5i_, ;)..>J _,.,....::, ._.h.;.., <.5..UI
i l,..>.JI Jlk..; J->1> 0-:..LlI ~ :i.;_J~I ..::..>';IJ L.,.._.j ~ l,~
~ ;c,...lr"' fS11 d.,;KJI_, t.?i)I d ....;L,.. ~_,i .J..i_, .:C...,WI
..JA;_, i')....,'il .)[ ·~ ~J~I ..:;.,l>)l.......'il 0i ~ ,J~)I Y..,
if 0y~ er:..UI JG:-)1 ._,l:SJI ~ ~ ~ ..:.U;J ,._,_,.A-11
'l:Si 01 · - ui ,..:;.,L:...;l..!JI i o··, -' 1 •• l:5 j .ii ·II il;l.....<.Y' ~ ) -- <..Y ~ <..;J .:--
0i ,..:;.,l,...')L,.,'J,I d..JUI r.-5'i <.>.L>[ ~J :.WU ~J ,(CihanAkta1)
;;__,;JL;.)IJI _r:-? ~ .)[ _,i ~I .:.yWI .1L...;i ._,;..,; ~ ~_,-".;:]I
._;. ?.''11 ~ 4--)1 Uli.1)I JJl> 0-' oiyo-ll .IJ,[ ~L.o ~1_,
;; " .. .. ..
tp .L:.JI ~ i..lZ ~I ul_;.,......il ~, 01 ~WI_, ,J.--.11 .j_,....
1•'1 I<" (Y•) • . II' ·" ., I. • -:.II
' ..:;_,)'""' ....., ' ((0-"r.>- <..S'. ~ '-: -u,"' _,.,... ~ '-'y--"-' ~ 0-'
._,L.....UI ,j>. i i_,..JI ~ .J..i ~_,A;:]I ~ ~~ .)[ '<.>_,>-i ~l; 0-'
.t..::..:JI ,_; JyAJI .I..G)J ,;;____.;_,.....II ..::..>~ ..:-.~...>! r_L:;'>' ~JJJi ._,)[
i ).~..u I 04-::-o I ,j..:> ..::..>~_,.;..i ~ j-:;>- ,_; , ~I ,_; ~I_,
.j J>.-11 u4_..>i ~ if SWJ '>.r} 0J> 0-' CJ-">4i t:'--' '-"""')1_,
;;..;.k;JI ..:;..,')_, ~_, ul_,;_,£..]1 : j:.. , ~ JY.L rJ::-"1_,...11 ilk:J J.--.11
.j i>_,.....ll ..J.:..J> ;J...LS J_;;.....ll Jw~ il,..ill ._,)[ d_;W,'),i., ..:;.,l...;~l_,
1i 1 " (n). 1• '1 _ 1., . • • • .:.-11 · . •
<..S'. y..l; ...... J . rftl "-: ,.,...-- <E 0+'J-'1> if ~ J .r-"'-' ..::.....J
Ru~en <;akir, Direni$ ve itaat: lki iktidar Arasinda islamci Kadin (Resistance and (' ')
Obedience: Islamist Woman between Two Authorities) (Istanbul: Metis Yayinlari, 2000).
Cihan Akta~, Kadinin Seriiveni (Adventure of Woman) (Istanbul: Giri~im Yayincilik, (r •)
1986), p. 211.

48. if' w IJ......iI ..:-;_,....;.] I ..:-b i..i:.; L .;_,5 .:; c)I.:Si ol>i..i:.; I 0)..; , <.,_r...lI
.~1 oi_,.JI ~w .:_rJL.....i)l J);.;;....1 ..L.b oi_,.JI J~
;_,_,1.; ..L.b J.-Al~ c)l:5i ..::..,::.5 , ~ ')...,'J.IJ ..:-l,.o ')...,'J.I Cr' l..>.r-'5J
o:b. j;i '!_.;;Y' ~ 0i cP. .~.LE1 , <m..:-1;_,....;.]11 ~I ~ o11 L.....ll
..:.>4_,....:JI ,j_, ~~ .::...,::.S ' o_,..s:..,...JI 4J41.::5 _)J ;~L,..; ;;_;J.r" _,!.5iJ
'-'""'r-1111 ~ ~~J ,~1 '":"'~I~ '-:,.,.L )_,..., .J ;, .... - ;
.)1 UW'J.4 ..:-~1 .IJJ ..:-L,.>-Lll orL;....JI if' ..;.,l!.>i.,J11 ~I
' ~..,.>- ~ ~I 0-' tf •l..i....b10>.r.. .jI_,ill o l.,.,AJI ..:-l,.>-~'11
U£.1I <.r' ~J> .).>- ~ <.,_,.....; 0~ <.r' 0i 0r."-"-!. <.r' ~ (_r.:>-iJ
• I I ·II- ·1-'""'1 . - <'n- "-' .--~1 -)1_r.:S- -=-~ -=-~_,.....:.... ...;= ~J .DJ. ""-:_,.....:..J iJ.A:..J J ..,r J
...:-l,.o')L.~ ;_,.;~II ~I OJ_,....]I ~YJ ~~1 ~~ Cr' ;_,.;~
~J .:r' •'-;_,.....:.ll ..J>I.r--11 r:J6 a oil ..!.lb 'J~I 01 JL:S1 i.S~J
~J ·"~.P-" ~~~ 01 '11 ,o1_,....Li o>l......JI ~ 0i ~ '1 ,L,.,)O.;
.)1 Jp_,JI 0-' ~ .)J ~ .:rtl ~ o._,_,....:JI 0i ~ Jl:S1
.lg·:'.-: .rJI ~I ;_;u; ~ •.:rtl o~L.; 0~ .)J ,...,..L:JI (r-":"
0-"-" .L; :~ J1 J_,...,_,JIJ o>L......II ~ i')L.'J.I ~ ·~I .}>-J
C:: ..:...,r. U,l.i. J~J ,..;.,1_·_. -11 ;_,~ .j ...1 ·'":"'~I~ ~.r..
oIJ L.....ll <.,)0.;11 ~1:..:...L.;J L.>}S:J1 if' J I.:Si ..:..._jL; , ~ ~ ;_,.; ~
'-:_r:11 ~P~J li;;_,.;L...;'l,l (':<)..:; .) ~~1 ;;_,_.L....._o ~ ~~ .:r.-:
.<' 0
11•-~- ,11 .j ii i')L.'l,l .j .1_,...... .lJI.A::.II JS.) ~ :/ ~~
o1.r--11 ;;_,.;I>.) i I_,:;..>I :J.:-o ,'-;_,....:JI ~ 0l.5 , ..!.l.E CY' SL..;,_;
"'lS_,.JI _j ,L....:J JfJ <.,;L..LJI :_r "'l,-o~~ ,L....:J i~ :_r .~.;;..JI o_,....J (rl)
Yildiz Ramazanoglu, «Yol Ayriminda islamci ve Feminist Kadinlar,>> (Islamist : ~ "~_,....._..:JI
and Feminist Women at the Crossroads) in: Yildiz Ramazanoglu, ed., Osmanli'dan Cumhuriyet'e
Kadinin Tarihi Diinii~iimii (The Historical Transformation of Woman from Ottoman Times to the
Republic) (Istanbul: Pinar Yayinlari, 2000), pp. 139-167, and Halise <;ift!Yi «Bizim feministlerden
degil, onlarin bizden alacaklari cok ~ey vaf,)) (There is a Lot Feminists Can Take from us, Not us
from Them), Milli Gazete, 16/2/1996.
Aktaj. Ibid.• p. 211.
<;akir, Diren4 ve itaat: ild iktidar Arasinda islamci Kadin, p. 130.
tv
(lr)
(H)

49. ., ~ ~ ..
cf)UI .L:JI 0-;-! (:ll: ~I ''-!~'JI oli:JI ..u..;J ~I _r..j>:J ~J
(To) ' . ·IL • ··'I • . " .. . .II . ~~ "L . '
• U':~, ~ ~ u>p) '~ ..:;.Jy c/J iY'-"{. uf'~
,y 1..>~ .:.l;.;, ,)l5 , ..:..l,..o ~'{I .L;J I Cr.: _}L::51 ;~ ,y ~)I ,_)s-J
~ i IJ L..JI ~__,.I;..; C: _r.51 ~ ,:,.A.1L.u .,?')UI ..:..L,.. ').....,'{I ..:..L;lSJI
, ; a··, .i..:.._. ,~~ ~ ~ r..l0+:-SJJ ,..:,.L;_,..._:jiJ ~I
~ Z;5 ,_;')UI .L:JI ,y ;;.,..~ ~ , 1.5J"> :i..,>-L.; ,y ...:..L,:..,.;L...!JI
'-?1)1 t_~- ..}s- 'Li,:.<- l...r." ;;_,..~'{1 ;;_,.._,.,JI (Zaman) ,jl.oj ~ J
..:..L;_,_:jI cr- I_,_,._.;I, ~'1 ..!.l.l:>J , ; .... a II ~ u-;j}..,JI J ~)I Cr"
,_;.:,')J-'. .j->- c,e" ').....,'{I }.A...J1 ~ lo..:..,.; ,..:..L,.Jl5:,,I)I ) ..::.>L_,;L...WI
,)1_,..:.....-: UU.... ~ ..:..l,_,_:..lJ ..:..~)1.....'{1 ..:..1-L;_;...jl 0-" (AliBula9)
~ t_ir" •..W ,_,!) '.JJ..U 1.5:>1 '-?..UI y '11 II~ ..:,.l.,a_;L.; ..:..l,_,_:..illl
.
1
"l;-4_r.JI ,J..o J Jo-..ll .WI .:l;c ~I
..:..l;_,........; ~~ ~ 01 .J>J-'.. ') ..;JUI .L...:JI .'Jj-> ~LS
:L.o ~ ;y-o-11 ,.L. ~ ~J __,..>-T i ~ ~ J_,_>ill ._:.,~·, • ·
.::..-.,JL,...._,..... <;_........., .) ..:..L,.J l5:,,I)I ..:..L,_,_JI :W, ~J .:r.::-' ').....,'{I
~ oh ~~ ~ ,(SosyalistFeministKaktiis) ,._r,PlS ,.. ·,.;
~ .) ..:..L...L.. .L; 40_,..::.:, ~I ..:,.L:..;L...II ~ ~ ;;Jl.i,
;;_..~ ..::...,..,;) ,(TV)_r.,.ll ~ iiJL,. _;51 r~l c,P.- ,f J>~ ,)..oj
;;_..~II r-'1 ~ ,_)s- ~1J _;~I __.)) ;;JL.._; Ji...._;~ .L:JI ,f
..::.>l,_r.>...; ~ ..l..i ..:..L,_,_:..lI ;)1 4-::J ..::....,::S , ((i J'4,; Cr" ..:..LJ..... .L.;
<>I .a.o :.}_r- ,..:,.L;~ ..:..L,_,.....; ~1 ~-4J I)>... 'wy 0'>'--~:J
Sibel Eraslan, «Karlin birey olma sava~iniJ " oi - i o ~ " J I ( '1" o)
kazanabilecek mi'?,>> (Will Woman Win the Battle of Becoming an Individual?), Yeni Yiizyil, Ijl 0/
1996.
Ali Bular;, «Feminist bayanlarin akli kisa,>> (Feminist Women Have Small Brains), ('l'i)
Zaman, 17/3/1987; Mualla Giilnaz: «Ali Bulary'in dii~iindiirdiikleri,» (What Ali Bula~ Makes Us
Think), Zaman, 1/9/1987; «Biz Kimiz?,)) (Who are We?), Zaman, 15/9/1987, and «Youn sifir
kilometresindc,)) (At Zero Kilometers of the Road), Zaman, 20/10/1987, and Tuba Tuncer,
iiKimin akli kisa?,» (Whose Brain is Small?), Zaman, 15/9/1987.
Sedef 6ztiirk, «Kadin Sorunu islamcilarin Giindeminde Nereye Kadar?,» (How Far ( r V)
Does the Question of Woman Go in the Islamists' Agenda?), Sosyalist Feminist Kaktiis, vol. 2
(1988), pp. 38-43.
tA

50. ~ ~L.; ~-'"' '1 .G1 .L..:J .'l_y. .;.,JS1J -Zro~ '-'"' .r->1 ;1_ril
0l51 .lr ..;1 Joi.,. ..t_;J , .L:Jl5 1.:~ ~ 01 ~J :r..J ~.>.:;
cr'L> 0L ~ '1 i1 #l.l:)J #J; J Cr"-9 ..t_; ..,..,~, if').>.;)
.}1 Jl.k11 ~J ~_,.,;..JL; ~J .::.>L;_,....;.li o~1 ~..; (rA)j+:
_<'~l;1.q '' ')1...'11'·~· -1!;-cq,.,q
.7""' <.5"'" i ~ --"" <.,?' r.:-"' r.""'
":"'~' J_,.:>- J~ :L.t>
~J ...,...,l,-ll _ .::.>1.._,.. ')...'!I .LJI :_r ; ; 1-.:.. .JI .::.>~~I 01
~_,....;.l I ;;s_rJl ;.>_:; j-..1IJ '-:,Jl.k.liJ 4-JIJ '-:,J....JIJ <..k....:;l:..li J ;;_,...,L,...JI
..;1Ll.... '-:"'~I ..>.:;) ~ LA.) r 1J 4lS ..~.>,.:; - i i;J.o-1I d-J
..,..,~ ~; (/'' ;1-.:..., .;:.,1.._,..')1...'!1 .LJ '-:"'~J .'-:,.-)l..j ~_,.;
~_,1J ~I ~ ~ 0-' oy_,.:.]1 .L;J "-<.>.:;_; c,?..Ui c,?~l
c,?~l '-::'~ t...1 .Jl.:S11 ~.iS) Sl.l5 _r-':.]1 ~ ~ ~)
~ J. ~ ..
1.:.. .:.rillI JA..--1 i..L>-IJ i..U.....:J y J ~ .k.:;;J , ~ ~I ~
.u-..,1)I ;_, ..I.A.. :..r" ~ ~I h
~ '-:"'~ .L:.II .I.>.:;J'J .;:.,1~J ~IJ '-:"'L,..-11 ~
J4--JI J 'J~ ol;ojl _ ..~.;.~ _,:s ~ J1- "i')...'!1 J~ 11 <..5:>1
,J~IJ ;;_,;T;.Ji '-"")..WIJ '-:,.-')1...'!1 .;.,~~IJ <.f"JJJJI ~.:;J iWI
.ul... ..lij '~JJJ :c_,.k.;..;;J .L;Ji.) 'JJ..; )1 ou)l '-:"'?~.iS)
W11 '-"")..Lo .j .L;J o.u i>l;j '-!"')l..'il '-:"'~ li..> ~ ~
o.U iol;j ~jSJ ,.;.,L,:.,;WJI ;p JJ..>- ~jJ ooj ._.:JIJ .l,.k..:...JIJ
_<r·l;_.,J.WI ;_,.::..; .y._;j ~ .;.,L,._,.Wi _) &+J_,..,J ~-_;)UI .L:JI
.L:J .'l_y. 01 <cr.o~l c,?) ~;YJJ11 ~w..JI ~ .f:>IJ
.::.>~ ~ l.. J l J1 i_& .}_,A.Al ~_yN ..t_; '-::'~I cr..>.:;.;: .j')]I
Aysel Kurter [et a.], ««Kadinlara Ragmen Kadinlar i=im1 Tavrina Bir Ele~tiri,)) ('1' A)
(A Criticism of the «For the Women Despite the Women)) Attitude), Sosyalist Feminist Kaktiis,
voL 4 (1988), pp. 25-27.
Sedef 6ztiirk, <<Ele~tiriye bir Yanit,» (A Response to Criticism), Sosyalist Feminist ('I'!)
Kaktiis, val. 4(1988), pp. 28-30.
<;akir, Direni$ ve itaat: iki lktidar Arasinda Islamci Kadin, p. 58.

51. .')}y. L:-"'!J ''-:"~1 •I..W) J;l.i. ~ tiJJI ~ J1 t_L..JJI j..-J-
.L....U ~ c5j ~ 'cHJuIIJ ~I ,J...o, 0y.IJI~ 0_,.,.;L..LJ1
~ ~ J-" rJL.Jfl .r"IJ1 'JL:c:...l '-:"'~1 .I..W) )y> 0! c_~')JI
J..Sl ~ ~ ,<nl'-,-, k II -.:....,~1 r--:-"LA... ~ j-.J :;j Jl '-;J-"
r"~ .)! E'"_r.. ..li '-:"'~1 .I..G)-: r--'L,.. )) ;1.;.;1 ~~ f-'J1 ~
_<nl;;__..L.::_,...')JI ~L :i.1...:; 1.. 1 II l ..._.
.. . . . ..r" If" y <..5' ' J .. J-"
..:.>L..:.j.o-ll c) '-:"'~I .:r..x;.r.. Y"')]1 .L.:.JI >l..u--1 i>l,j ~ i:;jJ
.1..w_;~ c:--- ~ ~ '~_r; .ljjy-11 ~ ~~ ,..:;_,L......G:-JIJ ;;_.w1
~ j..L..<>l , ~_,.:.:]1 l..i_, ~J , <m'-:"'~1 ..:;_,La;_,...II Jl ..:.>Ulk.JI
..:.>L...... G:-JI J->1> '-:"'4-..>JI .l..w) ~ 1_;~,; ~AY r~ JWI ~I
:_r ~J ..::.>~I .L.:.JI :_r ,~ Y"1.1:; ) _,All ..!.LE ~ ~~IJ
0::::-" Y...Jll :_r J.; Iy:....il ..b...,a.ll .!.lJjj :i.; ~IJ '-,(' Y...Jll j L,.::.ll ..::.>~~
4--..-j ~ ;~ Cl.........JI ~ _::,.._; 1)) ~At r~ ~I j..l..<>1
,~1 lSY' ~ ')}J U.WI :_r .U.,j;;..::; CL.;J J">J (Turban) 0~?,
C:: t,..;L..;;.,. '-:"'~I ~ ~ '-?jJ I 0L}.II Ij_, 0 ~I r."-"IJ
Ye~im Arat, «Feminism and Islam: Considerations on the Journal «Kadin ve Aile)),» (f )
in: Sirin Tckeli, ed., Women in Modern Turkish Society: A Reader (London; Atlantic Heights, NJ:
Zed Books, 1991), pp. 66-78, and Niliifer GOle, The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling,
Critical Perspectives on Women and Gender (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michiga.n Press,
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Elisabeth Ozdalga, «Womanhood, Dignity and Faith: Reflections on an Islamic (i'l')
Woman's Life Story,;; European Journal ofWomen's Studies, vol. 4, no. 4 (1997), pp. 473·497.
Elisabeth Ozdalga, The :_,];.;I , ._,c,.,.JI cr.-";I ,?")JI ,L.:JI ~ cr ..c.,_;....ll <.;.r--JJ
Veiling Issue, Official Seculan'sm and Popular Islam in Modern Turkey, NIAS Report Series; no. 33
(Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1998).
6zdalga, The Veiling!s.me. Official :~1 ''":"'~I -.I.J.j) ~ :_r- J.:~l 0~ (ii)
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