2. VERISTIC (Topographical) Blunt, unidealized portraits, intended to convey Republican virtues through physiognomy (the study of the face): --seriousness --experience --loyalty --determination Rome: Republican-era sculpture
3. BATTLE OF ACTIUM (31 BC) Naval Battle, Ionian Sea Octavian vs. combined forces of Marc Antony and Cleopatra (Egyptian Ptolomeic Queen) Octavian: adopted son of Julius Caesar Caesarion: son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra; Marc Antony, aligned with Cleopatra, tried to promote Caesarion as the true heir of Caesar
6. Greek idealism: generic (the perfectibility of human nature) Roman idealism: specific (highly propagandistic) Rome: Imperial sculpture Greece: Doryphoros Rome: Augustus
9. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta Cupid: Son of Venus; father of Aeneas Dolphin: Symbol of Venus; born from the sea Julio-Claudian line: Claimed to be descended from Aeneas
11. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta (Cuirass) Caelus: canopy of the sky Moon: descending Sun: ascending Apollo: sun Diana: moon Mother Earth figure with cornucopia (horn of plenty): Wealth and bounty of the new age that is dawning
12. Rome: Imperial sculpture—Augustus of Prima Porta (Cuirass) Return of standards signifies the dawn of a new era under of pride and patriotism under Augustus, which will lead to Roman prosperity.
13. Ara Pacis Augustae Ara: altar Pacis: peace Augustae: Augustan “ The Altar of Augustan Peace” Rome: early Imperial art—Augustan propaganda ARA PACIS
16. Peace and bounty carried over earth and sea, blown by wind and carried by waters to four corners of the earth + Rome: early Imperial art—Augustan propaganda ARA PACIS
18. NERO: --He commits suicide in 68 AD. --The Senate declares him an enemy of the state and Galba, a Roman governor in Spain, marches on Rome. --Nero commits suicide and Galba becomes emperor --Galba is assassinated and two other emperors quickly come and go --The eastern armies declare their general, Vespasian, as emperor.
40. The Arch of Constantine Carved for the arch: a less classical style Spolia—recycled from earlier monuments: classical style
Editor's Notes
OCTAVIAN, BATTLES ANTHONY AND CLEO, ACTIUM, THEN DECLARES END TO REPUBLIC, HIMSELF AS EMPORER, CHANGES NAME TO AUGUSTUS—WITH IT COMES DRASTIC CHANGE IN ART ALSO__NEW IMPERIAL ART, NO LONGER REPUBLIC, NOW AN EMPEROR DEIFIED, ETC, AND NEW IMAGE IN RULER PORTRAITURE, OLD VERISM GONE
OCTAVIAN, BATTLES ANTHONY AND CLEO, ACTIUM, THEN DECLARES END TO REPUBLIC, HIMSELF AS EMPORER, CHANGES NAME TO AUGUSTUS—WITH IT COMES DRASTIC CHANGE IN ART ALSO__NEW IMPERIAL ART, NO LONGER REPUBLIC, NOW AN EMPEROR DEIFIED, ETC, AND NEW IMAGE IN RULER PORTRAITURE, OLD VERISM GONE
EVEN BODY OF A GOD, BUT WELL HE IS A GOD, LIKE TAKING ALL THAT GREEK PERFECTION WHICH WAS GENERIC, BUT NOW INCORPORATING IT INTO THE IDEA OF A SPECIFIC PERSON, AND IDEALIZING HIM TO EXTREME LEVELS
ALTAR CELEBRATING PEACE BROUGHT BY AUGUSTUS, AND SOMETHING THEY WOULD VERY CONCIOUSLY REMIND YOU OF BY CONTEXT, PLACEMENT—GNOMMEN FOR WORLD’S LARGEST SUNDIAL, OBELISK AS GONOMMEN, ON BDAY SUN EXACTLY HITS ALTAR ITSELF, AND IDEA OF FORCE, POWER UNDER AUG THRU CAMPUS MARTIUS—PEACE, BUT THROUGH FORCE, AND DEDICATION TO ROME—OTHERS WOULD MOVE CAPITAL TO EG, BUT AUG HAS CONQUERED THEM, KEPT CAPITAL IN ROME, SYM PATRIOTISM OF HIM VS. ANTHONY BY USE OF EG MONUMENT AS GNOMMEN
WHAT WE KNOW POMPEII VESUVIUS 79AD
BACK TO NERO, GOLDEN HOUSE—BAD GUY, AND WHEN HE DIES SO DOES JULIO CLAUDIAN, ROMANS HAVE HAD JUST ABOUT ENOUGH OF THESE ASSHOLES, A NEW LINE COMES IN, A NEW FAMILY, THE FLAVIANS, AND FIRST ONE IS A POPULAR GENERAL, MAN WHO WILL PROMOTE HIMSELF AS A MAN OF THE PEOPLE, SOMEONE WHO WILL CARE ABOUT THEM THE WAY GUYS LIKE NERO DID NOT, DEDICATED, GENERAL, FROM THE RANKS, VESPASIAN
AS A SIGN OF NEW BOND BTW EMP AND PEOPLE DECIDE TO GIVE THEM SOMETHING—ON SITE OF NERO’S YARD, GOLDEN LAKE, ON TOP OF EMP PLEASURE PALACE SYMBOLIC OF PREV DECADENCE, BUILD SOMETHING OF CIVIC VALUE, FOR ALL THE PEOPLE TO USE AND SHARE AND ENJOY
ORDERS BASED ON VISUAL WEIGHT, PILASTERS AT TOP. BUT DECORATIVE ONLY, NO SUPPORT FUNCTION, BECAUSE NOT NECESSARY, TRUE ENGINEERING MARVEL, BASIS OF STRUCTURE NOT THIS KIND OF POST AND LINTEL BUILDING OF GREEKS, BUT THE ARCH
SO INCREDIBLY STRONG, SIMPLE, AND FLEXIBLE SYSTEM. YOU CAN BUILD TO INFINITY AS LONG AS YOU HAVE SOMETHING AT THE END, A BUTTRESS OR SOMETHING TO ABSORB ALL THE FORCE GENERATED—WHAT CAN THEY DO WITH THIS, BRIDGES, AQUADUCTS, BECAUSE CAN JUST USE THE EARTH ITSELF AS THE BUTTRESS, THE AMOUNT OF FORCE WILL NEVER BE MORE THAN THE EARTH
ALSO EXTEND THE ARCH, MAKE VAULTS AND TUNNELS, AS CRISSCROSS THE COLOS
this column dedicated to trajan, with all this talk about the bad emps start to wonder if they had any good ones, so let’s turn to the flip side now and talk about the one they themsleves believed was best of all, trajan
ALSO MULTI PURPOSE BLDG BASLICA –HERE ULPIA
XIANS WILL USE THIS FORM, EVEN TAKE TERMINOLOGY, THEY WILL PUT THEIR ALTAR IN APSE, BUT THIS IS DIRECTIONLESS, THEY WILL GIVE IT DIRECTION AND TURN IT INTO A PROCESSIONAL SPACE
died in egypt, etc.
DIOCLETIAN RETIRES, FIGHTING AMONST THEM, SON OF CONSTANTIUS, CONSTANTINE, FATHER A CAESARI, MAXENTIUS, SON OF MAXIMIAN, AN AUGUSTI—NEW VERSION OF ACTIUM TAKES PLACE, BATTLE OF MILVIAN BRIDGE—CHI RHO
Shift in style underway, and may have something to do with a christian message—arch of const a good barometer of what happens to art in early xian period—they will borrow from romans, subjects, mediums, etc., but will intro a new style that goes with their message, more transcendent religion, emphasis on spiritual rather than worldly realm, and art emph becomes on other worldly, early aspect deemphasized—not to get that too confusing, let me show you what I mean in terms of turning back on classical ideal
