Plastics any synthetic or semi-synthetic organic material includes chains of carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen. Rubber elastic substance divided into two groups natural, synthetic rubber. Resin is a natural or synthetic hydrocarbon secreted many plants

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Plastics are made up of polymers, but some
polymers like biopolymers are not plastics.
Plastic materials are being used in day to
day life like computers, pen, mobile
phones, compact discs, pendrive, and
toothbrushes etc.
Plastic is defined as any synthetic or semisynthetic organic material that can be
shaped or molded into any form. Chemical
composition of plastics includes chains of
carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.

3. 
n 1284 naturally made plastic compounds from horn and tortoiseshell
were identified
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1820 plastic timeline
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In 1823, Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh discovered rubber.
In 1845, Henry Bewley produced natural rubber from plant gutta percha
In 1850, first submarine telegraph cable in gutta percha laid between
Dover and Calais
In 1862, Londoner Alexander Parkes unveiled first man-made Parkesine
plastic compound
In 1869, John W. Hyatt invented Celluloid [colorless flammable material]
In 1872, Hyatt brothers patented first plastics injection moulding machine
In 1880 cellulose nitrate replacing horn as the preferred material for
combs
In 1885, George Eastman Kodak patents machine for producing
continuous photographic film based on cellulose nitrate.
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1900 plastic timeline
In 1908, Jacques E. Brandenberger invented Cellophane
[transparent cellulose material]
In 1909, Casein plastics, derived from milk, developed by Erinoid.
In 1909, H. Baekeland created first fully synthetic plastic product
called Bakelite
In 1916, Rolls Royce begins to use phenol formaldehyde in its car
interiors.
In 1920, Polyvinyl chloride or PVC was created.
In 1925, Plastic term was coined.
In 1930, in this year scotch tape was invented by 3M company
In 1933, Fawcett and Gibson discovered polyethylene material
In 1938, first toothbrush with nylons tufts manufactured.

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1900 plastic timeline
In 1939, in this year nylon created.
In 1942, Dr Harry Coover discovered Super Glue (methyl
cyanoacrylate).
In 1948, Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) produced.
In 1949, Tupperware material made from low density
polyethylene.
In 1949, DuPont invented Lycra product which is based on
polyurethane.
In 1953, Lexan plastic material was invented by Daniel Fox.
In 1959 Barbie Doll unveiled at American International Toy Fair.
In 1965 DuPont released products with the trade name of Kevlar.
In 1973, Polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles
introduced.
In 1988, triangular recycling symbols relating to plastics were
introduced.

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2000 to 2022 plastic timeline
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In 2003 Recovinyl [it is a European PVC recycling system]
was established
2005 in this year NASA explores the advantages of a
polyethylene based material RFX1 [RFX1 used for
spaceship construction]
In 2011, vinylplus - sustainability programme established
In 2012 PVC fabric used in the construction of London
Olympic venues
2020 PVC products production will reaches to 800,000
tones per year
2022 in this year the FIFA world cup qatar showcase
stadium is planning to use super reflective, triangulated
PVC fabric to create a zero carbon.
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Preparation of raw materials
Preparation of monomer
Polymerization process
Conversion of polymer resins to plastic products
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In the process of converting polymer resins to plastic
product following steps are involved
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Extrusion
Injection molding
Blow molding
Rotational molding

8. Plastics are widely used in following industrial sectors for various
purposes
 Textile industry – polyester used for making of some cloths
 Packaging industry - Polyethylene terephthalate chemical used
in carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film,
microwavable packaging
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Plastic also used in
Supermarket bags
Window frames, outdoor furniture
Toothbrush bristles
Traffic lights
Cushioning foams
Thermal insulation foams
Surface coatings

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Rubber is considered as elastic substance, which is
obtained from the exudations of certain tropical
plants (natural rubber) or derived from petroleum
and natural gas. Rubber also termed as elastomer, a
type of polymer. In 1770 Joseph Priestley coined the
term rubber.
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Rubber is divided into two groups based on its origin
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Natural rubber – used in racing car tires, bus tires,
truck tires
Synthetic rubber – examples butadiene rubber,
styrene butadiene rubber, neoprene
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10. 
Did your ever wonder how rubber will
stretch?
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Before you want to know the reason one
should know the physical and chemicals
properties of rubber

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In relaxed state, rubber is in the form of long, coiled-up chains.
By stretching of rubber the all chains will come very close as
result, kinetic energy exerted in the form of heat. In chain
elongation process entropy and temperatures required during
this process are increases. When chain in relaxed state both
entropy and temperatures decreases.
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Relaxation of a stretched rubber band is thus driven by a
decrease in entropy and temperature, and the force
experienced is a result of the cooling of the material being
converted to potential energy. The material undergoes
adiabatic cooling during contraction.
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Vulcanization of rubber creates disulfide bonds between chains.
The result is that the chains tighten more quickly for a given
strain, thereby increasing the elastic force constant and making
rubber harder and less extensible.
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Like plastic, rubber is also a type of polymer, made of
subunits called monomers. In rubber, the monomer is
isoprene. As the latex dries, the isoprene molecules mass
together and one isoprene molecule attacks a carboncarbon double bond of a neighboring molecule. One of
the double bonds breaks and the electrons repositioned
to form a bond between the two isoprene molecules.
The process continues until long strands of many isoprene
molecules linked like a chain. This long chain of strands is
called as polyisoprene polymer. As the drying continues,
the polyisoprene strands stick together by forming
electrostatic bonds. The attraction between these strands
holds the rubber fibers together and allows them to stretch
and to recover.

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Synthetic rubber production
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Emulsion polymerization is the widely used method to produce synthetic
rubber.
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Emulsion polymerization
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Emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization process that
usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomer, and
surfactant. The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an oilin-water emulsion, in which droplets of monomer (the oil) are emulsified
(with surfactants) in a continuous phase of water.
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In emulsion polymerization, the monomers are emulsified in water with a
suitable soap and a water-soluble free-radical catalyst is added to
induce polymerization. After polymerization has reached the desired
level, the reaction is stopped by adding a radical inhibitor. About 10 per
cent of synthetic elastomer produced through emulsion technique. The
rest is coagulated with acidified brine, washed, dried, and pressed into
35-kg bales.

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Resin is a natural or synthetic hydrocarbon secreted many
plants, particularly coniferous trees. Its applications ranging from
art to polymer production and many consumers interact with
products that contain it on a daily basis.
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The resin produced by most plants is a viscous liquid, composed
mainly of volatile fluid terpenes, with lesser components of
dissolved non-volatile solids which make resin thick and sticky.
The most common terpenes in resin are the bicyclic
terpenes alpha-pinene,beta-pinene, delta-3 carene
and sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and
terpinolene, and smaller amounts of the tricyclic
sesquiterpenes, longifolene, caryophyllene and delta-cadinene.
Some resins also contain a high proportion of resin acids.
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Oleoresins are naturally occurring mixtures of oil and a resin.
Oleoresins contain benzoic acid or cinnamic acid.
Formaldehyde resin is a synthetic resin product made with
formaldehyde. This product is used in a wide variety of settings
and industries, and is one of the oldest synthetic resins
around.Plastic resins are made by heating hydrocarbons. Plastic
resins are used to make many different kinds of products.
Epoxy resins are created by transforming liquid polyethers into
infusible solids through a special curing process. Epoxy resins fiber
optics, optoelectronics, and dentistry.
Silicone resins are a type of silicone material which is formed by
branched, cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of
RnSiXmOy.

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Resins is used in following sectors
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Varnishes
Adhesives
Therapeutic purposes
Musical instruments
In making sculptures
Motors
Generators
Transformers
Switchgear
Bushings
Insulators
Integrated circuits
Transistors
Hybrid circuits
Printed circuit boards
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