1. Race & Ethnicity

2. Racial Groups
O Racial group
O A socially
constructed
category of people
who are
distinguished from
others by select
physical
characteristics

3. Biological Race
O Biological race
O Phenotypes
O Visible anatomical features
O Skin color, hair texture, body & facial
shape, etc.
O Genotypes
O Genetics inherited from parents

4. One Drop Rule

5. Social Race
O 2000 US Census

6. Ethnicity
O Originally referred to national origin
O Today may also refer to religion, language
or region
O Based on cultural traits that reflect
national origin, religion & language

7. Ethnicity
O Ethnocentrism
O Ethnic enclaves

8. Minority Groups
O Minority group
O Refers to a groups access to power and
status within a society
O Significantly less control or power over
their own lives than members of dominant
groups
O Fewer life chances

9. Minority Groups
O Distinguished from other groups in terms
of where the group is situated in society’s
social hierarchy
O Social status of group is defined by the
extent to which the group departs from the
norms established by the dominant group
O WASPs

10. Stereotypes
O Exaggerated beliefs usually associated
with a group of people and based on race,
ethnicity, gender, religion or sexual
orientation
O Generally begin with a particular belief
about an undesirable characteristics of a
group
O Often develop out of a fear or when the
dominant group feels threatened by a
particular group

11. Stereotypes
O “Kernel of truth”
O Media
O Rarely a positive image

12. Prejudice
O An attitude, usually
negative, usually
based on racial or
ethnic
characteristics
O Harbored thoughts &
beliefs lead to
categorical rejection

13. Economic Theories of
Prejudice
O Both competition and conflict among
groups are inevitable when different
groups desire commodities that are in
short supply
O Racial prejudice is most present during
economic turmoil
O Labeling someone as inferior justifies their
exploitation

14. Psychological Theories of
Prejudice
O Prejudice satisfies psychic needs or
compensates for some defect in
personality
O Scapegoating
O Projection

15. Frustration-Aggression Theory
O Groups who strive
repeatedly to achieve
their goals and fail
repeatedly eventually
become frustrated and
this leads to seeking an
outlet for this frustration
through displaced
aggression

16. Normative Theory
O Schaeffer 2005
O Peers and social influences either
encourage tolerance or intolerance toward
others

17. Authoritative Personality
Theory
O Some people are more inclined to
prejudice than others due to differences in
personality
O Prejudiced people are characterized by:
O Rigidity of outlook
O Intolerance
O Suggestibility
O Dislike for ambiguity
O Irrational attitudes

18. Discrimination
O Overt behavior or actions
O Categorical exclusion of members of a
specific group from certain rights,
opportunities and privileges
O Institutional discrimination
O The continuing exclusion or oppression of
a group as a result of criteria established
by an institution

19. Racism
O The belief that one racial group or
category is inherently superior to others
O Three components:
O Belief that one race is superior to others
O Ideology that justifies the subjugation or
exploitation of another group
O Beliefs are acted

20. Scientific Racism

21. Racism
O Institutional racism
O Racist ideas and practices are embodied in
folkways, mores or legal structures of
various institutions

22. Integration
O Ethnicity becomes insignificant and
everyone can freely and fully participate in
the social, economic and political
mainstream

23. Assimilation
O Individuals and groups forsake their own
cultural tradition to become part of a
different group and tradition

24. Assimilation
O Melting pot
O Each group contributes
a bit of its own culture
and absorbs aspects of
other cultures
O A+B+C=D
O Anglo conformity
O “Americanization”
O A+B+C=A

25. Cultural Pluralism
O Multiculturalism
O A+B+C=A+B+C
O “Hyphenated”

26. Segregation
O The physical and social separation of
groups or categories of people
O De jure & de facto segregation

27. Mass Expulsion & Genocide

28. Eugenics