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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
____________________________________________________
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Indian wind energy status
The objective of Indian wind energy which was introduced in 1983 -84 was to support research,
create awareness among the people and provide help to wind projects. Though India is new in this
sector yet it contributes to high the ranks of India as the fifth largest installed power capacity.
Chennai and state nodal agencies had installed 794 dedicated wind monitoring stations throughout
the country along with height from 20m to 120m. Wind monitoring was also known as windy
areas. Its area is now extended and uncovered many projects. On the base of 700 plus WMS
significant number of private wind stations are working in the country 237 stations are
economically preferable with a great potential of 200 W/m2. In June July the wind was affected
by the south west monsoon of summer, cool winds move towards the land and dry moves towards
the ocean. Power control units are known as flexible AC transmission systems. Power quality
problems are solved through power conditioners.
Distribution network has the power quality problems due to nonlinear load and complexity of
control system in industrial process. Specified voltage magnitude at a desired frequency
irrespective of the fault is the major aim for quality power. The custom devices are introduced for
the sake of electrical power improvement. The devices are useful to decrease the power quality
issues. Custom power devices include the devices like active power filter, surg arresters, solid state
fault current limiter, distribution series copastors, dynamic storage unit for voltage, Active power
filters, sugar arresters, Super conducting magnetic energy system, battery energy storage system,
Solid state transfer switches, Static electronic Tap changers, Static VAR Compensator,
Distribution series capacitors, Dynamic voltage Restorer, power quality unified controller,
distributed static synchronous capacitors, power quality conditioners, constant power supplies etc.
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The focused area in this research related to Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR). The unified power
Quality Controller (UPQC) and Unified power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which are simulated
and mitigation of some factors which effects power quality are done
1.2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
1.2.1 Define total voltage levels of power system
110 kv and above of it, considered as transmission level voltages and 33 kv and 66 kv are
considered as low-level voltage used usually on the lengthy side with light loads.33 kv which is
considered as low-level voltage is used for the distribution and 230 kv is considered as very high
voltage.
Figure 1.1: Basic Structure of the Electric System [5]
1.3 FACT DEVICES
The variable voltage impudence(resistance) control and high voltage of Phase angle is controlled
by a ductile alternating current transmission system. Transmission system management is
improved by fact devices which is helpful for system reliability and availability and also
improvising the quality of supply for sensitive loads. Transmission systems are going to
continuously change and becoming heavily loaded and operated. Flexible AC transmission
systems are going to rise due to the need of more efficient electricity management system. It plays
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a vital role in economic sector. Optimize transmission system is important to support industry and
to create employment in developing countries.
1.3.1 Benefits of utilizing FACT devices:
The advantage of using FACT devices in electrical transmission system are:
 Provide better utilization to the existing transmission assets
 The improvement of power quality increased transmission system reliability and
availability.
 Reduce the loss of loop and enhance the grid stability and dynamicity
 Make a good quality power for industries
 It is beneficial for the environment.
1.3.2 Technical benefit for FACT devices:
There are some benefits of fact devices which are as follow
The fact devices are beneficial for load controlling
It controls the voltage and also controls the transient stability and dynamic stability
It responses the dynamic network conditions
Facts devices are more expensive than conventional solutions
DVR, UPQC, UPFC etc. are the devices which are provided by given facts devices with enhanced
operational features and extensively usage.
1.3.3 FINANCIAL BENEFITS OF FACTS DEVICES
The following three areas are really helpful in calculating the financial benefits with greater ease;
1. Increased transmission capability produces more additional sales.
2. Increased transmission capability provides additional wheeling charges.
3. New power generation or high voltage lines avoids delaying of investments.
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The above mentioned all are the rough calculations which are indicative of the direct economic
benefits of the FACTS devices. Indirect benefits are also present along with direct ones which are
even more difficult. These involves heavy load shedding during peak hours, negligence of
industries due to outage costs of production processes, examples include textile industry, paper
industry as well as production of semi-conductors and computer chips.
1.3.4 WORLD BANK FACILITATE FOR USING FACTS DEVICES
As FACTS devices smooth the path or facilitates the economy very much in power transmission
system in a suitable environmental manner thus, they can create a fantastic and fabulous increment
to the World Banks’s profile of power projects. Regardless of its amazing aspects, the FACT
technology is not very famous in the World Bank. The given action plan is proposed for the FACTS
technology to have an escalating exposure in the World Bank:
1. Provision of useful information to the bank staff and stakeholders on FACTS technology
by incorporating the relevant published case studies.
2. Carrying out the feedback from the power sector of last couple of years to amplify the use
of FACTS devices in different bank projects by using its results.
3. Conducting the review of its lending pipelines for the identification of opportunities for the
marked-up usage of FACTS technology.
1.4 POWER SECTOR REFORMS IN MADHYA PRADESH
An amend procedure for Madya Pradesh Power Sector’s generation lies in 80’s and 90’s when this
sector was hit by devastating with the financial crisis and an increased power deficient reached to
25%.MP SEB (Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board) state that utility cannot be able to get the
minimum 3% return on expenditure, although the required revenue subsidy of RS 17 billion in
1999 was needed. There was a point when MP SEB had more than 60 thousand employees for the
generation of 22 thousand megawatts for transmission distribution system. Losses of 47 percent
occurred due to transmission and distribution system and half of it were purely commercial and
non-technical. The amendment procedure was started in 1996 by appointing Rao committee to
investigate about private participation and sample restructuring. In 1997 the Rao committee come
up with the report including major recommendations for the MPSEB functional division, private
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sector investment, commission for electricity formation etc. MPERC (Madhya Pradesh Electricity
Regulatory Commission) was confirmed by the government state in 1998 under the act of an
independent regulatory authority of 1998 by electricity regulatory commission. An epistle of
understanding was signed between the state government and power ministry in May 2000 just to
improve the track of reforms process with help of Indian government. The state of the government
approved the Madhya Pradesh Vidyut Sudhar Adiniyam Act for Electricity in 2001 that provide
the State’s own MPSEB by different competitive business developments. The electricity act of
2003 superseded the Madhya Pradesh Reform Act.
1. In Madhya Pradesh an important development in 2002 was the impact of power
sector reforms. Basically, it was physical partition of the state into Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh by splitting of MPSEB into 1) MPSEB and 2) Chhattisgarh State
Electricity Board (CSEB)
Table 1.1 Allocations between CSEB and MPSEB [64]
2. The improvement of the Madhya Pradesh power sector was stared about 15 years
ago with addition of the following important characteristics:
I. Generation, transmission and distribution function to be segregated into vertically
integrated board.
II. Corporation of the service like information of the specific companies under the Act of 1956
III. Rationalization of imposition for rates in order to capture minimum 75 percent to the cost
of electricity supply by 2005
IV. Reviewing continually the company’s functionality and takes precautions for their
restructuring to gain commercial viability through
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i. Tariffs Rationalization
ii. Eventually reducing and eliminating the power theft
V. Consigning the action of State Government to issue policy directives
VI. 100 percent of villages electrification with the complete household coverage in rural areas.
VII. In early phase reforms in 1998 the responsibilities of the state of government transferred
to the state electricity regulatory commission.
VIII. Amplifying the capacity of state generation with on time deputation of power from central
Generation Stations and expedition procedure of new investment generated suggestions
from the state by adding joint venture on hydro projects and private sector participation.
Boosting, enhancing and strengthening network of transmission of Madhya Pradesh to
activate the power supply by developing high voltage (HV) (4K KW and above)
1.5 POWER SECTOR REFORMS IN INDIA
Electric power is now considered and recognized as a major and vital input for country’s economic
development and raised to highest priority. Since independence, the total installed capacity of
power has escalated to many folds but even then, the supply and demand gap is increasing each
and every year. The government bodies which are responsible in generating, transmitting and
distributing the electrical power as National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and National
Hydro power corporation (NHPC).
In nineties, decision was taken by the government to open up the power sector for private sector
investment to cope up with the increasing demand and supply gap as well as due to poor financial
positions of the SEBs, therefore starting the process of power sector reforms which also involves
power quality improvement.
1.6 BACKGROUND OF WIND ENERGY
The main resource of the renewable energy is the Sun. The fluctuating heating pressure of the
Earth by sunrays causing the global winds. Example is that the absorption of Sun energy on the
equator surface is way too greater then at the poles. Convective cells in the lower layer known as
troposphere are sets up due to variation in incoming energy. The simple flow model shows that
the rises in the air at the equator mergers on poles. Due to the Earth rotation effect (at 1670 km
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speed per hour decreasing to zero at the pole) there is great influence on the circulation of the
atmosphere that is the result of uneven heating. The seasonal variation in the distribution also cause
variations in circulation.
Wind can be defined as flow of air that occurs because of earth rotation and sunrays that produce
uneven heating of earth. If there is pressure difference among two regions then wind is produce,
that pressures difference is because of differential of heating on earth surface all winds work with
same mechanism. Like most different types of energy being used presently, coal, oil and
flammable gas, wind is a result of daylight sun powered vitality. The breeze is moderate during
winter time.[9]
Difference in atmospheric pressure caused by heat fluctuations because of pressure
difference from high to low.
Where,
With increase of wind speed the power of cube also increase
1.6.1 History of Wind Energy
From last many centuries the ample source of renewable energy is the Wind energy. It is assumed
that the humans have been using the wind energy in their daily routine life from last 4,000 years.
From the time of 1700 B.C the scoops powered wind used by the King Hammurabi of Babylon to
irrigate the Mesopotamia land. The energy of wind was also used to crush the grains and that’s
why the windmills are commonly used although now they are rarely used to crush the grains.
1.6.2 Beginnings of Wind power: (1000 B.C. – 1300 A.D.)
The power history of winds clearly evaluates the transformed usage of wind energy produced from
Dynamic drag force for light devices to operate the heavy material intensive drag devices.
The aerodynamic lift was also a modern concept but it was less famous in ancient people.
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The sail boat is known as the earliest thing using the wind power, and the technology was having
a strong impact on other technical developments of sail-type windmills, it was understood by the
ancient sailors how to use the lift technology in their everyday life and they were also using it
without knowing its mechanism.
1.6.3 Motion Machines of Wind Energy
There are four atmospheric motions which are included in the simplest model of wind motion.
These include the pressure force, Carioles force, inertial force and frictional force at the surface of
the Earth.
In the Air the pressure force Fp is given by:
𝐅𝐩 = −
𝟏
𝐩
𝐝𝐩 𝐝𝐧⁄
p=density of the air
n=normal direction towards constant pressure lines
also, p=n is pressure gradient
Corioles force Fc is fictious force which is caused by measuring rotating reference frame can be
shown as
Fc= f X v
Where
v = wind
f = Corioles parameter
Corioles parameter is given by the equation f= 2Ω sin φ
Φ= latitude
ω= angular rotation of the Earth
So, the Corioles force magnitude depends on the speed of the wind and its latitude. Whereas the
direction of the Corioles force is perpendicular towards the air direction
1.6.4 Wind Energy Generation
A Danish scientist named Paul la Cour built the first electricity generating wind turbine in
1891.Later on it was improved by the Danish Engineers to provide energy I case of energy
shortage at the time of World War 1 and 2. These turbines of wind were manufactured by the
Danish Company F.L Schmidt at the time of 1941-1942.By the end of the 1989 the technology
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features were improved to certain extent at that time. By the end of the year 1989 a 300kW. A 30-
m rotor diameter wind turbine was considered as amazing piece or art. With advancement after
10 years a 1500kW turbine with a diameter of 70-m was available from many manufacturers.
Though 4-5m W was expected within coming 2 years and the 1.5 mW turbine was still a piece of
art.in inside a wind turbine normally has the potential of 200kW.
1.7 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL HORIZONTAL AXIS
WITH TURBINE
Two types of wind turbines mainly exist the one using aerodynamic drag and the other use
aerodynamic lift. The present ear turbines mainly use aerodynamic lift. These turbines are further
classified on the base of their axis into vertical and horizontal turbines. The horizontal turbines
will be under discussion and these are majorly used.
The following are the major parts of the wind turbine generator:
 Rotor: The Rotor mainly made up of hub and blades. The rotation component changes the
Kinetic energy into mechanical energy found in the wind. To connect the blade and shaft
of the Rotor a hub is used. The turbine power control is carried out by the Pitching (a
method to control the speed and pitch of the wind by altering its efficiency) The Hub is the
major component of the Rotor which contain the high strength qualities.
 Blades: to activate the functionality of the lift by converting the wind kinetic energy into
the mechanical energy, for this purpose there is active use of the Blades. Blades are the
rotating components to mutually work with the principles of energy conversion usage in
generator.
Mostly the turbines contain two or three blades, as the wind blow and pass through these
blades it causes the rotation. Many other mechanical applications like water pumping or
crushing needs a large number of blades to generate torque. The main factors of power
determination in wind turbine is. the blade length.
 Nacelle:It contains a gear box, shafts of different speeds, generator controller, brake places
at the top of the tower. Some Nacelle are large enough to cover a helicopter inside it.
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Nacelle is helpful in protecting the turbine components from the atmospheric hazards and
severe conditions of weather including noise.
 Low Speed Shaft: The principal rotation element is the low speed shaft which converts
the torque from the Rotor to other parts. It is also helpful in in supporting the weight of the
rotor. It also increases the rpm while connecting with the gearbox.
 Gear box: It is used to set up the speed required for the electric generator.
 High speedshaft: it is used to transfer the torque and speed from the gearbox to drive the
generator.
 Brake: The Brake is used to cease the wind turbines in case of extremely severe wind
conditions for its safety. There are mechanical brakes and Aerodynamic brakes.
 Generator: A generator is used for the rotational energy conversion in electrical energy.
Mostly the wind electric generator generates 50 cycles of AC electricity. There are
synchronous and asynchronous generators9Slip rings). The generators of wind electricity
generate 50 cycles of Alternating current. There are some synchronous generators
(electrically excited) and a synchronous generator (slip ring).
 Anemometer: A sensor which is used for the wind speed measurement is called
Anemometer. It provides information to the controller of braking and power regulator and
placed at the top of the wind turbine.
 Pitch: If the wind gets very high or low to generate the electricity the blades get turned or
pitched which help in controlling the speed of the Rotor.
 Tower: Above the ground level the Tower help the wind energy to be utilized at sufficient
height to safely discharge the dynamic and static pressure on power Rotor help the Nacelle
into the ground.
Tower categories mainly include Lattice tower, tabular tower, Guyed tower and Hybrid
tower.
 Foundation: In order to engross the loads from the wind turbine there is a use of
foundation. The choice of the foundation depends on condition of soil and availability of
water table at planned site for the wind turbine. The on-shore types of Foundation include
the Slab foundation (with strong top soil), Pile foundation (with softer quality soil top)
The Offshore foundation includes Monopole, Gravity base and Tripod.
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Figure 1.2. Complete Assembly of Wind Turbine [25]
 Wind vane: the measure of wind direction is carried out with the help of wind vane as it
coordinates with controller for proper turbine orientation according to the wind direction.
 Yaw drive: It is used to turn on the Nacelle with help of Rotor accordingly in direction
of the wind by using a rotatory actuator which get engaged on a gear ring below Nacelle. This
system helps the turbine to always face the wind.
 Yaw Motor: It provides power to the Yaw drive.
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1.7.1 Wind Energy Status of the World
A new record in wind installation was seen in 2015 by adding 63’690 MW. The total wind capacity
of the world approaching 435 GW [w].
Table 1.2 World Wind Energy Scenario
Figure 1.3. Reference WWEA 2016 [w]
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There was increase in the global rate from 16.4% to 17.2% in 2014. Among the Top 15 markets
including China, Turkey, Brazil and Poland were showing the strongest growth rates and
advancements in presenting itself the most dynamic countries. one more time china’s role was
encouraged as the power leader of wind globally added the 33 GW was added in capacity into the
existing capacity by showing the portion of 51.8%. The United states Market also shows the
upright increase with 8.6 GW in additional capacity, from 2012 it was the strongest capacity. The
low fossil fuel charges also influenced on the wind sector. Germany also added the 4,9 GW into
the added capacity. In 2015 the wind power contributes with the record of 13% of the country
power requirement. A year back the Brazil was the 4th largest market place for generating the new
turbines with market volume of 2.8 GW. India also added 2.3 GW in November 2015, it was
enough to by-pass the Spain as 4th largest market in term of total capacity.
In parallel to all these contributions Canada also performed well along Turkey and Poland. They
both climbed to the global ranking and Spain was dealing with disappointment for adding nothing
(0MW) to added capacity. It wasn’t happened before that a country participated before is now at
standstill position instead of progressing.
1.8 ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY
The power quality terms deal with all the factors including amplitude, phase, frequency, voltage
and current wave for the power circuit. Many issues occur due to poor quality control in the
installation circuit of non-linear loads. From the past few years there is more usage of sensitive
load related devices like computers, industrial drives, communication and medical equipment and
the poor power quality can bring the drastic results in terms of damaging the equipment and
contributing the major loss for the economy. The impacts of the poor-quality control are widely
expressed. Some of the core terms regarding power quality control are described [27-29]:
 Voltage sag is the degree in power frequency RMS at 0.5 cycles to 1 min
 Voltage swell is the oversupply of voltage (v) from 0.5 to 1 min per cycle
 Interruption is the supply loss in any phase for more than 1 min
 Transient is the voltage disorder smaller than swag or swells which are caused by sudden
change in power system
 Voltage unbalance is magnitude 3 phase difference of which are not apart by 120 degrees
 Harmonics are the main cause of the current waveform
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 Voltage interruption for long duration happened when supply of RMS losses for more than
1 min
1.8.1 Power Quality Problems and their Impacts
Any hindrance in the voltage supply can cause the power quality issue, current and frequency
variation. It may end up with the failure of the user equipment. The commercial customers are
more concerned with their demands to purchase the quality power as compare to the other domestic
users. A power quality instrument can identify how the support of the system is reliable and
effective for its loads. Any disturbance in power is linked with the voltage, current or frequency
and can originate in consumer power system. Any variations in the voltage quality can drag them
to loss of profit if their equipment become the prey or poor-quality power. With the advancement
in technology the people or the end user are also getting advanced in using the high-tech devices.
For this the power quality is becoming more critical issue.
With the deficiency of proper management in the power quality sector the electrical devices
are unable to perform well and permanently failing to achieve its targets. It may cause due to poor
malfunctioning, poor electrical power quality and many other factors including voltage sag,
voltage swells, transients and long duration voltage interruption. [b3].
1.8.2 Standards of Power Quality
The end users and the electric utilities users are directly concerned with the power quality system.
There are plenty of aspects which can increase the interest of power quality among its users
Nominal Environment definition
 Defining Terminology
 Decreasing poor-quality issues
The international Electro Technical Commission (IEC) and the institute of Electrical Electronic
Engineer (IEEE) proposed their dets for power quality standards. These standards include
 Standard 519-1992, IEEE recommend practices
 EN 50160 Voltage Characteristics of Public Distribution Systems
The America the wind energy association draw struggle in US to get the grid code in order to
connect with wind plant in utility system. In 2003 the grid code was mainly focusing on the
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distribution level. US wind energy industry get stands in generating their own grid codes to
facilitate constant grid operations. The guidelines are also defined as per IEC-61400-21[43].
According to IEEE standard the total harmonic distortion in voltage and individual harmonic
distortion for the system must not go below 5% to 3% within the limits of the currents in
individual H harmonic Distortion (IHDI) [b3]
1.9 DEFINITIONS OF REACTIVE POWER
The reactive power control is a significant factor to enhance quality of power supply and system
operations. In term of circuits the reactive power can be well defined along sinusoidal voltage
and currents. On other hand, the reactive power concept has ambiguity in the circuits with non-
sinusoidal voltage and currents. We can define reactive power in in terms to improve power
factor with remuneration of reactive power.
1.9.1 Current and Sinusoidal Excitation review
Figure 1.4: A Circuit-Single phase [3]
In Fig. [1.4] A circuit with single phase is shown provided with sinusoidal voltage which
is provided along a linear passive load (for general linear resistance an equivalent resistance is
shown)
consider voltage v(t) and current i(t) then we can express it as
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Current and V phases are linked by 𝑉̂ = 𝑍̂ 𝐼̂
Where 𝑍̂ = impedance with its magnitude Z and phase angle A. Th power p is given
We can define the average power P as
p=
1
𝑇
∫ 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
𝑇
0
1.5
The Q as Reactive power can be defined as
Q=√𝑆2 − 𝑃2 1.6
Where S=VI defined as apparent power. We have
Q=±𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 1.7
The sign will be considered positive if 𝐼̂ lags V by an angle A. The power Factor (PF) is defined
as
PF=
𝑃
𝑆
=
𝑃
√𝑃2 +𝑄2
1.8
From (3.14) it gets clear That if PF performance improved to unity then the reactive power
consumption needs to reimburse by using a suitable alternative like shunt capacitor of reasonable
size. The S which is the apparent power with magnitude effect of the complex power 𝑆̂ can be
defined as
𝑆̂=P+jQ=𝑉̂ ∙ 𝐼̂* 1.9
However, the Q which is the Reactive power can easily be explained as the virtual part of
complex power [38].
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Figure 1.5: Triangle defining power
The relationship between P, Q and S is shown by power triangle in Fig.
1.10 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
In non-linear electric loads voltage and current can be the fundamental of Harmonic motion. The
repetitive cause of the power quality is caused by the Harmonic frequencies in the power grid, as
harmonics increase the heat in conductors, variates the drives of speed and cause pulsation of
torque in motors. It is always advantageous if there is the depletion in the harmonics.
1.10.1 Current Harmonics
The variation of the current in normal alternating current power system usually varies between
50 or 60 Hertz. If we connect a linear electrical load with system it will sweep away the sinusoidal
current with the exact frequency provided before.
Non-linear loads cause the current harmonics. When a rectifier (a Non-linear load) is
connected with the system it fetches the current and in most of the cases that current in not
sinusoidal. The behavior of the current waveform can become complex as the result of the
interaction with the system components. Ignoring the Fourier series analysis on complexity of
waveform it is possible to dissect the current waveform into simple sinusoids series which can start
at the minimum required frequency of the power system.
The harmonics can be defined as the fundamental frequency of positive integers in power
systems. From this it can be concluded that, the respective harmonic is the multiple of repetitive
fundamental frequency, like 3rd order harmonics will be the third multiple of the fundamental
frequency. Electrical motors, transistors and non-ideal transformers are included in the examples
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of the non-linear loads. The 3rd order harmonic in under discussion in this section due to its special
properties in terms of power systems.[27]
Figure 1.6: Harmonic Addition of 3rd order
The power supply process mainly carried by three phase system with 120 degrees apart. This is
because of two reasons:
1.The constant supply of the torque during this phase provided by the motors is more efficient.
2. After the power supply the three phases ended up into neutral wire and cancels each other effect.
On the other hand, if there is 3rd order harmonics in 3rd phase then there are the chances that the
current may not fully add to zero. From the fig:1.6 the 3rd harmonic is adding constructively with
other phase 3rd harmonic which will cause oscillating current in the neutral wire and this neural
wire is dangerous to carry the minimal amount of the current. Delta connections are used to refrain
from the 3rd harmonics addition collectively as the current is cycled around the connection rather
than to combine it with neutral of a Wye connection
Figure 1.7: 3rd order harmonic distortion
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1.10.2 Voltage Harmonics
Current harmonics cause the voltage harmonics. If there is resistance in the source then the voltage
will be impaired by the current harmonics. The minor source of voltage will generate only small
voltage harmonics. As the linear load mainly, the electrical load gets associated with the system it
cause sinusoidal current at the uniform frequency as the voltage and in power system these
harmonics are considered as positive integers which are the fundamental frequency multiples. Due
to this reason the small voltage harmonics in comparison to current harmonics. Through an
estimation there is not any effect on the real power which get transfer to the load due to current
harmonics [b3].
The generally used measurement technique for harmonic distortion present in power
system is Total harmonic distortion (THD). It is linked to the voltage (V) and current harmonics ,
it can be expressed as
“ratio between total harmonics and fundamental frequency times 100%”
The real power is affected by the harmonics which gets transferred, if we keep the record of the
voltage harmonics, like in many cases the voltage harmonics is neglected.
1.11 TOOLS USED: MATLAB
MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory and used to provide convenient approach to matrix
software generated for different projects. For technical computing the MATLAB [27] provides
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high performance language by integrating the different aspects to compute and visualize the
programming environments. Different data structures are defined in this tool which contain built
in debugging features and support different programming platforms. These features of the
MATLAB prove it an efficient tool for the research projects. In comparison with the other
computer languages the MATLAB has distinct features for solving the technical problems. An
array is the basic data element in MATLAB placed at consecutive positions and does not require
any dimension for its placement. [w].
By exploring the interface of the MATLAB we can see a browser linked with tutorial
and reference of the material provided. To get access to the browser user need to click on the Help
menu. From the table of the content provided the used user can choose the introductory tutorial for
the MATLAB or use the index to find the required piece of information.
As mentioned above, MATLAB has many features, one can write programs made up of
different MATLAB commands. We can simply interact with MATLAB by using the interactive
computing environment. We enter a command and MATLAB returns the result of the command
by compiling and executing it [w].
By double clicking on the MATLAB icon we can open it. As we open the MATLAB window its
window get appears called MATLAB desktop. This MATLAB desktop contain other window and
icons. The main tools shown on the MATLAB windows are following:
 Start button
 Command window
 Command history
 Workspace
 Help browser
 Current directory
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Fig. 1.8 :MATLAB Screen to show various MATLAB Windows (Ref by Internet)
1.11.1 Key Features
The MATLAB features include
 A High-level language (understood by humans) used for computing, visualization and
development of different application
 Interactive environment for problem solving, designing and exploring
 Contain different functionalities for mathematical problem-solving regarding statistics,
linear algebra, optimization, Fourier analysis and numerical integration problems
 Pre-defined graphics tools to create custom graphs
 Tools to improve the quality of the code to increase its performance
 Customized Graphical interfaces for the development of applications
 Ability to Integrate the MATLAB generated codes with other high-level languages like C,
Java and .NET
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1.12 RESEARCH GAPS IDENTIFICATION IN THE PROPOSED
FIELD INVESTIGATION
The proposed research work will contribute to the development of techniques, jointly using
STATCOM& DSTATCOM in order to bring improvement in power quality, that will produce the
obvious change in quality power at the load side. This will also result into improves power quality
with all parameters required for it. Plenty of research work is already done in the field of power
quality improvement but there’s the lack of research done for wind energy system by using
STATCOM & DSTATCOM at same time. The system of grid gets connected for the power quality
improvement of wind energy.
It is required to find out different aspects like active & reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag
& swell with help of Facts device like STATCOM & DSTATCOM for improving Efficiency &
stability of the wind system. Any change in the power quality can cause fluctuation in generated
voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power consumption, harmonics, emission etc.
So, in the proposed research by using the STATCOM & DSTATCOM for power quality
improvement we will maintain simultaneously the reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag and
swell.
1.12.1 Proposed Research Objectives
Objectives of this research can help to improve the quality of power wind energy system with
connected load based on STATCOM & DSTATCOM. The findings through the operation of
STATCOM & DSTATCOM are investigated and the objectives for this include
1. Compensation of reactive power
2. Voltage regulation
3. Voltage sag reduction
4. Power factor Correction
5. Elimination of current harmonics.
6. Completion of Engineering project requirements’
7. practical application of the results.
23
1.12.2 Scope of Proposed Study
In most of the research papers we can found the work done on STATCOM and DSTATCOM
separately but it’s hard to find out the research work done on wind energy system by using
STATCOM and DSTATCOM at the same time.
The following techniques can be useful for the improvement of the power quality
 Different techniques like SVC, SSSC,UPSC,IQSC,TCSC,SSC are available for the wind
energy system quality improvement., but STATCOM & D-STATCOM can provide better
result in term of quality improvement.
 Strategy & Terms used for simulation
 Generation of electricity with Wind power system
 Usage of STATCOM & DSTATCOM tool for the improvement in quality of power
 Use of MATLAB as simulation tool
 Relation of Active power, Reactive Power, Voltage sag, Current Swell
 Transmission line parameter
1.12.3 Proposed Research
 Reactive power calculation.
 Active power calculation.
 Design requirements by using of STATCOM & DSTATCOM.
 Power quality improvement analysis
 Harmonics reduction analysis.
 Voltage reduction sag analysis.
1.12.4 OutCome of the ProposedWork
 Improved Voltage regulation
 Compensation of reactive power.
 current harmonics elimination.
 Power quality enhancement.
 Improvement of reactive power.
 Reducing the voltage sag
24
1.13 RESEARCH GAPS IDENTIFICATION
Using the STATCOM & DSTATCOM tool simultaneously the proposed research work will play
important role in introducing such techniques which will be used in field of power quality
improvement for wind energy system. With different parameters this research will provide refined
results for improvement of power quality. As its clearly mentioned that there are rare chances to
find any research work done using the STATCOM & DSTATCOM simultaneously, although there
is a lot of research done using STATCOM & DSTATCOM individually for wind energy system.
Different parameters are required to be searched out like active & reactive power, harmonics,
voltage sag & swell with help of Facts device like STATCOM & DSTATCOM for improving
Efficiency & stability of the wind system. Any issue in the power quality can cause changes in
generation of voltage, frequency, consumption of active and reactive power, harmonics, flicker
emission etc. so in this proposed research we will be mainlining the reactive power, harmonics,
voltage sag & swell by simultaneously using STATCOM & DSTATCOM simultaneously for
power quality improvement.
1.14 THESIS ORGANISATION
The present thesis will be divided into six chapters-
Chapter 1: This chapter will give an introduction to subject based on existing literature.
Chapter 2: It will deal with the background and plan of the present effect as well as simulation
techniques used.
Chapter 3: Describes the basic theory and control scheme for STATCOM and DSTATCOM facts
devices. This chapter will be further divided into sub-chapter. Every sub- chapter will include the
observed data for a particular STATCOM & DSTATCOM for power quality improvement.
Chapter 4: This chapter demonstrate the stand alone self-excited induction generator system by
initially providing the idea of self-excitation in SEIG followed by the system, performance and
operational concerns with used methodology for the proposed work along with data collection
from Wind mill energy, Dewas Madhya Pradesh.
25
CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE SURVEY
________________________________________________
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Power quality is a collective term which mangle all the features linked with frequency, amplitude
and phase of the current waveform with voltage in a power circuit. The poor quality may result
into a condition in which the power system may accumulate to transient condition from the non-
linear loads. It also had serious impact from customers on economic practices including the
manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment. For the good power quality, the FACTS
devices are good choice, in order to design the FACT devices which are mentioned in our objective
the related literature is followed.
2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The main functionalities of the power include to manage the voltage fluctuations, current blocking
from various levels of distribution, unity power maintenance drew from main supply, voltage
reduction and current Harmonics in the system by minimizing the effect of the excessive neutral
current. Irrespective of all these functionalities the power quality mainly handles in miniating
voltage at the central point where coupling for different voltage level occurs. Generally, for the
improvement of power factor of AC load various devices like passive LC filters, fixed
compensating devices which mainly includes thermistors witched capacitors and thermistors
witched reactor are used. These devices have resonance, ageing, large size and spot fixed
compensation. Presently the active power filters considered as the equipment using power
semiconductor devices line STATCOM, DSTATCOM and active power line conditioners. For
the quality improvement DSTATCOM prove itself a beneficial tool as it deals with the power
quality issues using various effective controlling strategies and concepts to alleviate the voltage
issues.
26
2.3 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK ALREADY DONE IN THE
FIELD
It is hard to find the research work related to development of power quality of wind energy system
by using STATCOM and DSTATCOM simultaneously. There is no work found dealing with these
two tools collectively. In the area of technical research, a lot of work is required to cover this
discipline including this research study using STATCOM and DSTATCOM simultaneously in
wind energy system. Some research papers by Indian and other international researchers are
referred in this literature review.
E. Muljadi et. al. [1] From the wind power generation, a generator was proposed to carry
the power applications. The designing concept of the generator was investigating in the first stage
by examining its technical feasibility in generating wind by variating the speed. It became easier
to identify the different power stages connection to utility generators using inverter-fed induction.
Y. Hara et. al. [2] Suggested that in power quality control of transmission system the
productivity of UPFC is shown by a compact model along simulation studies with
PSCADEMTDC.
J.G. Slootweg et. al. [3] Presented a model structure of wind park with the turbines
operating for the constant and variable speed of wind. He also discusses the specifications for
development of aggregated wind farm models.
S.M. Muyeen et. al. [4] Discussed the STATCOM dealing with the fuzzy logic for the
steady state of the grid connected to the WPGS. He concluded the comparison regarding
STATCOM performance in connection with FLC and PI controller. According to this comparison
the STATCOM equipped with FLC performed better than STATCOM connected to the
conventional PL controller. Not only this but he also concluded that WPGS even perform better
while connected with PLC equipped STATCOM as compare to the WPGS working with pitch
controller.
Stephane. F et. al. [5] Highlighted few problems linked with power system while
performing some actions like renewable energy production and wind energy conversion by use of
the FACTS devices
27
Muljadi. M et. al. [6] Propose the technique for the development of a collector system in
large power plants of winds after finding the identical circuit for three various network layouts
by using simple electric circuit. The operations in the power quality modes were performed to
filter the harmonic distortions and balancing the load. In case of any swag or swell the power
transfer was transferred to power protection mode for the protection against the critical loads.
E. Muljadi et. al. [7] Explained different aspects of power quality related to wind power
plant and concluded that capacitor compensation using induction generator can lead to self-
excitation and harmonics.
A.P Mittal et. al. [8] suggested a design based on Neural Network DSTATCOM controller
in accordance to the PI controller used for the correction of power factor and load balancing. A
static compensator using the Neural network-controlled distribution system was used for power
quality implementation in three phase distribution system. The described technique was similar in
its performance just like the other controlling techniques but due to its simple methods for
implementation generate quick response and generate nearly zero phase shift.
P.D. Lund et. al. [9] Explained the storage benefits of network topology and power of grid
in accordance with wind integrated circuit. The network powered solutions were included in the
future power challenges whereas the innovative solutions for power quality can contribute in
providing the reliable power quality which can meet at the expectations level of present era
standards.
W. Qiao et. al. [10] Concluded that wind turbine generator (WTG) connected with Grid
can bring changes in the voltage during normal operations at the central point. This paper also
highlights the STATCOM application equipped with FSWTs driving induction generators.
I.E. Otadui et. al. [11] Proposed a modified model of STATCON control for wind power
applications. The main functionalities deal with amplitude and phase unbalances by using the 3
single phase synchronization function, the 3 single phase controllers usages depending upon the
resonant regulators and to get current reference without zero sequence component by separately
generating active and reactive references.
A. Shukla et. al. [12] have suggested the switch controller feedback state design for the fifth
level inverter-based DSTATCOM which use the design of linear quadric regulator to keep in record
the reference state trajectories. A SMV (single multiple voltage) detector was developed in his
28
research to acquire the DC capacitor voltages. Based on this Algorithm the number of voltage
sustainability was reduced.
A. Tavakkoli et. al. [13] proposed a model by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK tools for
the electric arc furnace which mainly depends upon the Cassei/Mary model, these tools showed
the real time modeling capability of various furnaces along their status.
P. Srithorn et. al. [14] narrated about a magnificent capacitor energy storage system
consolidated with a STATCOM, this helped the STATCOM to pass real power to the grid for short
time span. These capacitors connected with DC link through a DC-DC convertor, the small and
compact design of this convertor work efficiently in maintaining the DC link voltage in different
boost mode and recharging then during buck mode.
Vasudeo V. et. al. [15] discussed DSTATCOM functionalities and performance in relation
to BESS for voltage mitigation and detailed modeling of DSTATCOM with BESS.
D. Geibel et. al. [16] Explained how to improve the power quality performance for the
inverter system including their reliability and measurement for the active power filters. It also
included the inverter system response while functioning with UPS during any grid fault.
R .Omar et al. [17] expressed that in case of low voltage distribution the power quality
disturbs and voltage of the power systems devices like Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) swells
up. These can supply the higher quality power with three wire DC distribution line. The power
which generates by this procedures get distributed among the end users through proper wiring
channel.
S. Teleke et. al. [18] Recommended a STATCOM application with linked values for
employing the powerful reactive power support to overcome the issues of power quality at the
location. In case of fault in the reactive power the application of STATCOM will be useful in
aggregating the motor load to recover.
D.M. Patel et. al. [19] draw a FACTS device scheme based on STATCOM in wind
generating system connected with the grid for power quality improvement. He also expressed the
29
limber AC transmission system such as Static compensator by using FACTS device and concluded
that STATCOM based switches helps to control the electronic power in case or reactive power
system.
N. K. Roy et. al. [20] investigated the DSTATCOM applications for improved voltage
profile for wind generation provided with distributed network. The paper also covers the analysis
of wind farm dynamics on distributed network which highlight the wind generation integration by
significant effect of stable voltage on the system. This analysis also expresses the significant
impact of the voltage raise in distribution network in caused by the high penetration of DG. In
short, the DSTATCOM can be considered as the effective device for voltage increase in wind
generation by distribution network.
N. Hari et. al. [21] For power quality improvement N. Hari Participated by developing a
unique UPQC control scheme and propound the algorithms for implantation of power quality
improvement strategy in order to enhance the UPQC performance.
Md. Ashfanoor Kabir et. al. [22] Variate the power factors to improve the power quality
by reducing tremendous number of harmonic components in current. As a result of this the digital
control of SAFP on p-q theory improved the power quality faster the SDM technique.
V. Yuvaraj et. al. [23] Showed power quality improvement by using the FACTS based
control scheme in grid. The grid was connected with non-linear load and wind generating system.
The effects of the power quality issues on the end users also discussed.
N. Masood et. al. [24] Proposed a sunt compensation method which was very cost effective
and applied to Bangladesh power systems to solve the short voltage problem. The shunt capacitors
were used with shunt compensator and the problem was solved successfully with the improvement
of the power system.
Ofualagba et. al. [25] describe the wind energy conversion system’s electrical generation
portion. He also proposes that the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) are not beneficial for
30
operation at different speeds. Any type of the load can be handled by the induction generator, it
also provides the unity power factor for the compensated load.
K.Georgaka et. al. [26] Recommended a versatile PWM switching technique for power
efficiency and power factor improvement by applying it to a low power electronic convertor
system. This technique appeared as a modified form of traditional PWM techniques in which
voltage was obtained by shifting the current to the left side of the grid.
M. Muthazhagi et. al. [27] presented a shunt active filter to manage harmonics in power
system. The three control systems were presented and compared to make sure the availability of
the current and voltage is the same phase. In first scheme the baser on reference voltage the
capacitor voltage was regulated in the source current for harmonic reduction whereas the second
scheme provide the compensation on current generation from the Fourier transform. The third and
last scheme was responsible for controlling the active filter by using fuzzy logic in case in any
uncertainty.
K.R.Sujal et. al. [28] Recommended a scheme for the power quality improvement in grid
connecting the non-linear load and wind generating system by using the STATCOM tool. He also
presented the issues and concerns of the consumers effected with electric utility.
Sunil et. al. [29] Expressed the STATCOM based control scheme and highlight the issues of power
quality and its effects on consumers. This scheme represents the power to diminish the effects of
harmonic current and support the wind generator for the reactive power demand.
G. Tian et. al. [30] Narrated that during normal operations the Grid connected WTGS is responsible
for voltage changes at PCC caused by aerodynamics aspects. This research paper also explains the
STATCOM usage to compensate voltage changes to make progress in power quality of wind
turbines.
Ilango K. et. al. [31] Participated by providing the detailed description of ICOSΦ control algorithm
along improved Prompt Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) for renewable energy source. His research
result shows reactive power compensation achieved by the instigation of the modified ICOSΦ
algorithm and modified IRPT control algorithm.
D.Nair et. al. [32] Explain the usage of the non-linear load cause harmonic pollution a
serious problem in the modern power systems. The modification standards for these problems were
31
also generated to trace the configuration paths for solution. The modified methods were used to
solve such problems which were directly linked with the non linear load causing the harmonic
pollution.
K. Shanthini et. al. [33] presented the power quality issues and proposed a UPFC controller
device for improvement in power quality in grid which get connected with wind generating system
along non-linear load. He also propounds that reactive power compensation and its consequences
on the end used with its impact.
Aggrawal M et. al. [34] Analyze the DDSTATCOM functionality with low voltage
distribution system. The result of the research papers shows satisfactory output in response to the
proposed techniques for regulation of voltage, harmonic elimination, load balancing and
distribution system in distributed generation.
P. Kumar et. al. [35] Narrated that with passage of time the increasing demand of power in
everyday life is getting the attention towards generating alternatives to cope up the power shortage.
Due to energy crisis the development of dual stator PM brushless dc motor ca be helpful as it is
reliable, high power density and reduce the torque ripples. The PMBLDC motor design can cause
low rotor inertia and high rotor speed motor supply whereas the traditional dc motor lack these
characteristics.
R.Dehini et. al. [36] have explained the ways for power factor improvement on the basic
analysis of power flow by D-STATCOM functioning and provide the analysis of the active and
reactive powers by presenting a compensation phenomenon for voltage sag and swell.
T.Roy et al. [37] Investigated about the voltage sag problem with help of STATCOM and
design model for simulation of 12pulse DSTATCOM to GTOS of the inverter & cleared that
DSTATCOM works good in mitigating voltage sag which was generated by three phase to ground
fault.
B. Shyam et. al. [38] Recommended a systematic wind energy conversion system on a
small-scale using power electronic converts and permanent magnet generators. In his proposed
scale the changing frequency and magnitude of PMG are constantly interchangeable to DC by
32
using a full bridge rectifier, a convertor (closed loop boost) and by using the Grid interfacing
inverter its output can be converted into AC.
D. Srinivas et al. [39] suggested a control scheme by using MATLAB/SIMULINK for the
grid which was connecting the system of wind energy generation for improving their power
quality. This scheme was able to neutralize the harmonic effect of the load current. It was also
helpful in maintain the source voltage in the grid system. it was used to backing the reactive power
required for wind generator, thus it was providing the chances to transmission line to increase its
utilization factor.
K.S.Sandhu et. al. [40] Express that when induction generator operates in grid which is
connected mode or in self- excited mode its paraments effect the power quality. In order to get the
better power quality supply.
Md. N. Islam et. al. [41] concluded that the transmission control line of the voltage can be
handled by modeled STATCOM and the VR control mode can be controlled by the sunt device.
The result after the analysis showed that the shunt device with resulted switching scheme functions
successfully in real time as compare to voltage controller and it provides the dynamic stability with
a wide range of control the reactive power.
Y.Oguz et. al. [42] proposed the AC-DC-AC design and conversion control for VSWECS
with PMSG. He showed that ADDC power converter is a dynamic rectifier and it is made up of
IGBT 6 pieces of semi conductive circuit elements. Considering the speed of PMSG the Rotor
angle and current control of trigger circuit were made and evaluate the purpose of controlling the
voltage source rectifier (VSR). An inverter (VSI) also used to decrease the terrible effects from
harmonics establishes by generating frequencies on the current voltage to obtain power in the
desired value and quality of the inverter output.
C.Teavoth et. al. [43] recommended a scheme bases on STATCOM for improving the
power quality in grid system connected with wind generating system. The concerns along its
effects on end users also presented in this research.
33
B. Singh et. al. [44] designed a Minnesota rectifier and showed its performance and
simulation power for a mid-point convertor fed SRM drive and described its advantages in
comparison of a diode bridge converter fed SRM drive. The current harmonics injection is simply
done by the switching leg as the proposed circuit in the research was a consisting mainly of two
witches. The basic operational and optimal design of the circuit was also proposed in the research.
Benaissa et. al. [45] explained the performance improvement control of a sunt APF under
dangerous voltage conditions by using fifth level fuzzy logic.to generate the switching signals he
used the sunt based AFP for optimizing the current generation reference using the modified version
of p-q theory and PDPWM.
Swati Devabhaktuni et. al. [46] suggested the use of the vector control for self-excited
induction generator under variable multiples of AC-DC converter. During this analysis three types
of multiples were used including twelve pulse, eighteen pulse and twenty-four pulse. The results
of these three converts were compare with the conventional AC-DC six pulse converter.
S. R. Arya et al.[47] highlight the modified synchronous detection control algorithm
effectiveness under non ideal conditions of voltage and AC. He demonstrated it by implementing
the nonlinear load with self-supporting DC bus of VSC of DSTATCOM.
R.K Ahuja et. al. [48] propose voltage sad reduction using DSTATCOM after proposing
the three phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) analysis with DSTATCOM as voltage
regulator. This regulator was able to provide the quick response and maintaining the voltage at
different terminals even in case of extra load provided. For the reactive power it acts as the source
of sink.
D. P.Kadam et al. [49] concluded that on the large scale wind system the voltage sag
problem is rare and in case of its occurrence it needs to be investigated. The STATCOM
application equipped with squirrel cage induction generator helped in improving the reactive
power at any fault conditions whether those faults were symmetrical or unsymmetrical.
34
C. K. Vasoya et. al. [50] expressed the detailed review on the power quality problems and
solution with help of DSTATCOM controller. He presented the methods to improve the power
quality system distribution linked with the power generation.
Jayaprakash et. al. [51] design a method to enhance the power quality for compensation of voltage
and current loss in grid which lies in connection with wind energy system with help of Unified
Power Quality Conditioner. He also stated that the UPQC controllers helps in implementation of
the source voltage by using the algorithm which cis designed to minimize the effect of current.
A. Ejlali et al. [52] proposed method for Concurrent control of speed variables in presence
of non-linear load by improving the grid quality. To capture the maximum energy the use if speed
variable DFIG was very helpful. The proposed scheme provides the sole control of reactive as well
active power and able to manage the non-linear harmonic load.
Mokhtar Aly et. al. [53] presented a strapping research on thermal behavior and lifetime
assessment for WECS s which shows the effect of the added DSTATCOM functionality, he also
proposed other modes of resilient micro grid operations.
R. M. Monteiro et. al. [54] highlight the STATCOM importance in wind farms operations
where fluctuation in voltage were causing low and high rides and it was not enough to use the
capacitor bank for wind power compensation by the reactive power. Any sudden change in the
wind generator caused by any fault can generate problem among power supply or power demand.
The grid codes require the low voltage Ride and wind turbine are needed to show the connect
status to the grid network. With the help of STATCOM the fear of wind power generation loss is
decreased and with the help of TSO an efficient and reliable operation system can be maintained
at high wind power penetration levels. STATCOM is very helpful in voltage maintenance during
severe conditions that may collapse the system.
Liu Lei,Wang et. al. [55] indicate the hybrid energy storage system with STATCOM. This
device is used to reduce the changes in the voltages to enhance competence of the wind turbine.
The other reason of using the STATCOM is that it runs safely in both conditions (the conditions
includes normal and faulty). In order to get stability in the grid voltage a strategy is used which
35
combines the positive and negative control sequences separately with harmonic control. Based on
super capacitors HESS LiFePO4 lithium battery adapted the double-loop control strategy to
minimize the fluctuation in the grid power.
G.Muni Reddy et. al. [56] expressed the TLI based STATCOM with FLC for improvement
in power quality with grid attached with WECS and non-linear load. With help of
MATLAB/SIMULINK the simulation of STATCOM-BESS was carried out. The results after the
simulation showed that after injecting the load into the power system the potential of the harmonics
can be neutralized or cancelled.
Mohammad Mahdianpoor et. al. [57] presented that by applying DSTATCOM and the
BFCL together the result was increase in capability of Wt. The DSTATCOM harmonic filter
parameters can be affected by the aging and thermal drift and cause reduction in the performance.
In this study the QFT approach was used as robust control scheme to cancel the effect of filter
parameters variations.
N.Izadpanahi B. Fani. A. Etesami et. al. [58] describe the linearization of the input output
feedback for improving and controlling the various parameters. The IEEE-9 bus standard grid
method has been utilized in this research. The results after simulation presents that FACT
controller devices in the field of reactive power causes grid voltage performance to improve normal
working state.
Takaaki Tanaka et. al. [59] The capability of compensation of reactive power of MMCC is
investigated in this paper for windfarms located on offshore. The STATCOM application along
SSBC and SDBC circuit technologies area also used to operate different asymmetrical faults to
complete the grid codes.
Ahmed Gad et. al. [60] proposed an imaginary system with static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) and compare the result. By using STATCOM after simulation the results showed
that it has reactive power in best way to restore and also provide the voltage stability for the wind
farms. It was also noticed that the rating of STATCOM was greatly influenced by the existence of
36
fixed capacitor banks which in return cause the decrease in device cost. For dynamic behavior
investigation of this system a model of FSWT was also presented.
Wesam Rohouma et. al. [61] proposed the capacitor-less approach of DSTATCOM with
matrix converter controlled using MPC. Principles operations of 3x3 MC were introduced. An
algorithm was also proposed for the DSTATCOM and simulation result presented the effective
power consumption can be achieved by using the inductors rather than capacitors which use as an
energy storage unit.
Mohamed I. Mosaad et. al. [62] expresses the abnormal behavior of operations considering
the LVRT and dealing with this situation use of MRAC of STATCOM can improve the integration
of WECS into the grid. It was mainly proposed to compel the system voltage at PCC to follow the
related reference voltage, model by angle changing of SPWM in order to regulate the VAR flow
between STATCOM and grid.
Eklas Hossain et. al. [63] presented the power quality issues based on renewable energy source
like solar and wind energy in distributed generation system of power. A comprehensive study
shows the issues concerned with power quality, their sources and parameters. Different
techniques to monitor power quality are carried out by using different applications of CPDs for
minimizing the power quality problems.
37
CHAPTER 3
STATCOM AND DSTATCOM
3.1 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
3.1.1 Introduction
A stable compensator can ideally be changed into a modified static VR compensator by
using a shunt in its production phase. This device also helps in providing the reactive
support to the bus. Voltage source converter get linked along the energy storage devices
on one side whereas the other side of the circuits get in contact with the power system.
A Voltage source Converter (VSC) is used in its composition which is used for the
capacitor switching and control the reactors in a stable state. There is practice of using
semiconductor devices in Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and it performs like self-
commutated power source like MCT, GTO, IGCT and IGBT with high losses and cost
too. There is the use of the thermistor devices in SVC which is the variable type of the
impedance. In comparison to STATCOM the SVC is more advantageous.
Some characteristics of SVC are following:
1. SVC is more responsive than STATCOM
2. SVC components require less space as compare to STATCOM components which are
bulky like laminated rectories
3. It is easily restored and intrinsically modulated
4. Its unique properties helped it to easily collaborate with power sources like fuel cells and
SMES
5. In case of shortage in voltage the mean performance of the STATCOM need to be
maintained whereas in case of SVC the voltage of the system drops because of exceeding
the limit of reactive current. The extreme power of the reactive current by measuring
rating of other components like capacitors and reactors which are used to store and
conduct the current.
38
A GTO device was used in Japan with rating of 4.5 KV,3 000 amperes using 80MVA
STATCOM in 1991. Another device was also used with 4.5KV and 4000 amperes rating
at Tennessee Valley (TVA)at Sullivan Sub Station in 1995. The main idea for installing
this was to handle the load variation condition on daily basis by regulating the minimum
use of the transformer banks tap changers duty. The failure chances increase when the tap
changers are forced to work repeatedly the same problem. Later on the name of STATCOM
was also turned as SVC so it is also a static condenser. [b1-b3].
3.2 STATCOM OPERATION PRINCIPLE
There is similarity in the operating principle of Static Synchronous Compensator
(SATCOM) with compensator or synchronous condenser. In connected form and used to provide
the reactive power variably in order to regulate voltage of bus. The wind and solar form of energy
help the STATCOM in grid code compliance, their transmission and distribution in the form of
improved transmission and distribution capacity up to certain level. A circuit of SC is shown in
Fig: 3.1 and a synchronous condenser which is expressed by E provide the source of AC voltage.
The magnitude of the voltage is measured by regulating the field current. The difference of the bus
voltage (V) and generated voltage (E) will be considered as zero if the phase angle (f) loses its
value as its evident from the given fig: 3.1. the reactive current supply magnitude varies then the
better quality of phase magnitude appears.
If we consider E=V then the reactive current value will be 0. In case if E is grated the V then SC
will work like a capacitor, and if E is smaller the V then SC will work like inductor. The amount
of drawn reactive current (Ir) is equal to zero as shown in the figure.
𝐼𝑟 =
𝑉 − 𝐸
𝑋′
Figure 3.1: A synchronous condenser
39
An interchangeable circuit of STATCOM which was also known as static condenser STATCOM
before this also found. It shows direct correspondence with the capacitors between AC and DC
voltage which is known as VDC. In fig:3.2 a single phase STATCOM circuit diagram is shown.
The VDC voltage will be remain same if the DC site of the battery is present like energy source.
A self-commutated state of a switch in shown in the figure
Figure 3.2: A single phase STATCOM
Figure 3.3: The waveform of VPN
On base of GTOs the two switches names T1 and T2 are used in one cycle and they get switched
off and on one in every cycle. Each switch’s period of conduction is 180± and requires careful
analysis to observe that T1 is off when T2 is On and T1 is on when T2 is off. For reverse conduction
of the current two diodes named D1 and D2 are used. The capacitors charge ensures whether the
diodes are revers biased or forward biased.
40
With help of voltage(V) supply the switches worked in a synchronized manner which assumed as
sinusoidal of frequency, the rams value (E1) can be calculated by using the given expression
If E1> V, a sufficient amount of reactive current will be drawn by using STATCOM whereas in
opposite situation the current will perform the induction. It is important to notice there are different
approaches used for the SVC and the current generated through it will be positive.
Suppose if T1 is switched on and current Ir passing through a negative circuit and owes
through T1 then the current will become zero after 90±. As the value of Ir increases above zero it
changes into positive value and the diode D1 start the conduction process. On other hand when T2
turns on and off the similar event happen. So, in both cases T1 and T2 help to stop the process of
conduction before turning on. Similarly, when Ir is positive and iterative then at any point T1 turns
on it pass through diode D1. After reaching to 90± the current flows through T1 and reverse its
direction. The current reach at its maximum value at the time of T1 switch gets off so there appear
the need of self-commutated devices like GTOs in response to STATCOM feature of drawing
reactive current. When Ir is inductive the T1 and T2 carry with maximum amount of current.
In Fig. 3.4 a stable control state of STATCOM is shown. The ISTATCOM is considered
as pure reactive by neglecting the losses occurred in STATCOM.in SVC the capacitive operations
are indicated by the negative current whereas the inductive operations are indicated by the positive
current. These limitations for the capacitive and inductive currents are symmetrical (IMAX). The
slope BC shows the positive properties for the V-I to 1) evade STATCOM striking the boundaries
regularly and 2) allowing the corresponding functionalities for two or more than two units. The
reference voltage resembles to zero current output and generally the STATCOM is functioned
close to Zero.
41
Figure 3.4: Control characteristics of a STATCOM [b3]
The availability occurrences during normal output operating condition is fully dynamic and can be
controlled by mechanically switching the connected reactors with STATCOM in parallel position
[36].
3.3 A SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF A THREE PHASE SIX PULSE
STATCOM
A high-power Six pulse GTO circuit based on STATCOM is shown in figure. 3.5
Figure 3.5: A six pulse VSC circuit [b3]
.
42
There are six switches in the circuit connected with 6 GTO thermistors with anti-parallel diodes at
six pulse grates bridge. The circuits analysis shows that it only conducts the current once during
one cycle when the voltage cycle conducts for 180±. The sequence of switches is also provided
and they turn on accordingly the other two switches also operate in repetitive manner at the side
of the series. Only one switch helps to prevent the short circuit of capacitor during conduction. So,
the switch 1 must be turned off before the switch 4 turned on and vice versa.
To express an analysis for quality performance initially we will consider these factors
 DC side voltage is constant due to infinite size of capacitor
 The loss of current is ignored in circuit
The waveform of the voltage (EaN) is shown Fig.3.3. the wave form of EbN and EcN are also same
except the distance between them which apart them by 120±.(𝐸𝑏𝑁 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠𝐸 𝑎𝑀 𝑏𝑦
120º and 𝐸𝑐𝑁 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠𝐸𝑏𝑁 𝑏𝑦120º).
The voltages 𝐸 𝑎𝑛 , 𝐸𝑏𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐𝑛 (measure w.r.t. the neutral source) and ca be obtained by following
these equations
From circuit symmetry it can be shown as
By substituting the Eq. (3.6) in (3.3) to (3.5) we will get
43
And
The waveform of 𝐸 𝑎𝑛is given in Fig. 3.6 (which shows voltage supply).
The fundamental component of frequency (rms value) of Ean can be obtained as
Figure 3.6 Waveform of Ean and Va
44
The harmonic component Van is found through
The rms value of fundamental components of current Ir can be calculated from
The harmonic current (rams) is obtained as
AC current waveform
The instantaneous current in phase A is obtained from
Since Ean (t) varies depending upton the interval in which it lies and can deliver different expressions
ia(t). However, in all intervals,
45
Fig. 3.7 shows the AC waveform as generated from Eq. (3.17) to (3.20) for V=1:0(L=0:2, Ir=0:1).
The leading and lagging current waveform are shown as the lagging current flows through the
GTO thermistor switch 1 and also reverse the flow through the anti-parallel diode. The peak GTO
thermistor turn off current (in capacitive mode) can be obtained from Eq.3.7 (if t=0) as
3.4 DISTRIBUTION STATCOM
3.4.1 Introduction
The unbalance of the current and fluctuations in reactive power demand are caused through
major fluctuating loads like arc furnaces, electric traction and steel rolling mills. The remuneration
of load by shunt that are connected with compensators are working fast and helps in maintaining
unity power factor by balancing the load. For useful utilization of the distributed system the power
factor is helping in minimizing the line current for the given demand of the load. This also helps
in reduction of the line losses. The power generated disturbances occur on all electrical systems
46
and make them more susceptible to the power quality supply. For few other devices the disturbance
can cause the scrambled data and interrupted mode of communication which leads to the system
failure. The skipping of the power voltage can also affect the other major parts of the power quality
system.
The voltage fluctuations due to source impedance are mainly caused by the load currents
with large figure of the reactive components. A shunt compensator proves helpful for decreasing
the value of voltage at point of common coupling. In case of source voltage changing the shunt,
compensator can also achieve the target in this case too [14]. The voltage regulation effectiveness
is mainly the functionality of the system impedance. For the improvement in power voltage supply,
flicker the fast regulation of voltage is required[b1-b3].
3.4.2 Compensation Using DSTATCOM
The equations (3.21) to (3.22) mainly done with SVC delta connection, these are needed to
compensate the current flow for unbalance reactive power which is drawn by phase three
connected to linear load. If STATCOM is used for this purpose rather than SVC it will be easy for
the current to get inoculated with help of DSTATCOM. Its already declared in [15] that use of a
switching device like DSTATCOM with a compensator can help in reimbursing the sudden loss
in reactive power.
If STATCOM is used for reimbursement instead of SVC, it will be effective for the currents to get
injected by DSTATCOM. It is mentioned in [15] that a compensator with switching devices (such
as a DSTATCOM) can compensate for the abrupt reactive power.
This reactive power (q)can be defined as
𝑞 = 𝑣 𝑎 𝑖 𝛽 − 𝑣 𝛽 𝑖 𝑎 (3.21)
A linear balanced load connected across a constant voltage (V) and balancing the supply with
voltage can be defined by using following expression
47
As the load gets linear and balanced then the current is also balanced and sinusoidal de¯ned by
So the instantaneous current iact(t) and ip(t) (defined as p§(t) = v(t)j) are identically given by
𝑖 𝑝( 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑎𝑐𝑡( 𝑡) = 𝐺𝑣( 𝑡) = (
𝑃∑
𝑉∑
) 𝑣( 𝑡) (3.22)
This shows that iq(t) defined by
𝑖 𝑞( 𝑡) = 𝑖( 𝑡) − 𝑖 𝑝( 𝑡) (3.23)
48
From equation it can be concluded that the current can be compensated by a converter without
storing the energy in terms of voltage
𝑣 𝑇
𝑖 𝑞 = 0 (3.24)
3.4.3 Application of DSTATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation and
Voltage Regulation
To handle the regulation of the reactive power in voltage regulation an application of DSTATCOM
was introduced by using the GTO devices. There was the use of SVCs as well for this purpose.
Electronic power-based load mainly causes the power degradation in the main power line used for
the transmission. Due to this the altering actions, harmonic distortion and voltage unbalance in
their nonlinearity produced. It was advised that in order to sustain the bus voltage a specified
amount of reactive power needs to get injected by the transmission controlling angle. As compare
to SVC the DSTATCOM is more advantageous as discussed in chapter 6. The main benefits of
DSTATCOM is the improvement of speed performance and management of transient overload (up
to 1 second). It also helps in lowering the voltage [45].
The benefits obtained are
1. Limiting the voltage swells due to capacitor switching
2. The reduction in Common feeder faults related to capacitor voltage
3. The change in the customer load can cause changes in the voltage or we can say that
Reduction of voltage fluctuations cause by change in customer load. It was found that
voltage changes can cause to reduce it from 2.5% to 0.2% with DSTATCOM. The voltage
flicker reduces this way.
4. Frequency of mechanical switching operations depending on control algorithm is reduced
and prove helpful for the maintenance purpose
5. Maximum increase in system load ability (increase in the induction motor load that can
remain stale through major disturbance)
A DSTATCOM controller [48] has three following levels
1. Fast and efficient voltage regulator
49
2. Overload management controller and current limiter
3. Slows the resetting control
For a limited number of cycles, the voltage regulator produces the response. In the second level of
control the capability of DSTATCOM get inherited and used for better response during securing
other circuits. The third level of control mainly deals with the slow resetting and make sure that
DSTATCOM limits or extends the time period. This objective ensures that DSTATCOM remains
active in order to give a quick response to upcoming hurdles.
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED MODEL AND METHDOLOGY
___________________________________________________
4.1 BASICS OF POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORKS
The transmission of bulk power is at higher voltages on the other hand the distribution networks
are generally operate below 100KV.the transmission grid is always a great network of power
stations, their substations and the interconnected transmission lines. With the help o three phase
the energy mostly transferred into the grid system. The electricity is carried out through the
transmission lines to the required places. The operating lines which operate at high efficiency are
50
generally connected through transformers at different voltages. There is no control of power flow
in AC lines. The protection against faults (caused by was hovers due to over voltages on the lines
or reduced clearances to ground) is mechanically operated by circuit breakers CB. For example,
generating a station to a load center is connected to a transmission line in fig 4.1 A. Ignoring the
line charging and assuming the line to be lossless, the power flow is given by [b2].
P=
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑋
sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2) (4.1)
In which X is the series line reactance. The power injected by the power station determines the
flow of power in the line by making sure V1 and V2 to be held constants (through voltage
regulators at the two ends). P = PG (Note that usually there could be more than one line
transmitting power from a generating station to a load center) is automatically enabled and adjusted
by the difference in the bus angles. By the tripping of the generators, the output of the power
station may have to be reduced if the lines are tripped so in operation avoid to overloading the
remaining lines.
(a)
51
Figure 4.1: (a) A line supplying power to a load(b)A transmission line carrying power
Another situation is shown in fig 4.1 b. where a line supplies power to a load located at bus. The
load supply determines the power flow in the line, applied in the EQ 4.1. Infinite bus models the
load center which ca absorbed theoretically, the generation station supplies power to it, this is the
difference between the two situations.
4.2 DATA COLLECTION APPROACH
For the designing of STATCOM and DSTATCOM facts devices, we used six IEE standard papers
for the proposed research. The simulation of STATCOM and DSTATCOM is done and designed
using MATLAB Simulink as the research is based on MATLAB and IEEE papers gives input
parameters. Facts devices have the incorporation and additional parameters which altered the
research. In power quality out, there are many researches but for good results we need to compare
three facts devices for the improvement of power quality.
4.2.1 Wind energy in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh
Installation of 14.4 MW wind energy comprising eighteen Wind Energy Converters (WECs) of
capacity 800 kW each in Madhya Pradesh state of India are included in dewas project. Enercon
India Lmd applies the WEC E-53. Madhya Pradesh state electricity grid which is part of the
NEWNE (Northern, Eastern, Western and North-Eastern) grid of India take the electricity
produced with renewable source. CEPCO Industries Pvt. Ltd. (CIPL) and Enercon (India) Power
Development Pvt. Ltd. (EIPDPL) are undertaken for this project. To generate electricity from
renewable and clean source of energy are the objectives of this projects.
In the earlier the problems which were faced are as following
 Fossil fuels based plants were the source of production of the electricity which increased
greenhouse gas emission.
 Rise in pollution level
 Climate change due to adverse impact on climate
The steps which are taken to overcome such problems are as follow
52
 For operation and maintenance of the project activity
and Enercon (India) Power Development Pvt. Ltd. (EIPDPL). PP has entered into
agreement with Enercon.
 Under a long-term power purchase agreement (PPA) the generated electricity will be
supplied to Madhya Pradesh Power Trading Company Ltd (MPPTCL).
 Ratedi Hills Substation connects with itself the machines of the project activity and and
machines of the other project developers. Metering point is connected with 18 machines of
the project activity along with other wind farm developers at Ratedi Hills site. One main
meter is comprised by the metering point and check meter that is installed at 132 kV
metering point at the Ratedi Hills substation.
 From the MPPTCL and Enercon a joint meter reading in the presence of officials, the
electricity supplied to the grid is monthly recorded. The value of energy imported and
exported is consisted on the joint meter reading. For raising the invoices this data is used.
After the implementation the obtaining results are as follow
 Social well-being - Building of infrastructure necessary to operate wind energy plant, the
project site, growth preparation, operation and maintenance are helpful for generating
local employment. So, it improves the living standard of the local population and also
improves the rural communities.
 Economic well-being – if it improves the living standard of the nation.
 Technological well-being- the project activity promotes the clean technology in the
region as it motivates the industries to one wind mill Ds helpful for the economic adopt the
modern technology. It will a good future to the technology.
 Environmental well-being - wind produces energy which is helpful for cleaning the
environment
Following data of electricity generation of syzlone wind mill Dewas by S.C. Commander software.
53
Figure 4.2: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 1)
Figure 4.3 : Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO16)
54
Figure 4.4: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO13)
Figure 4.5: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO11)
55
Figure 4.6: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 6)
Figure 4.7: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 5)
56
Figure 4.8: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 3)
Figure 4.9: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 2)
57
Figure 4.10: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO18)
Figure 4.11: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (04 JANUARY 2015)
58
Figure 4.12 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (05 JANUARY 2015)
Figure 4.13: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (13 JANUARY 2015)
59
Figure 4.14: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (12 JANUARY 2015)
Figure 4.15: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (11 JANUARY 2015)
60
Figure 4.16: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (10 JANUARY 2015)
Figure 4.17: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (09 JANUARY 2015)
61
Figure 4.18: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (08 JANUARY 2015)
Figure 4.19: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (07 JANUARY 2015)
62
Figure 4.20: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (06 JANUARY 2015)
Figure 4.21: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (14 JANUARY 2015)
63
Figure 4.22: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 18)
Figure 4.23: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG N013)
64
Figure 4.24: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN0 11)
Figure 4.25: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN06)
65
Figure 4.26 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG N05)
Figure 4.27: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN04)
66
Figure 4.28: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN03)
Figure 4.29 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG N02)
67
Figure 4.30: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN01)
Figure 4.31: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN016)
68
Figure 4.32: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 11)
Figure 4.33: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 13)
69
Figure 4.34: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN01)
Figure 4.35 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 05)
70
Figure 4.36: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN04)
Figure 4.37: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN02)
71
Figure 4.38: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 16)
Figure 4.39: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN03)
72
Figure 4.40: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 06)
Figure 4.41: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 18)
73
Table 4.1 Daily Generation Data from All Turbine of Suzlon Energy (WIND FARM DEWAS DEC 14-JAN 15)
PAHER/Ph.D/DAILY GEN ALL TURBINE/DEC2014-JAN15/1
S.N DATE GEN IN Kwhr
1 DEC 15 2014 1525
2 DEC 16 2014 3175
3 DEC 17 2014 2153
4 DEC 18 2014 5018
5 DEC 19 2014 4608
6 DEC 29 2014 2131
7 DEC 21 2014 2640
8 DEC 22 2014 1281
9 DEC 23 2014 3087
10 DEC 24 2014 3722
11 DEC 25 2014 6586
12 DEC 26 2014 4585
13 DEC 27 2014 1643
14 DEC 28 2014 5802
15 DEC 29 2014 5968
16 DEC 30 2014 8004
17 DEC 31 2014 5066
18 JAN 1 2015 687
19 JAN 2 2015 133
20 JAN 3 2015 353
21 JAN 4 2015 1767
22 JAN 5 2015 8
23 JAN 6 2015 154
24 JAN 7 2015 54
25 JAN 8 2015 0
26 JAN 9 2015 357
27 JAN 10 2015 171
74
28 JAN 11 2015 196
29 JAN 11 2015 30
30 JAN 13 2015 143
31 JAN 14 2015 1250
Table 4.2 Yearly Generation Data from All Turbine of Suzlon Energy Wind Grid Dewas (PAHER/PhD/Yearly Gen
All Turbine/2014-15/1)
S.N MONTH GEN IN UNIT
1 Feb-14 100368
2 Mar-14 133707
3 Apr-14 187796
4 May-14 207883
5 Jun-14 358161
6 Jul-14 287193
7 Aug-14 185224
8 Sep-14 107117
9 Oct-14 68046
10 Nov-14 45836
11 Dec-14 114237
12 Jan-15 5303
4.3 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM FOR DFIG MODEL
The prime mover consisting of the pitch angle controller, the wind turbine and the shaft, the
DFIG, control system regulating active and reactive power of the DFIG through the RSC and
a protection system are the main components are the main components of the DIFG model
Figure 4.42. The rooter side convertor in case of faults to protect the RSC from over current
75
and in wind turbines to short circuit (with small impedance) the Crowbar protection is
increasingly used.
 Figure 4.42: Block diagram of a induction generator
Through additional impedance the convertor is blocked and bypassed, the rooter convertor
rating the current when the rooter current exceeds. The torque characteristics improve during
voltage sags after the additional impedance which reduces amount of reactive power absorbed
by the machine.[4]. The size of the convertor is neither related to the total generated power
button the selected sped range nor to the split. The size and cost of the convertor increases by
increasing the speed range requirements around the synchronous. Mostly DIFGS are typical
high-power wind turbine generators that allow an effective reactive power control along with
a small size rooter that is only 25% total rating of the turbine and also allow the more speed
control of about 25% synchronous.
4.4 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAME OF STATIC SYNCHRONOUS
COMPENSATOR
Transfor
mer
DFIG
Prime
Mover &
Gear system
GRID
SIDE
ROTOR
SIDE
CONTROL SIGNAL FOR CONVERTOR
76
A controlled reactive power source is called STATCOM. The provision of the desired reactive
power generation and absorption entirely by mean of processing the electric voltages and
current waveforms in a voltage source converter (VSC). In Fig 4.43 a single line power circuit
is shown where through a magnetic coupling a VSC is connected to a utility bus and behind
the reactance STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source. This shows that there is no
need for reactive power generation and absorption to the capacitor banks and shunt reactors, a
compact design is given in STATCOM [5]. An improvement in power system performance
given by STATCOM is as follow. The distribution systems and dynamic voltage controlling
transmission. In power transmission systems the power oscillation damping. Active power in
the connected line requiring a dc energy source, the control of reactive power and the voltage
thicker control, the transient stability.
4.5 DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR (D-STATCOM)
The most common problem which is faced by many industries and utilities is power quality
problem such as voltage sag. It offers more than 80% power quality problems which exist in power
systems. In reactive loads a lot of power consumption problems has been drawn. In distribution
system the DSTATCOM is used for the reactive power compensation and power unbalance due to
various loads in the circuit. It is also assumed that the DSTATCOM is mostly linked with the load
that gives remote supply and in connection with the stiff source it cause distortion in the current
and voltage at the common point of coupling.
To reduce the active power flow capability of distribution system which also affects the voltage
profile and to increase the feeder losses are the demand of active reactive power. In the distribution
systems the majority of loads are linear lagging power factor and non -linear balanced and
unbalanced loads. By the DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) at the
point of common coupling (PCC) this kind of problems can be mitigated. A self -excited induction
generator is passes through a process in which a capacitor bank is connected across the induction
77
generator. Terminals of an induction machine, driven by an External prime mover, voltage will be
induced at its terminals when capacitors are connected across the stator. Until steady state is
attained the induced elf and current in the stator windings will continue to rise it shows reactive
power supplied by capacitor bank is balanced by reactive power absorbed by load. There is
minimum speed for a particular capacitance value in order to excitation to occur. There are some
advantages for over the synchronous generator of self- excited induction generator (SEIG),
brushless (squirrel-cage rotor), reduced size, rugged and low cost are osmoregulation. The
excitation capacitance values, change in wind velocity and load conditions are the things in which
the generated voltage of this examples. The value of induction generator depends on the prime
mover speed, capacitor bank size and load characteristics as it offers the poor voltage r the SEIG
mainly dependent. A group of capacitators can supply the reactive power requirement by the
induction generator. The induction generators will not build up voltage, if the capacitance is
insufficient. For building up the terminal voltage there is a need of reactive drawback for the
induction generator. The capacitors connected across its terminals supplies the excitation current
in the SEIG. In remote areas Self-excited induction generators are good candidates for wind
powered, electric generation application, in the magnetic need there is no need for external for
external power supply
4.5.1 Control Scheme
As Distribution STATCOM (DSTATCOM), the static compensator (STATCOM) is identified in
low distribution system. A three-phase and shunt connected power electronics based device is
called D-STATCOM. The additional demand of reactive power is fulfilled by the DSTATCOM
under varying loads by the connection of DSTATCOM across the SEIG. The terminal voltage
constant with variation in load as the loads the DSTATCOM acts as a source of lagging or leading
currents. The three phases of DSTATCOM are three-phase IGBT (Insulated gate bipolar transistor)
based current controlled voltage source inverter, DC bus capacitor and AC inductors. Through the
AC filtering inductor to the SEIG terminals, the output of the inventor of the AC is connected.
Provision of the self -supporting DC bus, is a function of DC bus capacitor which is used as an
energy storage device.
Energy
storage
circuit
Voltage
source
converter
78
Figure 4.44: Schematic Diagram of D-STATCOM
4.6 PROPOSED RESEARCH (STATCOM& DSTATCOM)
Concerning a wind farm interconnection to a power grid concerns its dynamic stability on the
power system [1] is one of the burning issue. In a power system the voltage instability problems
occur which is not able to meet the reactive power demand during faults and heavy loading
conditions. In power system Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) such as the Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Distribution STATCOM are being used because
they have the ability to provide the flexible power control. The main purpose of choosing the
STATCOM & DSTATCOM in wind farms is its ability to provide bus bar system voltage
support either by supplying and/or absorbing reactive power & voltage sag and swell into the
system. By injecting large amounts of reactive power during fault recovery the transient behavior
of wind farms can be improved [2the use of STATCOM & DSTATCOM in wind farms to
stabilize the grid voltage after grid disturbances such as line outages or severe system faults are
examining in this research. The matching transformers so that the wind power installation does not
Filter
Controller
79
burden the system reactive power is required to compensate for the additional reactive power
demand of the generator.
4.7 METHDOLOGY FOR THE PROPOSED RESEARCH
The STATCOM has many characteristics for example generates a balanced set of three sinusoidal
voltages—at the fundamental frequency with controllable amplitude and phase angle as it is
analogous to an ideal synchronous machine. Without the need of large external reactors or
capacitor banks, by generating or absorbing reactive power at the point of common coupling a
STATCOM controller provides voltage support. STATCOM has showed a considerable
Importance to reduce the peak and settling time of the fault and switching transients is applied by
the Proposed technique named Reference Voltage Compensation (RVC) using PID control
concept.
Transmission line
Distribution line
Load
Step down
transformer
Control
unit
Distributor
Control
unit
STATCOM
Wind energy
sources
DSTATCOM
80
Figure 4.45: Flow Chart Proposed Methodology
4.8 SIMULATION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH
STATCOM USING WIND SOURCE
11 wind generation turbine system, having the capacity of 1.25MW with 690V generating capacity
as the simulation set up consists (simulation time 18 sec). Wind farm is shown in Fig 4.46.in the
Single line block diagram of the 13.75 MW. Through a step-up transformer wind generation Wind
energy Sources Load Step down Transformer Distribution STATCOM Control Unit DSTATCOM
Control Unit system is transmitted to a 33 KV transmission system, the power generated by each.
By a step-down transformer the power is transmitted through a 11 Km transmission line and is
stepped down 11KV. At the 33 KV transmission line 3.6 MVAr STATCOM is connected.
81
Figure 4.46: Single line diagram for the transmission systemusing STATCOM with wind energy source
4.8.1TestSystem(Wind Turbine Simulator Parameter)
Parameter calculated from Suzlon energy Nagda Hills Wind farm Dewas (M.P). It is 13.75MW
generating plant, generating at 690V, 50Hz & each turbine generating capacity is 1.25MW.
4.8.2 Generating data
Wind speed : cut in 3m/s; rated speed 12m/s; cut
out speed 25m/s
Generating data : 1250KW,1590 RPM
Stator resistance : .004873
Rotor resistance : .004467
Transformer data at generating end: 690V/33KV : 1.5MVA ,50 Hz
Magnetizing resistance : 500pu
Transformer data at transmission side : 33KV/11KV; 5MVA, 50 Hz
Magnetizing resistance : 500pu
82
4.8.3 Transmissionline parameter
R1;R0 : [0.128 ; 0.533]
L1;L0 : [1.15e-3 ; 3.41e-3]
C1;C0 : [11.46e-009 ; 5.24e-009]
4.8.4 STATCOM
Rating : 3.6MVAr, Capacitor 10527 μF
Harmonic Filter : 3ϕ double tuned, 50 Hz,
Three phase fault at 0.7 to 0.72 seconds
4.8.5 Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh
Generating Capacity : 1250KW= Each 1.25 MW
Cut In speed- 3m/s
Rated speed 12m/s to 25m/s
Software Used S.C. Commander Suzlone SCADA system for supervision and controlling
Pitch Status
Pitch out 90̊
pitch 1n 0̊ & 3m/s & 15 RPM
locator Anemometer
C++ Programmed
P4 microprocessor
83
4.8.6 Wind System Arrangement
Gear box ratio - 1:64
24 X 64 = 1536 RPM
Prime mover Wind
Pole height 74m
Blade 30m
TYPES S66 S64
Blade Dia 66m 64m
In this proposed research, Dewas is using 66m Dia system is using.
4.8.7 GenerationofEnergy by Day Basis
14 January 2015 1250 Kwh
13 143
12 30
11 196
10 171
9 357
8 0
7 54
6 154
84
5 8
4 1767
3 353
2 133
1 687
December 31 5066
30 8004
29 5902
28 5802
27 1643
26 4585
25 6586
24 3622
23 3087
22 1281
21 2640
20 2131
19 4608
18 5018
17 2153
85
16 3175
15 1525
Mouth January 15 upto
15 January 5303
December 14 114237
November 45836
October 68046
September 107117
August 185224
July 287193
June 258161
May 207883
April 187796
March 1337796
February 100368
Yearly Generation
2015 5303
2014 1475986
2013 2027655
86
2012 2314785
2011 2036286
2010 1995340
2009 2111406
2008 2119946
2007 1909502
2006 2221795
2005 2332252
2004 192650kwh
4.8.8 Used Dual Winding Generator
1250kw
G1 G2
1000RPM 1500
Gear Ratio 1:75
Rotor blade Cut off speed
20 RPM 13RPM 3.5m/g
4pole 6 pole cut out high
1:64 1::64 25m/g
Speed< 3.5m/s blade will be in free wheeling mode means no generation
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status
Indian wind energy status

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Indian wind energy status

  • 1. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________ 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Indian wind energy status The objective of Indian wind energy which was introduced in 1983 -84 was to support research, create awareness among the people and provide help to wind projects. Though India is new in this sector yet it contributes to high the ranks of India as the fifth largest installed power capacity. Chennai and state nodal agencies had installed 794 dedicated wind monitoring stations throughout the country along with height from 20m to 120m. Wind monitoring was also known as windy areas. Its area is now extended and uncovered many projects. On the base of 700 plus WMS significant number of private wind stations are working in the country 237 stations are economically preferable with a great potential of 200 W/m2. In June July the wind was affected by the south west monsoon of summer, cool winds move towards the land and dry moves towards the ocean. Power control units are known as flexible AC transmission systems. Power quality problems are solved through power conditioners. Distribution network has the power quality problems due to nonlinear load and complexity of control system in industrial process. Specified voltage magnitude at a desired frequency irrespective of the fault is the major aim for quality power. The custom devices are introduced for the sake of electrical power improvement. The devices are useful to decrease the power quality issues. Custom power devices include the devices like active power filter, surg arresters, solid state fault current limiter, distribution series copastors, dynamic storage unit for voltage, Active power filters, sugar arresters, Super conducting magnetic energy system, battery energy storage system, Solid state transfer switches, Static electronic Tap changers, Static VAR Compensator, Distribution series capacitors, Dynamic voltage Restorer, power quality unified controller, distributed static synchronous capacitors, power quality conditioners, constant power supplies etc.
  • 2. 2 The focused area in this research related to Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR). The unified power Quality Controller (UPQC) and Unified power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) which are simulated and mitigation of some factors which effects power quality are done 1.2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 1.2.1 Define total voltage levels of power system 110 kv and above of it, considered as transmission level voltages and 33 kv and 66 kv are considered as low-level voltage used usually on the lengthy side with light loads.33 kv which is considered as low-level voltage is used for the distribution and 230 kv is considered as very high voltage. Figure 1.1: Basic Structure of the Electric System [5] 1.3 FACT DEVICES The variable voltage impudence(resistance) control and high voltage of Phase angle is controlled by a ductile alternating current transmission system. Transmission system management is improved by fact devices which is helpful for system reliability and availability and also improvising the quality of supply for sensitive loads. Transmission systems are going to continuously change and becoming heavily loaded and operated. Flexible AC transmission systems are going to rise due to the need of more efficient electricity management system. It plays
  • 3. 3 a vital role in economic sector. Optimize transmission system is important to support industry and to create employment in developing countries. 1.3.1 Benefits of utilizing FACT devices: The advantage of using FACT devices in electrical transmission system are:  Provide better utilization to the existing transmission assets  The improvement of power quality increased transmission system reliability and availability.  Reduce the loss of loop and enhance the grid stability and dynamicity  Make a good quality power for industries  It is beneficial for the environment. 1.3.2 Technical benefit for FACT devices: There are some benefits of fact devices which are as follow The fact devices are beneficial for load controlling It controls the voltage and also controls the transient stability and dynamic stability It responses the dynamic network conditions Facts devices are more expensive than conventional solutions DVR, UPQC, UPFC etc. are the devices which are provided by given facts devices with enhanced operational features and extensively usage. 1.3.3 FINANCIAL BENEFITS OF FACTS DEVICES The following three areas are really helpful in calculating the financial benefits with greater ease; 1. Increased transmission capability produces more additional sales. 2. Increased transmission capability provides additional wheeling charges. 3. New power generation or high voltage lines avoids delaying of investments.
  • 4. 4 The above mentioned all are the rough calculations which are indicative of the direct economic benefits of the FACTS devices. Indirect benefits are also present along with direct ones which are even more difficult. These involves heavy load shedding during peak hours, negligence of industries due to outage costs of production processes, examples include textile industry, paper industry as well as production of semi-conductors and computer chips. 1.3.4 WORLD BANK FACILITATE FOR USING FACTS DEVICES As FACTS devices smooth the path or facilitates the economy very much in power transmission system in a suitable environmental manner thus, they can create a fantastic and fabulous increment to the World Banks’s profile of power projects. Regardless of its amazing aspects, the FACT technology is not very famous in the World Bank. The given action plan is proposed for the FACTS technology to have an escalating exposure in the World Bank: 1. Provision of useful information to the bank staff and stakeholders on FACTS technology by incorporating the relevant published case studies. 2. Carrying out the feedback from the power sector of last couple of years to amplify the use of FACTS devices in different bank projects by using its results. 3. Conducting the review of its lending pipelines for the identification of opportunities for the marked-up usage of FACTS technology. 1.4 POWER SECTOR REFORMS IN MADHYA PRADESH An amend procedure for Madya Pradesh Power Sector’s generation lies in 80’s and 90’s when this sector was hit by devastating with the financial crisis and an increased power deficient reached to 25%.MP SEB (Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board) state that utility cannot be able to get the minimum 3% return on expenditure, although the required revenue subsidy of RS 17 billion in 1999 was needed. There was a point when MP SEB had more than 60 thousand employees for the generation of 22 thousand megawatts for transmission distribution system. Losses of 47 percent occurred due to transmission and distribution system and half of it were purely commercial and non-technical. The amendment procedure was started in 1996 by appointing Rao committee to investigate about private participation and sample restructuring. In 1997 the Rao committee come up with the report including major recommendations for the MPSEB functional division, private
  • 5. 5 sector investment, commission for electricity formation etc. MPERC (Madhya Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission) was confirmed by the government state in 1998 under the act of an independent regulatory authority of 1998 by electricity regulatory commission. An epistle of understanding was signed between the state government and power ministry in May 2000 just to improve the track of reforms process with help of Indian government. The state of the government approved the Madhya Pradesh Vidyut Sudhar Adiniyam Act for Electricity in 2001 that provide the State’s own MPSEB by different competitive business developments. The electricity act of 2003 superseded the Madhya Pradesh Reform Act. 1. In Madhya Pradesh an important development in 2002 was the impact of power sector reforms. Basically, it was physical partition of the state into Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh by splitting of MPSEB into 1) MPSEB and 2) Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) Table 1.1 Allocations between CSEB and MPSEB [64] 2. The improvement of the Madhya Pradesh power sector was stared about 15 years ago with addition of the following important characteristics: I. Generation, transmission and distribution function to be segregated into vertically integrated board. II. Corporation of the service like information of the specific companies under the Act of 1956 III. Rationalization of imposition for rates in order to capture minimum 75 percent to the cost of electricity supply by 2005 IV. Reviewing continually the company’s functionality and takes precautions for their restructuring to gain commercial viability through
  • 6. 6 i. Tariffs Rationalization ii. Eventually reducing and eliminating the power theft V. Consigning the action of State Government to issue policy directives VI. 100 percent of villages electrification with the complete household coverage in rural areas. VII. In early phase reforms in 1998 the responsibilities of the state of government transferred to the state electricity regulatory commission. VIII. Amplifying the capacity of state generation with on time deputation of power from central Generation Stations and expedition procedure of new investment generated suggestions from the state by adding joint venture on hydro projects and private sector participation. Boosting, enhancing and strengthening network of transmission of Madhya Pradesh to activate the power supply by developing high voltage (HV) (4K KW and above) 1.5 POWER SECTOR REFORMS IN INDIA Electric power is now considered and recognized as a major and vital input for country’s economic development and raised to highest priority. Since independence, the total installed capacity of power has escalated to many folds but even then, the supply and demand gap is increasing each and every year. The government bodies which are responsible in generating, transmitting and distributing the electrical power as National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and National Hydro power corporation (NHPC). In nineties, decision was taken by the government to open up the power sector for private sector investment to cope up with the increasing demand and supply gap as well as due to poor financial positions of the SEBs, therefore starting the process of power sector reforms which also involves power quality improvement. 1.6 BACKGROUND OF WIND ENERGY The main resource of the renewable energy is the Sun. The fluctuating heating pressure of the Earth by sunrays causing the global winds. Example is that the absorption of Sun energy on the equator surface is way too greater then at the poles. Convective cells in the lower layer known as troposphere are sets up due to variation in incoming energy. The simple flow model shows that the rises in the air at the equator mergers on poles. Due to the Earth rotation effect (at 1670 km
  • 7. 7 speed per hour decreasing to zero at the pole) there is great influence on the circulation of the atmosphere that is the result of uneven heating. The seasonal variation in the distribution also cause variations in circulation. Wind can be defined as flow of air that occurs because of earth rotation and sunrays that produce uneven heating of earth. If there is pressure difference among two regions then wind is produce, that pressures difference is because of differential of heating on earth surface all winds work with same mechanism. Like most different types of energy being used presently, coal, oil and flammable gas, wind is a result of daylight sun powered vitality. The breeze is moderate during winter time.[9] Difference in atmospheric pressure caused by heat fluctuations because of pressure difference from high to low. Where, With increase of wind speed the power of cube also increase 1.6.1 History of Wind Energy From last many centuries the ample source of renewable energy is the Wind energy. It is assumed that the humans have been using the wind energy in their daily routine life from last 4,000 years. From the time of 1700 B.C the scoops powered wind used by the King Hammurabi of Babylon to irrigate the Mesopotamia land. The energy of wind was also used to crush the grains and that’s why the windmills are commonly used although now they are rarely used to crush the grains. 1.6.2 Beginnings of Wind power: (1000 B.C. – 1300 A.D.) The power history of winds clearly evaluates the transformed usage of wind energy produced from Dynamic drag force for light devices to operate the heavy material intensive drag devices. The aerodynamic lift was also a modern concept but it was less famous in ancient people.
  • 8. 8 The sail boat is known as the earliest thing using the wind power, and the technology was having a strong impact on other technical developments of sail-type windmills, it was understood by the ancient sailors how to use the lift technology in their everyday life and they were also using it without knowing its mechanism. 1.6.3 Motion Machines of Wind Energy There are four atmospheric motions which are included in the simplest model of wind motion. These include the pressure force, Carioles force, inertial force and frictional force at the surface of the Earth. In the Air the pressure force Fp is given by: 𝐅𝐩 = − 𝟏 𝐩 𝐝𝐩 𝐝𝐧⁄ p=density of the air n=normal direction towards constant pressure lines also, p=n is pressure gradient Corioles force Fc is fictious force which is caused by measuring rotating reference frame can be shown as Fc= f X v Where v = wind f = Corioles parameter Corioles parameter is given by the equation f= 2Ω sin φ Φ= latitude ω= angular rotation of the Earth So, the Corioles force magnitude depends on the speed of the wind and its latitude. Whereas the direction of the Corioles force is perpendicular towards the air direction 1.6.4 Wind Energy Generation A Danish scientist named Paul la Cour built the first electricity generating wind turbine in 1891.Later on it was improved by the Danish Engineers to provide energy I case of energy shortage at the time of World War 1 and 2. These turbines of wind were manufactured by the Danish Company F.L Schmidt at the time of 1941-1942.By the end of the 1989 the technology
  • 9. 9 features were improved to certain extent at that time. By the end of the year 1989 a 300kW. A 30- m rotor diameter wind turbine was considered as amazing piece or art. With advancement after 10 years a 1500kW turbine with a diameter of 70-m was available from many manufacturers. Though 4-5m W was expected within coming 2 years and the 1.5 mW turbine was still a piece of art.in inside a wind turbine normally has the potential of 200kW. 1.7 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL HORIZONTAL AXIS WITH TURBINE Two types of wind turbines mainly exist the one using aerodynamic drag and the other use aerodynamic lift. The present ear turbines mainly use aerodynamic lift. These turbines are further classified on the base of their axis into vertical and horizontal turbines. The horizontal turbines will be under discussion and these are majorly used. The following are the major parts of the wind turbine generator:  Rotor: The Rotor mainly made up of hub and blades. The rotation component changes the Kinetic energy into mechanical energy found in the wind. To connect the blade and shaft of the Rotor a hub is used. The turbine power control is carried out by the Pitching (a method to control the speed and pitch of the wind by altering its efficiency) The Hub is the major component of the Rotor which contain the high strength qualities.  Blades: to activate the functionality of the lift by converting the wind kinetic energy into the mechanical energy, for this purpose there is active use of the Blades. Blades are the rotating components to mutually work with the principles of energy conversion usage in generator. Mostly the turbines contain two or three blades, as the wind blow and pass through these blades it causes the rotation. Many other mechanical applications like water pumping or crushing needs a large number of blades to generate torque. The main factors of power determination in wind turbine is. the blade length.  Nacelle:It contains a gear box, shafts of different speeds, generator controller, brake places at the top of the tower. Some Nacelle are large enough to cover a helicopter inside it.
  • 10. 10 Nacelle is helpful in protecting the turbine components from the atmospheric hazards and severe conditions of weather including noise.  Low Speed Shaft: The principal rotation element is the low speed shaft which converts the torque from the Rotor to other parts. It is also helpful in in supporting the weight of the rotor. It also increases the rpm while connecting with the gearbox.  Gear box: It is used to set up the speed required for the electric generator.  High speedshaft: it is used to transfer the torque and speed from the gearbox to drive the generator.  Brake: The Brake is used to cease the wind turbines in case of extremely severe wind conditions for its safety. There are mechanical brakes and Aerodynamic brakes.  Generator: A generator is used for the rotational energy conversion in electrical energy. Mostly the wind electric generator generates 50 cycles of AC electricity. There are synchronous and asynchronous generators9Slip rings). The generators of wind electricity generate 50 cycles of Alternating current. There are some synchronous generators (electrically excited) and a synchronous generator (slip ring).  Anemometer: A sensor which is used for the wind speed measurement is called Anemometer. It provides information to the controller of braking and power regulator and placed at the top of the wind turbine.  Pitch: If the wind gets very high or low to generate the electricity the blades get turned or pitched which help in controlling the speed of the Rotor.  Tower: Above the ground level the Tower help the wind energy to be utilized at sufficient height to safely discharge the dynamic and static pressure on power Rotor help the Nacelle into the ground. Tower categories mainly include Lattice tower, tabular tower, Guyed tower and Hybrid tower.  Foundation: In order to engross the loads from the wind turbine there is a use of foundation. The choice of the foundation depends on condition of soil and availability of water table at planned site for the wind turbine. The on-shore types of Foundation include the Slab foundation (with strong top soil), Pile foundation (with softer quality soil top) The Offshore foundation includes Monopole, Gravity base and Tripod.
  • 11. 11 Figure 1.2. Complete Assembly of Wind Turbine [25]  Wind vane: the measure of wind direction is carried out with the help of wind vane as it coordinates with controller for proper turbine orientation according to the wind direction.  Yaw drive: It is used to turn on the Nacelle with help of Rotor accordingly in direction of the wind by using a rotatory actuator which get engaged on a gear ring below Nacelle. This system helps the turbine to always face the wind.  Yaw Motor: It provides power to the Yaw drive.
  • 12. 12 1.7.1 Wind Energy Status of the World A new record in wind installation was seen in 2015 by adding 63’690 MW. The total wind capacity of the world approaching 435 GW [w]. Table 1.2 World Wind Energy Scenario Figure 1.3. Reference WWEA 2016 [w]
  • 13. 13 There was increase in the global rate from 16.4% to 17.2% in 2014. Among the Top 15 markets including China, Turkey, Brazil and Poland were showing the strongest growth rates and advancements in presenting itself the most dynamic countries. one more time china’s role was encouraged as the power leader of wind globally added the 33 GW was added in capacity into the existing capacity by showing the portion of 51.8%. The United states Market also shows the upright increase with 8.6 GW in additional capacity, from 2012 it was the strongest capacity. The low fossil fuel charges also influenced on the wind sector. Germany also added the 4,9 GW into the added capacity. In 2015 the wind power contributes with the record of 13% of the country power requirement. A year back the Brazil was the 4th largest market place for generating the new turbines with market volume of 2.8 GW. India also added 2.3 GW in November 2015, it was enough to by-pass the Spain as 4th largest market in term of total capacity. In parallel to all these contributions Canada also performed well along Turkey and Poland. They both climbed to the global ranking and Spain was dealing with disappointment for adding nothing (0MW) to added capacity. It wasn’t happened before that a country participated before is now at standstill position instead of progressing. 1.8 ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY The power quality terms deal with all the factors including amplitude, phase, frequency, voltage and current wave for the power circuit. Many issues occur due to poor quality control in the installation circuit of non-linear loads. From the past few years there is more usage of sensitive load related devices like computers, industrial drives, communication and medical equipment and the poor power quality can bring the drastic results in terms of damaging the equipment and contributing the major loss for the economy. The impacts of the poor-quality control are widely expressed. Some of the core terms regarding power quality control are described [27-29]:  Voltage sag is the degree in power frequency RMS at 0.5 cycles to 1 min  Voltage swell is the oversupply of voltage (v) from 0.5 to 1 min per cycle  Interruption is the supply loss in any phase for more than 1 min  Transient is the voltage disorder smaller than swag or swells which are caused by sudden change in power system  Voltage unbalance is magnitude 3 phase difference of which are not apart by 120 degrees  Harmonics are the main cause of the current waveform
  • 14. 14  Voltage interruption for long duration happened when supply of RMS losses for more than 1 min 1.8.1 Power Quality Problems and their Impacts Any hindrance in the voltage supply can cause the power quality issue, current and frequency variation. It may end up with the failure of the user equipment. The commercial customers are more concerned with their demands to purchase the quality power as compare to the other domestic users. A power quality instrument can identify how the support of the system is reliable and effective for its loads. Any disturbance in power is linked with the voltage, current or frequency and can originate in consumer power system. Any variations in the voltage quality can drag them to loss of profit if their equipment become the prey or poor-quality power. With the advancement in technology the people or the end user are also getting advanced in using the high-tech devices. For this the power quality is becoming more critical issue. With the deficiency of proper management in the power quality sector the electrical devices are unable to perform well and permanently failing to achieve its targets. It may cause due to poor malfunctioning, poor electrical power quality and many other factors including voltage sag, voltage swells, transients and long duration voltage interruption. [b3]. 1.8.2 Standards of Power Quality The end users and the electric utilities users are directly concerned with the power quality system. There are plenty of aspects which can increase the interest of power quality among its users Nominal Environment definition  Defining Terminology  Decreasing poor-quality issues The international Electro Technical Commission (IEC) and the institute of Electrical Electronic Engineer (IEEE) proposed their dets for power quality standards. These standards include  Standard 519-1992, IEEE recommend practices  EN 50160 Voltage Characteristics of Public Distribution Systems The America the wind energy association draw struggle in US to get the grid code in order to connect with wind plant in utility system. In 2003 the grid code was mainly focusing on the
  • 15. 15 distribution level. US wind energy industry get stands in generating their own grid codes to facilitate constant grid operations. The guidelines are also defined as per IEC-61400-21[43]. According to IEEE standard the total harmonic distortion in voltage and individual harmonic distortion for the system must not go below 5% to 3% within the limits of the currents in individual H harmonic Distortion (IHDI) [b3] 1.9 DEFINITIONS OF REACTIVE POWER The reactive power control is a significant factor to enhance quality of power supply and system operations. In term of circuits the reactive power can be well defined along sinusoidal voltage and currents. On other hand, the reactive power concept has ambiguity in the circuits with non- sinusoidal voltage and currents. We can define reactive power in in terms to improve power factor with remuneration of reactive power. 1.9.1 Current and Sinusoidal Excitation review Figure 1.4: A Circuit-Single phase [3] In Fig. [1.4] A circuit with single phase is shown provided with sinusoidal voltage which is provided along a linear passive load (for general linear resistance an equivalent resistance is shown) consider voltage v(t) and current i(t) then we can express it as
  • 16. 16 Current and V phases are linked by 𝑉̂ = 𝑍̂ 𝐼̂ Where 𝑍̂ = impedance with its magnitude Z and phase angle A. Th power p is given We can define the average power P as p= 1 𝑇 ∫ 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝑇 0 1.5 The Q as Reactive power can be defined as Q=√𝑆2 − 𝑃2 1.6 Where S=VI defined as apparent power. We have Q=±𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 1.7 The sign will be considered positive if 𝐼̂ lags V by an angle A. The power Factor (PF) is defined as PF= 𝑃 𝑆 = 𝑃 √𝑃2 +𝑄2 1.8 From (3.14) it gets clear That if PF performance improved to unity then the reactive power consumption needs to reimburse by using a suitable alternative like shunt capacitor of reasonable size. The S which is the apparent power with magnitude effect of the complex power 𝑆̂ can be defined as 𝑆̂=P+jQ=𝑉̂ ∙ 𝐼̂* 1.9 However, the Q which is the Reactive power can easily be explained as the virtual part of complex power [38].
  • 17. 17 Figure 1.5: Triangle defining power The relationship between P, Q and S is shown by power triangle in Fig. 1.10 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION In non-linear electric loads voltage and current can be the fundamental of Harmonic motion. The repetitive cause of the power quality is caused by the Harmonic frequencies in the power grid, as harmonics increase the heat in conductors, variates the drives of speed and cause pulsation of torque in motors. It is always advantageous if there is the depletion in the harmonics. 1.10.1 Current Harmonics The variation of the current in normal alternating current power system usually varies between 50 or 60 Hertz. If we connect a linear electrical load with system it will sweep away the sinusoidal current with the exact frequency provided before. Non-linear loads cause the current harmonics. When a rectifier (a Non-linear load) is connected with the system it fetches the current and in most of the cases that current in not sinusoidal. The behavior of the current waveform can become complex as the result of the interaction with the system components. Ignoring the Fourier series analysis on complexity of waveform it is possible to dissect the current waveform into simple sinusoids series which can start at the minimum required frequency of the power system. The harmonics can be defined as the fundamental frequency of positive integers in power systems. From this it can be concluded that, the respective harmonic is the multiple of repetitive fundamental frequency, like 3rd order harmonics will be the third multiple of the fundamental frequency. Electrical motors, transistors and non-ideal transformers are included in the examples
  • 18. 18 of the non-linear loads. The 3rd order harmonic in under discussion in this section due to its special properties in terms of power systems.[27] Figure 1.6: Harmonic Addition of 3rd order The power supply process mainly carried by three phase system with 120 degrees apart. This is because of two reasons: 1.The constant supply of the torque during this phase provided by the motors is more efficient. 2. After the power supply the three phases ended up into neutral wire and cancels each other effect. On the other hand, if there is 3rd order harmonics in 3rd phase then there are the chances that the current may not fully add to zero. From the fig:1.6 the 3rd harmonic is adding constructively with other phase 3rd harmonic which will cause oscillating current in the neutral wire and this neural wire is dangerous to carry the minimal amount of the current. Delta connections are used to refrain from the 3rd harmonics addition collectively as the current is cycled around the connection rather than to combine it with neutral of a Wye connection Figure 1.7: 3rd order harmonic distortion
  • 19. 19 1.10.2 Voltage Harmonics Current harmonics cause the voltage harmonics. If there is resistance in the source then the voltage will be impaired by the current harmonics. The minor source of voltage will generate only small voltage harmonics. As the linear load mainly, the electrical load gets associated with the system it cause sinusoidal current at the uniform frequency as the voltage and in power system these harmonics are considered as positive integers which are the fundamental frequency multiples. Due to this reason the small voltage harmonics in comparison to current harmonics. Through an estimation there is not any effect on the real power which get transfer to the load due to current harmonics [b3]. The generally used measurement technique for harmonic distortion present in power system is Total harmonic distortion (THD). It is linked to the voltage (V) and current harmonics , it can be expressed as “ratio between total harmonics and fundamental frequency times 100%” The real power is affected by the harmonics which gets transferred, if we keep the record of the voltage harmonics, like in many cases the voltage harmonics is neglected. 1.11 TOOLS USED: MATLAB MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory and used to provide convenient approach to matrix software generated for different projects. For technical computing the MATLAB [27] provides
  • 20. 20 high performance language by integrating the different aspects to compute and visualize the programming environments. Different data structures are defined in this tool which contain built in debugging features and support different programming platforms. These features of the MATLAB prove it an efficient tool for the research projects. In comparison with the other computer languages the MATLAB has distinct features for solving the technical problems. An array is the basic data element in MATLAB placed at consecutive positions and does not require any dimension for its placement. [w]. By exploring the interface of the MATLAB we can see a browser linked with tutorial and reference of the material provided. To get access to the browser user need to click on the Help menu. From the table of the content provided the used user can choose the introductory tutorial for the MATLAB or use the index to find the required piece of information. As mentioned above, MATLAB has many features, one can write programs made up of different MATLAB commands. We can simply interact with MATLAB by using the interactive computing environment. We enter a command and MATLAB returns the result of the command by compiling and executing it [w]. By double clicking on the MATLAB icon we can open it. As we open the MATLAB window its window get appears called MATLAB desktop. This MATLAB desktop contain other window and icons. The main tools shown on the MATLAB windows are following:  Start button  Command window  Command history  Workspace  Help browser  Current directory
  • 21. 21 Fig. 1.8 :MATLAB Screen to show various MATLAB Windows (Ref by Internet) 1.11.1 Key Features The MATLAB features include  A High-level language (understood by humans) used for computing, visualization and development of different application  Interactive environment for problem solving, designing and exploring  Contain different functionalities for mathematical problem-solving regarding statistics, linear algebra, optimization, Fourier analysis and numerical integration problems  Pre-defined graphics tools to create custom graphs  Tools to improve the quality of the code to increase its performance  Customized Graphical interfaces for the development of applications  Ability to Integrate the MATLAB generated codes with other high-level languages like C, Java and .NET
  • 22. 22 1.12 RESEARCH GAPS IDENTIFICATION IN THE PROPOSED FIELD INVESTIGATION The proposed research work will contribute to the development of techniques, jointly using STATCOM& DSTATCOM in order to bring improvement in power quality, that will produce the obvious change in quality power at the load side. This will also result into improves power quality with all parameters required for it. Plenty of research work is already done in the field of power quality improvement but there’s the lack of research done for wind energy system by using STATCOM & DSTATCOM at same time. The system of grid gets connected for the power quality improvement of wind energy. It is required to find out different aspects like active & reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag & swell with help of Facts device like STATCOM & DSTATCOM for improving Efficiency & stability of the wind system. Any change in the power quality can cause fluctuation in generated voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power consumption, harmonics, emission etc. So, in the proposed research by using the STATCOM & DSTATCOM for power quality improvement we will maintain simultaneously the reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag and swell. 1.12.1 Proposed Research Objectives Objectives of this research can help to improve the quality of power wind energy system with connected load based on STATCOM & DSTATCOM. The findings through the operation of STATCOM & DSTATCOM are investigated and the objectives for this include 1. Compensation of reactive power 2. Voltage regulation 3. Voltage sag reduction 4. Power factor Correction 5. Elimination of current harmonics. 6. Completion of Engineering project requirements’ 7. practical application of the results.
  • 23. 23 1.12.2 Scope of Proposed Study In most of the research papers we can found the work done on STATCOM and DSTATCOM separately but it’s hard to find out the research work done on wind energy system by using STATCOM and DSTATCOM at the same time. The following techniques can be useful for the improvement of the power quality  Different techniques like SVC, SSSC,UPSC,IQSC,TCSC,SSC are available for the wind energy system quality improvement., but STATCOM & D-STATCOM can provide better result in term of quality improvement.  Strategy & Terms used for simulation  Generation of electricity with Wind power system  Usage of STATCOM & DSTATCOM tool for the improvement in quality of power  Use of MATLAB as simulation tool  Relation of Active power, Reactive Power, Voltage sag, Current Swell  Transmission line parameter 1.12.3 Proposed Research  Reactive power calculation.  Active power calculation.  Design requirements by using of STATCOM & DSTATCOM.  Power quality improvement analysis  Harmonics reduction analysis.  Voltage reduction sag analysis. 1.12.4 OutCome of the ProposedWork  Improved Voltage regulation  Compensation of reactive power.  current harmonics elimination.  Power quality enhancement.  Improvement of reactive power.  Reducing the voltage sag
  • 24. 24 1.13 RESEARCH GAPS IDENTIFICATION Using the STATCOM & DSTATCOM tool simultaneously the proposed research work will play important role in introducing such techniques which will be used in field of power quality improvement for wind energy system. With different parameters this research will provide refined results for improvement of power quality. As its clearly mentioned that there are rare chances to find any research work done using the STATCOM & DSTATCOM simultaneously, although there is a lot of research done using STATCOM & DSTATCOM individually for wind energy system. Different parameters are required to be searched out like active & reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag & swell with help of Facts device like STATCOM & DSTATCOM for improving Efficiency & stability of the wind system. Any issue in the power quality can cause changes in generation of voltage, frequency, consumption of active and reactive power, harmonics, flicker emission etc. so in this proposed research we will be mainlining the reactive power, harmonics, voltage sag & swell by simultaneously using STATCOM & DSTATCOM simultaneously for power quality improvement. 1.14 THESIS ORGANISATION The present thesis will be divided into six chapters- Chapter 1: This chapter will give an introduction to subject based on existing literature. Chapter 2: It will deal with the background and plan of the present effect as well as simulation techniques used. Chapter 3: Describes the basic theory and control scheme for STATCOM and DSTATCOM facts devices. This chapter will be further divided into sub-chapter. Every sub- chapter will include the observed data for a particular STATCOM & DSTATCOM for power quality improvement. Chapter 4: This chapter demonstrate the stand alone self-excited induction generator system by initially providing the idea of self-excitation in SEIG followed by the system, performance and operational concerns with used methodology for the proposed work along with data collection from Wind mill energy, Dewas Madhya Pradesh.
  • 25. 25 CHAPTER -2 LITERATURE SURVEY ________________________________________________ 2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Power quality is a collective term which mangle all the features linked with frequency, amplitude and phase of the current waveform with voltage in a power circuit. The poor quality may result into a condition in which the power system may accumulate to transient condition from the non- linear loads. It also had serious impact from customers on economic practices including the manufacturers of electrical and electronic equipment. For the good power quality, the FACTS devices are good choice, in order to design the FACT devices which are mentioned in our objective the related literature is followed. 2.2. LITERATURE REVIEW The main functionalities of the power include to manage the voltage fluctuations, current blocking from various levels of distribution, unity power maintenance drew from main supply, voltage reduction and current Harmonics in the system by minimizing the effect of the excessive neutral current. Irrespective of all these functionalities the power quality mainly handles in miniating voltage at the central point where coupling for different voltage level occurs. Generally, for the improvement of power factor of AC load various devices like passive LC filters, fixed compensating devices which mainly includes thermistors witched capacitors and thermistors witched reactor are used. These devices have resonance, ageing, large size and spot fixed compensation. Presently the active power filters considered as the equipment using power semiconductor devices line STATCOM, DSTATCOM and active power line conditioners. For the quality improvement DSTATCOM prove itself a beneficial tool as it deals with the power quality issues using various effective controlling strategies and concepts to alleviate the voltage issues.
  • 26. 26 2.3 A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK ALREADY DONE IN THE FIELD It is hard to find the research work related to development of power quality of wind energy system by using STATCOM and DSTATCOM simultaneously. There is no work found dealing with these two tools collectively. In the area of technical research, a lot of work is required to cover this discipline including this research study using STATCOM and DSTATCOM simultaneously in wind energy system. Some research papers by Indian and other international researchers are referred in this literature review. E. Muljadi et. al. [1] From the wind power generation, a generator was proposed to carry the power applications. The designing concept of the generator was investigating in the first stage by examining its technical feasibility in generating wind by variating the speed. It became easier to identify the different power stages connection to utility generators using inverter-fed induction. Y. Hara et. al. [2] Suggested that in power quality control of transmission system the productivity of UPFC is shown by a compact model along simulation studies with PSCADEMTDC. J.G. Slootweg et. al. [3] Presented a model structure of wind park with the turbines operating for the constant and variable speed of wind. He also discusses the specifications for development of aggregated wind farm models. S.M. Muyeen et. al. [4] Discussed the STATCOM dealing with the fuzzy logic for the steady state of the grid connected to the WPGS. He concluded the comparison regarding STATCOM performance in connection with FLC and PI controller. According to this comparison the STATCOM equipped with FLC performed better than STATCOM connected to the conventional PL controller. Not only this but he also concluded that WPGS even perform better while connected with PLC equipped STATCOM as compare to the WPGS working with pitch controller. Stephane. F et. al. [5] Highlighted few problems linked with power system while performing some actions like renewable energy production and wind energy conversion by use of the FACTS devices
  • 27. 27 Muljadi. M et. al. [6] Propose the technique for the development of a collector system in large power plants of winds after finding the identical circuit for three various network layouts by using simple electric circuit. The operations in the power quality modes were performed to filter the harmonic distortions and balancing the load. In case of any swag or swell the power transfer was transferred to power protection mode for the protection against the critical loads. E. Muljadi et. al. [7] Explained different aspects of power quality related to wind power plant and concluded that capacitor compensation using induction generator can lead to self- excitation and harmonics. A.P Mittal et. al. [8] suggested a design based on Neural Network DSTATCOM controller in accordance to the PI controller used for the correction of power factor and load balancing. A static compensator using the Neural network-controlled distribution system was used for power quality implementation in three phase distribution system. The described technique was similar in its performance just like the other controlling techniques but due to its simple methods for implementation generate quick response and generate nearly zero phase shift. P.D. Lund et. al. [9] Explained the storage benefits of network topology and power of grid in accordance with wind integrated circuit. The network powered solutions were included in the future power challenges whereas the innovative solutions for power quality can contribute in providing the reliable power quality which can meet at the expectations level of present era standards. W. Qiao et. al. [10] Concluded that wind turbine generator (WTG) connected with Grid can bring changes in the voltage during normal operations at the central point. This paper also highlights the STATCOM application equipped with FSWTs driving induction generators. I.E. Otadui et. al. [11] Proposed a modified model of STATCON control for wind power applications. The main functionalities deal with amplitude and phase unbalances by using the 3 single phase synchronization function, the 3 single phase controllers usages depending upon the resonant regulators and to get current reference without zero sequence component by separately generating active and reactive references. A. Shukla et. al. [12] have suggested the switch controller feedback state design for the fifth level inverter-based DSTATCOM which use the design of linear quadric regulator to keep in record the reference state trajectories. A SMV (single multiple voltage) detector was developed in his
  • 28. 28 research to acquire the DC capacitor voltages. Based on this Algorithm the number of voltage sustainability was reduced. A. Tavakkoli et. al. [13] proposed a model by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK tools for the electric arc furnace which mainly depends upon the Cassei/Mary model, these tools showed the real time modeling capability of various furnaces along their status. P. Srithorn et. al. [14] narrated about a magnificent capacitor energy storage system consolidated with a STATCOM, this helped the STATCOM to pass real power to the grid for short time span. These capacitors connected with DC link through a DC-DC convertor, the small and compact design of this convertor work efficiently in maintaining the DC link voltage in different boost mode and recharging then during buck mode. Vasudeo V. et. al. [15] discussed DSTATCOM functionalities and performance in relation to BESS for voltage mitigation and detailed modeling of DSTATCOM with BESS. D. Geibel et. al. [16] Explained how to improve the power quality performance for the inverter system including their reliability and measurement for the active power filters. It also included the inverter system response while functioning with UPS during any grid fault. R .Omar et al. [17] expressed that in case of low voltage distribution the power quality disturbs and voltage of the power systems devices like Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) swells up. These can supply the higher quality power with three wire DC distribution line. The power which generates by this procedures get distributed among the end users through proper wiring channel. S. Teleke et. al. [18] Recommended a STATCOM application with linked values for employing the powerful reactive power support to overcome the issues of power quality at the location. In case of fault in the reactive power the application of STATCOM will be useful in aggregating the motor load to recover. D.M. Patel et. al. [19] draw a FACTS device scheme based on STATCOM in wind generating system connected with the grid for power quality improvement. He also expressed the
  • 29. 29 limber AC transmission system such as Static compensator by using FACTS device and concluded that STATCOM based switches helps to control the electronic power in case or reactive power system. N. K. Roy et. al. [20] investigated the DSTATCOM applications for improved voltage profile for wind generation provided with distributed network. The paper also covers the analysis of wind farm dynamics on distributed network which highlight the wind generation integration by significant effect of stable voltage on the system. This analysis also expresses the significant impact of the voltage raise in distribution network in caused by the high penetration of DG. In short, the DSTATCOM can be considered as the effective device for voltage increase in wind generation by distribution network. N. Hari et. al. [21] For power quality improvement N. Hari Participated by developing a unique UPQC control scheme and propound the algorithms for implantation of power quality improvement strategy in order to enhance the UPQC performance. Md. Ashfanoor Kabir et. al. [22] Variate the power factors to improve the power quality by reducing tremendous number of harmonic components in current. As a result of this the digital control of SAFP on p-q theory improved the power quality faster the SDM technique. V. Yuvaraj et. al. [23] Showed power quality improvement by using the FACTS based control scheme in grid. The grid was connected with non-linear load and wind generating system. The effects of the power quality issues on the end users also discussed. N. Masood et. al. [24] Proposed a sunt compensation method which was very cost effective and applied to Bangladesh power systems to solve the short voltage problem. The shunt capacitors were used with shunt compensator and the problem was solved successfully with the improvement of the power system. Ofualagba et. al. [25] describe the wind energy conversion system’s electrical generation portion. He also proposes that the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) are not beneficial for
  • 30. 30 operation at different speeds. Any type of the load can be handled by the induction generator, it also provides the unity power factor for the compensated load. K.Georgaka et. al. [26] Recommended a versatile PWM switching technique for power efficiency and power factor improvement by applying it to a low power electronic convertor system. This technique appeared as a modified form of traditional PWM techniques in which voltage was obtained by shifting the current to the left side of the grid. M. Muthazhagi et. al. [27] presented a shunt active filter to manage harmonics in power system. The three control systems were presented and compared to make sure the availability of the current and voltage is the same phase. In first scheme the baser on reference voltage the capacitor voltage was regulated in the source current for harmonic reduction whereas the second scheme provide the compensation on current generation from the Fourier transform. The third and last scheme was responsible for controlling the active filter by using fuzzy logic in case in any uncertainty. K.R.Sujal et. al. [28] Recommended a scheme for the power quality improvement in grid connecting the non-linear load and wind generating system by using the STATCOM tool. He also presented the issues and concerns of the consumers effected with electric utility. Sunil et. al. [29] Expressed the STATCOM based control scheme and highlight the issues of power quality and its effects on consumers. This scheme represents the power to diminish the effects of harmonic current and support the wind generator for the reactive power demand. G. Tian et. al. [30] Narrated that during normal operations the Grid connected WTGS is responsible for voltage changes at PCC caused by aerodynamics aspects. This research paper also explains the STATCOM usage to compensate voltage changes to make progress in power quality of wind turbines. Ilango K. et. al. [31] Participated by providing the detailed description of ICOSΦ control algorithm along improved Prompt Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) for renewable energy source. His research result shows reactive power compensation achieved by the instigation of the modified ICOSΦ algorithm and modified IRPT control algorithm. D.Nair et. al. [32] Explain the usage of the non-linear load cause harmonic pollution a serious problem in the modern power systems. The modification standards for these problems were
  • 31. 31 also generated to trace the configuration paths for solution. The modified methods were used to solve such problems which were directly linked with the non linear load causing the harmonic pollution. K. Shanthini et. al. [33] presented the power quality issues and proposed a UPFC controller device for improvement in power quality in grid which get connected with wind generating system along non-linear load. He also propounds that reactive power compensation and its consequences on the end used with its impact. Aggrawal M et. al. [34] Analyze the DDSTATCOM functionality with low voltage distribution system. The result of the research papers shows satisfactory output in response to the proposed techniques for regulation of voltage, harmonic elimination, load balancing and distribution system in distributed generation. P. Kumar et. al. [35] Narrated that with passage of time the increasing demand of power in everyday life is getting the attention towards generating alternatives to cope up the power shortage. Due to energy crisis the development of dual stator PM brushless dc motor ca be helpful as it is reliable, high power density and reduce the torque ripples. The PMBLDC motor design can cause low rotor inertia and high rotor speed motor supply whereas the traditional dc motor lack these characteristics. R.Dehini et. al. [36] have explained the ways for power factor improvement on the basic analysis of power flow by D-STATCOM functioning and provide the analysis of the active and reactive powers by presenting a compensation phenomenon for voltage sag and swell. T.Roy et al. [37] Investigated about the voltage sag problem with help of STATCOM and design model for simulation of 12pulse DSTATCOM to GTOS of the inverter & cleared that DSTATCOM works good in mitigating voltage sag which was generated by three phase to ground fault. B. Shyam et. al. [38] Recommended a systematic wind energy conversion system on a small-scale using power electronic converts and permanent magnet generators. In his proposed scale the changing frequency and magnitude of PMG are constantly interchangeable to DC by
  • 32. 32 using a full bridge rectifier, a convertor (closed loop boost) and by using the Grid interfacing inverter its output can be converted into AC. D. Srinivas et al. [39] suggested a control scheme by using MATLAB/SIMULINK for the grid which was connecting the system of wind energy generation for improving their power quality. This scheme was able to neutralize the harmonic effect of the load current. It was also helpful in maintain the source voltage in the grid system. it was used to backing the reactive power required for wind generator, thus it was providing the chances to transmission line to increase its utilization factor. K.S.Sandhu et. al. [40] Express that when induction generator operates in grid which is connected mode or in self- excited mode its paraments effect the power quality. In order to get the better power quality supply. Md. N. Islam et. al. [41] concluded that the transmission control line of the voltage can be handled by modeled STATCOM and the VR control mode can be controlled by the sunt device. The result after the analysis showed that the shunt device with resulted switching scheme functions successfully in real time as compare to voltage controller and it provides the dynamic stability with a wide range of control the reactive power. Y.Oguz et. al. [42] proposed the AC-DC-AC design and conversion control for VSWECS with PMSG. He showed that ADDC power converter is a dynamic rectifier and it is made up of IGBT 6 pieces of semi conductive circuit elements. Considering the speed of PMSG the Rotor angle and current control of trigger circuit were made and evaluate the purpose of controlling the voltage source rectifier (VSR). An inverter (VSI) also used to decrease the terrible effects from harmonics establishes by generating frequencies on the current voltage to obtain power in the desired value and quality of the inverter output. C.Teavoth et. al. [43] recommended a scheme bases on STATCOM for improving the power quality in grid system connected with wind generating system. The concerns along its effects on end users also presented in this research.
  • 33. 33 B. Singh et. al. [44] designed a Minnesota rectifier and showed its performance and simulation power for a mid-point convertor fed SRM drive and described its advantages in comparison of a diode bridge converter fed SRM drive. The current harmonics injection is simply done by the switching leg as the proposed circuit in the research was a consisting mainly of two witches. The basic operational and optimal design of the circuit was also proposed in the research. Benaissa et. al. [45] explained the performance improvement control of a sunt APF under dangerous voltage conditions by using fifth level fuzzy logic.to generate the switching signals he used the sunt based AFP for optimizing the current generation reference using the modified version of p-q theory and PDPWM. Swati Devabhaktuni et. al. [46] suggested the use of the vector control for self-excited induction generator under variable multiples of AC-DC converter. During this analysis three types of multiples were used including twelve pulse, eighteen pulse and twenty-four pulse. The results of these three converts were compare with the conventional AC-DC six pulse converter. S. R. Arya et al.[47] highlight the modified synchronous detection control algorithm effectiveness under non ideal conditions of voltage and AC. He demonstrated it by implementing the nonlinear load with self-supporting DC bus of VSC of DSTATCOM. R.K Ahuja et. al. [48] propose voltage sad reduction using DSTATCOM after proposing the three phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) analysis with DSTATCOM as voltage regulator. This regulator was able to provide the quick response and maintaining the voltage at different terminals even in case of extra load provided. For the reactive power it acts as the source of sink. D. P.Kadam et al. [49] concluded that on the large scale wind system the voltage sag problem is rare and in case of its occurrence it needs to be investigated. The STATCOM application equipped with squirrel cage induction generator helped in improving the reactive power at any fault conditions whether those faults were symmetrical or unsymmetrical.
  • 34. 34 C. K. Vasoya et. al. [50] expressed the detailed review on the power quality problems and solution with help of DSTATCOM controller. He presented the methods to improve the power quality system distribution linked with the power generation. Jayaprakash et. al. [51] design a method to enhance the power quality for compensation of voltage and current loss in grid which lies in connection with wind energy system with help of Unified Power Quality Conditioner. He also stated that the UPQC controllers helps in implementation of the source voltage by using the algorithm which cis designed to minimize the effect of current. A. Ejlali et al. [52] proposed method for Concurrent control of speed variables in presence of non-linear load by improving the grid quality. To capture the maximum energy the use if speed variable DFIG was very helpful. The proposed scheme provides the sole control of reactive as well active power and able to manage the non-linear harmonic load. Mokhtar Aly et. al. [53] presented a strapping research on thermal behavior and lifetime assessment for WECS s which shows the effect of the added DSTATCOM functionality, he also proposed other modes of resilient micro grid operations. R. M. Monteiro et. al. [54] highlight the STATCOM importance in wind farms operations where fluctuation in voltage were causing low and high rides and it was not enough to use the capacitor bank for wind power compensation by the reactive power. Any sudden change in the wind generator caused by any fault can generate problem among power supply or power demand. The grid codes require the low voltage Ride and wind turbine are needed to show the connect status to the grid network. With the help of STATCOM the fear of wind power generation loss is decreased and with the help of TSO an efficient and reliable operation system can be maintained at high wind power penetration levels. STATCOM is very helpful in voltage maintenance during severe conditions that may collapse the system. Liu Lei,Wang et. al. [55] indicate the hybrid energy storage system with STATCOM. This device is used to reduce the changes in the voltages to enhance competence of the wind turbine. The other reason of using the STATCOM is that it runs safely in both conditions (the conditions includes normal and faulty). In order to get stability in the grid voltage a strategy is used which
  • 35. 35 combines the positive and negative control sequences separately with harmonic control. Based on super capacitors HESS LiFePO4 lithium battery adapted the double-loop control strategy to minimize the fluctuation in the grid power. G.Muni Reddy et. al. [56] expressed the TLI based STATCOM with FLC for improvement in power quality with grid attached with WECS and non-linear load. With help of MATLAB/SIMULINK the simulation of STATCOM-BESS was carried out. The results after the simulation showed that after injecting the load into the power system the potential of the harmonics can be neutralized or cancelled. Mohammad Mahdianpoor et. al. [57] presented that by applying DSTATCOM and the BFCL together the result was increase in capability of Wt. The DSTATCOM harmonic filter parameters can be affected by the aging and thermal drift and cause reduction in the performance. In this study the QFT approach was used as robust control scheme to cancel the effect of filter parameters variations. N.Izadpanahi B. Fani. A. Etesami et. al. [58] describe the linearization of the input output feedback for improving and controlling the various parameters. The IEEE-9 bus standard grid method has been utilized in this research. The results after simulation presents that FACT controller devices in the field of reactive power causes grid voltage performance to improve normal working state. Takaaki Tanaka et. al. [59] The capability of compensation of reactive power of MMCC is investigated in this paper for windfarms located on offshore. The STATCOM application along SSBC and SDBC circuit technologies area also used to operate different asymmetrical faults to complete the grid codes. Ahmed Gad et. al. [60] proposed an imaginary system with static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and compare the result. By using STATCOM after simulation the results showed that it has reactive power in best way to restore and also provide the voltage stability for the wind farms. It was also noticed that the rating of STATCOM was greatly influenced by the existence of
  • 36. 36 fixed capacitor banks which in return cause the decrease in device cost. For dynamic behavior investigation of this system a model of FSWT was also presented. Wesam Rohouma et. al. [61] proposed the capacitor-less approach of DSTATCOM with matrix converter controlled using MPC. Principles operations of 3x3 MC were introduced. An algorithm was also proposed for the DSTATCOM and simulation result presented the effective power consumption can be achieved by using the inductors rather than capacitors which use as an energy storage unit. Mohamed I. Mosaad et. al. [62] expresses the abnormal behavior of operations considering the LVRT and dealing with this situation use of MRAC of STATCOM can improve the integration of WECS into the grid. It was mainly proposed to compel the system voltage at PCC to follow the related reference voltage, model by angle changing of SPWM in order to regulate the VAR flow between STATCOM and grid. Eklas Hossain et. al. [63] presented the power quality issues based on renewable energy source like solar and wind energy in distributed generation system of power. A comprehensive study shows the issues concerned with power quality, their sources and parameters. Different techniques to monitor power quality are carried out by using different applications of CPDs for minimizing the power quality problems.
  • 37. 37 CHAPTER 3 STATCOM AND DSTATCOM 3.1 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) 3.1.1 Introduction A stable compensator can ideally be changed into a modified static VR compensator by using a shunt in its production phase. This device also helps in providing the reactive support to the bus. Voltage source converter get linked along the energy storage devices on one side whereas the other side of the circuits get in contact with the power system. A Voltage source Converter (VSC) is used in its composition which is used for the capacitor switching and control the reactors in a stable state. There is practice of using semiconductor devices in Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and it performs like self- commutated power source like MCT, GTO, IGCT and IGBT with high losses and cost too. There is the use of the thermistor devices in SVC which is the variable type of the impedance. In comparison to STATCOM the SVC is more advantageous. Some characteristics of SVC are following: 1. SVC is more responsive than STATCOM 2. SVC components require less space as compare to STATCOM components which are bulky like laminated rectories 3. It is easily restored and intrinsically modulated 4. Its unique properties helped it to easily collaborate with power sources like fuel cells and SMES 5. In case of shortage in voltage the mean performance of the STATCOM need to be maintained whereas in case of SVC the voltage of the system drops because of exceeding the limit of reactive current. The extreme power of the reactive current by measuring rating of other components like capacitors and reactors which are used to store and conduct the current.
  • 38. 38 A GTO device was used in Japan with rating of 4.5 KV,3 000 amperes using 80MVA STATCOM in 1991. Another device was also used with 4.5KV and 4000 amperes rating at Tennessee Valley (TVA)at Sullivan Sub Station in 1995. The main idea for installing this was to handle the load variation condition on daily basis by regulating the minimum use of the transformer banks tap changers duty. The failure chances increase when the tap changers are forced to work repeatedly the same problem. Later on the name of STATCOM was also turned as SVC so it is also a static condenser. [b1-b3]. 3.2 STATCOM OPERATION PRINCIPLE There is similarity in the operating principle of Static Synchronous Compensator (SATCOM) with compensator or synchronous condenser. In connected form and used to provide the reactive power variably in order to regulate voltage of bus. The wind and solar form of energy help the STATCOM in grid code compliance, their transmission and distribution in the form of improved transmission and distribution capacity up to certain level. A circuit of SC is shown in Fig: 3.1 and a synchronous condenser which is expressed by E provide the source of AC voltage. The magnitude of the voltage is measured by regulating the field current. The difference of the bus voltage (V) and generated voltage (E) will be considered as zero if the phase angle (f) loses its value as its evident from the given fig: 3.1. the reactive current supply magnitude varies then the better quality of phase magnitude appears. If we consider E=V then the reactive current value will be 0. In case if E is grated the V then SC will work like a capacitor, and if E is smaller the V then SC will work like inductor. The amount of drawn reactive current (Ir) is equal to zero as shown in the figure. 𝐼𝑟 = 𝑉 − 𝐸 𝑋′ Figure 3.1: A synchronous condenser
  • 39. 39 An interchangeable circuit of STATCOM which was also known as static condenser STATCOM before this also found. It shows direct correspondence with the capacitors between AC and DC voltage which is known as VDC. In fig:3.2 a single phase STATCOM circuit diagram is shown. The VDC voltage will be remain same if the DC site of the battery is present like energy source. A self-commutated state of a switch in shown in the figure Figure 3.2: A single phase STATCOM Figure 3.3: The waveform of VPN On base of GTOs the two switches names T1 and T2 are used in one cycle and they get switched off and on one in every cycle. Each switch’s period of conduction is 180± and requires careful analysis to observe that T1 is off when T2 is On and T1 is on when T2 is off. For reverse conduction of the current two diodes named D1 and D2 are used. The capacitors charge ensures whether the diodes are revers biased or forward biased.
  • 40. 40 With help of voltage(V) supply the switches worked in a synchronized manner which assumed as sinusoidal of frequency, the rams value (E1) can be calculated by using the given expression If E1> V, a sufficient amount of reactive current will be drawn by using STATCOM whereas in opposite situation the current will perform the induction. It is important to notice there are different approaches used for the SVC and the current generated through it will be positive. Suppose if T1 is switched on and current Ir passing through a negative circuit and owes through T1 then the current will become zero after 90±. As the value of Ir increases above zero it changes into positive value and the diode D1 start the conduction process. On other hand when T2 turns on and off the similar event happen. So, in both cases T1 and T2 help to stop the process of conduction before turning on. Similarly, when Ir is positive and iterative then at any point T1 turns on it pass through diode D1. After reaching to 90± the current flows through T1 and reverse its direction. The current reach at its maximum value at the time of T1 switch gets off so there appear the need of self-commutated devices like GTOs in response to STATCOM feature of drawing reactive current. When Ir is inductive the T1 and T2 carry with maximum amount of current. In Fig. 3.4 a stable control state of STATCOM is shown. The ISTATCOM is considered as pure reactive by neglecting the losses occurred in STATCOM.in SVC the capacitive operations are indicated by the negative current whereas the inductive operations are indicated by the positive current. These limitations for the capacitive and inductive currents are symmetrical (IMAX). The slope BC shows the positive properties for the V-I to 1) evade STATCOM striking the boundaries regularly and 2) allowing the corresponding functionalities for two or more than two units. The reference voltage resembles to zero current output and generally the STATCOM is functioned close to Zero.
  • 41. 41 Figure 3.4: Control characteristics of a STATCOM [b3] The availability occurrences during normal output operating condition is fully dynamic and can be controlled by mechanically switching the connected reactors with STATCOM in parallel position [36]. 3.3 A SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF A THREE PHASE SIX PULSE STATCOM A high-power Six pulse GTO circuit based on STATCOM is shown in figure. 3.5 Figure 3.5: A six pulse VSC circuit [b3] .
  • 42. 42 There are six switches in the circuit connected with 6 GTO thermistors with anti-parallel diodes at six pulse grates bridge. The circuits analysis shows that it only conducts the current once during one cycle when the voltage cycle conducts for 180±. The sequence of switches is also provided and they turn on accordingly the other two switches also operate in repetitive manner at the side of the series. Only one switch helps to prevent the short circuit of capacitor during conduction. So, the switch 1 must be turned off before the switch 4 turned on and vice versa. To express an analysis for quality performance initially we will consider these factors  DC side voltage is constant due to infinite size of capacitor  The loss of current is ignored in circuit The waveform of the voltage (EaN) is shown Fig.3.3. the wave form of EbN and EcN are also same except the distance between them which apart them by 120±.(𝐸𝑏𝑁 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠𝐸 𝑎𝑀 𝑏𝑦 120º and 𝐸𝑐𝑁 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠𝐸𝑏𝑁 𝑏𝑦120º). The voltages 𝐸 𝑎𝑛 , 𝐸𝑏𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐𝑛 (measure w.r.t. the neutral source) and ca be obtained by following these equations From circuit symmetry it can be shown as By substituting the Eq. (3.6) in (3.3) to (3.5) we will get
  • 43. 43 And The waveform of 𝐸 𝑎𝑛is given in Fig. 3.6 (which shows voltage supply). The fundamental component of frequency (rms value) of Ean can be obtained as Figure 3.6 Waveform of Ean and Va
  • 44. 44 The harmonic component Van is found through The rms value of fundamental components of current Ir can be calculated from The harmonic current (rams) is obtained as AC current waveform The instantaneous current in phase A is obtained from Since Ean (t) varies depending upton the interval in which it lies and can deliver different expressions ia(t). However, in all intervals,
  • 45. 45 Fig. 3.7 shows the AC waveform as generated from Eq. (3.17) to (3.20) for V=1:0(L=0:2, Ir=0:1). The leading and lagging current waveform are shown as the lagging current flows through the GTO thermistor switch 1 and also reverse the flow through the anti-parallel diode. The peak GTO thermistor turn off current (in capacitive mode) can be obtained from Eq.3.7 (if t=0) as 3.4 DISTRIBUTION STATCOM 3.4.1 Introduction The unbalance of the current and fluctuations in reactive power demand are caused through major fluctuating loads like arc furnaces, electric traction and steel rolling mills. The remuneration of load by shunt that are connected with compensators are working fast and helps in maintaining unity power factor by balancing the load. For useful utilization of the distributed system the power factor is helping in minimizing the line current for the given demand of the load. This also helps in reduction of the line losses. The power generated disturbances occur on all electrical systems
  • 46. 46 and make them more susceptible to the power quality supply. For few other devices the disturbance can cause the scrambled data and interrupted mode of communication which leads to the system failure. The skipping of the power voltage can also affect the other major parts of the power quality system. The voltage fluctuations due to source impedance are mainly caused by the load currents with large figure of the reactive components. A shunt compensator proves helpful for decreasing the value of voltage at point of common coupling. In case of source voltage changing the shunt, compensator can also achieve the target in this case too [14]. The voltage regulation effectiveness is mainly the functionality of the system impedance. For the improvement in power voltage supply, flicker the fast regulation of voltage is required[b1-b3]. 3.4.2 Compensation Using DSTATCOM The equations (3.21) to (3.22) mainly done with SVC delta connection, these are needed to compensate the current flow for unbalance reactive power which is drawn by phase three connected to linear load. If STATCOM is used for this purpose rather than SVC it will be easy for the current to get inoculated with help of DSTATCOM. Its already declared in [15] that use of a switching device like DSTATCOM with a compensator can help in reimbursing the sudden loss in reactive power. If STATCOM is used for reimbursement instead of SVC, it will be effective for the currents to get injected by DSTATCOM. It is mentioned in [15] that a compensator with switching devices (such as a DSTATCOM) can compensate for the abrupt reactive power. This reactive power (q)can be defined as 𝑞 = 𝑣 𝑎 𝑖 𝛽 − 𝑣 𝛽 𝑖 𝑎 (3.21) A linear balanced load connected across a constant voltage (V) and balancing the supply with voltage can be defined by using following expression
  • 47. 47 As the load gets linear and balanced then the current is also balanced and sinusoidal de¯ned by So the instantaneous current iact(t) and ip(t) (defined as p§(t) = v(t)j) are identically given by 𝑖 𝑝( 𝑡) = 𝑖 𝑎𝑐𝑡( 𝑡) = 𝐺𝑣( 𝑡) = ( 𝑃∑ 𝑉∑ ) 𝑣( 𝑡) (3.22) This shows that iq(t) defined by 𝑖 𝑞( 𝑡) = 𝑖( 𝑡) − 𝑖 𝑝( 𝑡) (3.23)
  • 48. 48 From equation it can be concluded that the current can be compensated by a converter without storing the energy in terms of voltage 𝑣 𝑇 𝑖 𝑞 = 0 (3.24) 3.4.3 Application of DSTATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation and Voltage Regulation To handle the regulation of the reactive power in voltage regulation an application of DSTATCOM was introduced by using the GTO devices. There was the use of SVCs as well for this purpose. Electronic power-based load mainly causes the power degradation in the main power line used for the transmission. Due to this the altering actions, harmonic distortion and voltage unbalance in their nonlinearity produced. It was advised that in order to sustain the bus voltage a specified amount of reactive power needs to get injected by the transmission controlling angle. As compare to SVC the DSTATCOM is more advantageous as discussed in chapter 6. The main benefits of DSTATCOM is the improvement of speed performance and management of transient overload (up to 1 second). It also helps in lowering the voltage [45]. The benefits obtained are 1. Limiting the voltage swells due to capacitor switching 2. The reduction in Common feeder faults related to capacitor voltage 3. The change in the customer load can cause changes in the voltage or we can say that Reduction of voltage fluctuations cause by change in customer load. It was found that voltage changes can cause to reduce it from 2.5% to 0.2% with DSTATCOM. The voltage flicker reduces this way. 4. Frequency of mechanical switching operations depending on control algorithm is reduced and prove helpful for the maintenance purpose 5. Maximum increase in system load ability (increase in the induction motor load that can remain stale through major disturbance) A DSTATCOM controller [48] has three following levels 1. Fast and efficient voltage regulator
  • 49. 49 2. Overload management controller and current limiter 3. Slows the resetting control For a limited number of cycles, the voltage regulator produces the response. In the second level of control the capability of DSTATCOM get inherited and used for better response during securing other circuits. The third level of control mainly deals with the slow resetting and make sure that DSTATCOM limits or extends the time period. This objective ensures that DSTATCOM remains active in order to give a quick response to upcoming hurdles. CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED MODEL AND METHDOLOGY ___________________________________________________ 4.1 BASICS OF POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORKS The transmission of bulk power is at higher voltages on the other hand the distribution networks are generally operate below 100KV.the transmission grid is always a great network of power stations, their substations and the interconnected transmission lines. With the help o three phase the energy mostly transferred into the grid system. The electricity is carried out through the transmission lines to the required places. The operating lines which operate at high efficiency are
  • 50. 50 generally connected through transformers at different voltages. There is no control of power flow in AC lines. The protection against faults (caused by was hovers due to over voltages on the lines or reduced clearances to ground) is mechanically operated by circuit breakers CB. For example, generating a station to a load center is connected to a transmission line in fig 4.1 A. Ignoring the line charging and assuming the line to be lossless, the power flow is given by [b2]. P= 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑋 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2) (4.1) In which X is the series line reactance. The power injected by the power station determines the flow of power in the line by making sure V1 and V2 to be held constants (through voltage regulators at the two ends). P = PG (Note that usually there could be more than one line transmitting power from a generating station to a load center) is automatically enabled and adjusted by the difference in the bus angles. By the tripping of the generators, the output of the power station may have to be reduced if the lines are tripped so in operation avoid to overloading the remaining lines. (a)
  • 51. 51 Figure 4.1: (a) A line supplying power to a load(b)A transmission line carrying power Another situation is shown in fig 4.1 b. where a line supplies power to a load located at bus. The load supply determines the power flow in the line, applied in the EQ 4.1. Infinite bus models the load center which ca absorbed theoretically, the generation station supplies power to it, this is the difference between the two situations. 4.2 DATA COLLECTION APPROACH For the designing of STATCOM and DSTATCOM facts devices, we used six IEE standard papers for the proposed research. The simulation of STATCOM and DSTATCOM is done and designed using MATLAB Simulink as the research is based on MATLAB and IEEE papers gives input parameters. Facts devices have the incorporation and additional parameters which altered the research. In power quality out, there are many researches but for good results we need to compare three facts devices for the improvement of power quality. 4.2.1 Wind energy in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh Installation of 14.4 MW wind energy comprising eighteen Wind Energy Converters (WECs) of capacity 800 kW each in Madhya Pradesh state of India are included in dewas project. Enercon India Lmd applies the WEC E-53. Madhya Pradesh state electricity grid which is part of the NEWNE (Northern, Eastern, Western and North-Eastern) grid of India take the electricity produced with renewable source. CEPCO Industries Pvt. Ltd. (CIPL) and Enercon (India) Power Development Pvt. Ltd. (EIPDPL) are undertaken for this project. To generate electricity from renewable and clean source of energy are the objectives of this projects. In the earlier the problems which were faced are as following  Fossil fuels based plants were the source of production of the electricity which increased greenhouse gas emission.  Rise in pollution level  Climate change due to adverse impact on climate The steps which are taken to overcome such problems are as follow
  • 52. 52  For operation and maintenance of the project activity and Enercon (India) Power Development Pvt. Ltd. (EIPDPL). PP has entered into agreement with Enercon.  Under a long-term power purchase agreement (PPA) the generated electricity will be supplied to Madhya Pradesh Power Trading Company Ltd (MPPTCL).  Ratedi Hills Substation connects with itself the machines of the project activity and and machines of the other project developers. Metering point is connected with 18 machines of the project activity along with other wind farm developers at Ratedi Hills site. One main meter is comprised by the metering point and check meter that is installed at 132 kV metering point at the Ratedi Hills substation.  From the MPPTCL and Enercon a joint meter reading in the presence of officials, the electricity supplied to the grid is monthly recorded. The value of energy imported and exported is consisted on the joint meter reading. For raising the invoices this data is used. After the implementation the obtaining results are as follow  Social well-being - Building of infrastructure necessary to operate wind energy plant, the project site, growth preparation, operation and maintenance are helpful for generating local employment. So, it improves the living standard of the local population and also improves the rural communities.  Economic well-being – if it improves the living standard of the nation.  Technological well-being- the project activity promotes the clean technology in the region as it motivates the industries to one wind mill Ds helpful for the economic adopt the modern technology. It will a good future to the technology.  Environmental well-being - wind produces energy which is helpful for cleaning the environment Following data of electricity generation of syzlone wind mill Dewas by S.C. Commander software.
  • 53. 53 Figure 4.2: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 1) Figure 4.3 : Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO16)
  • 54. 54 Figure 4.4: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO13) Figure 4.5: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO11)
  • 55. 55 Figure 4.6: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 6) Figure 4.7: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 5)
  • 56. 56 Figure 4.8: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 3) Figure 4.9: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 2)
  • 57. 57 Figure 4.10: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO18) Figure 4.11: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (04 JANUARY 2015)
  • 58. 58 Figure 4.12 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (05 JANUARY 2015) Figure 4.13: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (13 JANUARY 2015)
  • 59. 59 Figure 4.14: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (12 JANUARY 2015) Figure 4.15: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (11 JANUARY 2015)
  • 60. 60 Figure 4.16: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (10 JANUARY 2015) Figure 4.17: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (09 JANUARY 2015)
  • 61. 61 Figure 4.18: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (08 JANUARY 2015) Figure 4.19: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (07 JANUARY 2015)
  • 62. 62 Figure 4.20: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (06 JANUARY 2015) Figure 4.21: Generation Data Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (14 JANUARY 2015)
  • 63. 63 Figure 4.22: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 18) Figure 4.23: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG N013)
  • 64. 64 Figure 4.24: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN0 11) Figure 4.25: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN06)
  • 65. 65 Figure 4.26 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG N05) Figure 4.27: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN04)
  • 66. 66 Figure 4.28: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN03) Figure 4.29 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG N02)
  • 67. 67 Figure 4.30: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN01) Figure 4.31: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN016)
  • 68. 68 Figure 4.32: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 11) Figure 4.33: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 13)
  • 69. 69 Figure 4.34: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN01) Figure 4.35 Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTG NO 05)
  • 70. 70 Figure 4.36: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN04) Figure 4.37: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN02)
  • 71. 71 Figure 4.38: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 16) Figure 4.39: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGN03)
  • 72. 72 Figure 4.40: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 06) Figure 4.41: Generation Data Suzlon Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh (WTGNO 18)
  • 73. 73 Table 4.1 Daily Generation Data from All Turbine of Suzlon Energy (WIND FARM DEWAS DEC 14-JAN 15) PAHER/Ph.D/DAILY GEN ALL TURBINE/DEC2014-JAN15/1 S.N DATE GEN IN Kwhr 1 DEC 15 2014 1525 2 DEC 16 2014 3175 3 DEC 17 2014 2153 4 DEC 18 2014 5018 5 DEC 19 2014 4608 6 DEC 29 2014 2131 7 DEC 21 2014 2640 8 DEC 22 2014 1281 9 DEC 23 2014 3087 10 DEC 24 2014 3722 11 DEC 25 2014 6586 12 DEC 26 2014 4585 13 DEC 27 2014 1643 14 DEC 28 2014 5802 15 DEC 29 2014 5968 16 DEC 30 2014 8004 17 DEC 31 2014 5066 18 JAN 1 2015 687 19 JAN 2 2015 133 20 JAN 3 2015 353 21 JAN 4 2015 1767 22 JAN 5 2015 8 23 JAN 6 2015 154 24 JAN 7 2015 54 25 JAN 8 2015 0 26 JAN 9 2015 357 27 JAN 10 2015 171
  • 74. 74 28 JAN 11 2015 196 29 JAN 11 2015 30 30 JAN 13 2015 143 31 JAN 14 2015 1250 Table 4.2 Yearly Generation Data from All Turbine of Suzlon Energy Wind Grid Dewas (PAHER/PhD/Yearly Gen All Turbine/2014-15/1) S.N MONTH GEN IN UNIT 1 Feb-14 100368 2 Mar-14 133707 3 Apr-14 187796 4 May-14 207883 5 Jun-14 358161 6 Jul-14 287193 7 Aug-14 185224 8 Sep-14 107117 9 Oct-14 68046 10 Nov-14 45836 11 Dec-14 114237 12 Jan-15 5303 4.3 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM FOR DFIG MODEL The prime mover consisting of the pitch angle controller, the wind turbine and the shaft, the DFIG, control system regulating active and reactive power of the DFIG through the RSC and a protection system are the main components are the main components of the DIFG model Figure 4.42. The rooter side convertor in case of faults to protect the RSC from over current
  • 75. 75 and in wind turbines to short circuit (with small impedance) the Crowbar protection is increasingly used.  Figure 4.42: Block diagram of a induction generator Through additional impedance the convertor is blocked and bypassed, the rooter convertor rating the current when the rooter current exceeds. The torque characteristics improve during voltage sags after the additional impedance which reduces amount of reactive power absorbed by the machine.[4]. The size of the convertor is neither related to the total generated power button the selected sped range nor to the split. The size and cost of the convertor increases by increasing the speed range requirements around the synchronous. Mostly DIFGS are typical high-power wind turbine generators that allow an effective reactive power control along with a small size rooter that is only 25% total rating of the turbine and also allow the more speed control of about 25% synchronous. 4.4 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAME OF STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR Transfor mer DFIG Prime Mover & Gear system GRID SIDE ROTOR SIDE CONTROL SIGNAL FOR CONVERTOR
  • 76. 76 A controlled reactive power source is called STATCOM. The provision of the desired reactive power generation and absorption entirely by mean of processing the electric voltages and current waveforms in a voltage source converter (VSC). In Fig 4.43 a single line power circuit is shown where through a magnetic coupling a VSC is connected to a utility bus and behind the reactance STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source. This shows that there is no need for reactive power generation and absorption to the capacitor banks and shunt reactors, a compact design is given in STATCOM [5]. An improvement in power system performance given by STATCOM is as follow. The distribution systems and dynamic voltage controlling transmission. In power transmission systems the power oscillation damping. Active power in the connected line requiring a dc energy source, the control of reactive power and the voltage thicker control, the transient stability. 4.5 DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR (D-STATCOM) The most common problem which is faced by many industries and utilities is power quality problem such as voltage sag. It offers more than 80% power quality problems which exist in power systems. In reactive loads a lot of power consumption problems has been drawn. In distribution system the DSTATCOM is used for the reactive power compensation and power unbalance due to various loads in the circuit. It is also assumed that the DSTATCOM is mostly linked with the load that gives remote supply and in connection with the stiff source it cause distortion in the current and voltage at the common point of coupling. To reduce the active power flow capability of distribution system which also affects the voltage profile and to increase the feeder losses are the demand of active reactive power. In the distribution systems the majority of loads are linear lagging power factor and non -linear balanced and unbalanced loads. By the DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) at the point of common coupling (PCC) this kind of problems can be mitigated. A self -excited induction generator is passes through a process in which a capacitor bank is connected across the induction
  • 77. 77 generator. Terminals of an induction machine, driven by an External prime mover, voltage will be induced at its terminals when capacitors are connected across the stator. Until steady state is attained the induced elf and current in the stator windings will continue to rise it shows reactive power supplied by capacitor bank is balanced by reactive power absorbed by load. There is minimum speed for a particular capacitance value in order to excitation to occur. There are some advantages for over the synchronous generator of self- excited induction generator (SEIG), brushless (squirrel-cage rotor), reduced size, rugged and low cost are osmoregulation. The excitation capacitance values, change in wind velocity and load conditions are the things in which the generated voltage of this examples. The value of induction generator depends on the prime mover speed, capacitor bank size and load characteristics as it offers the poor voltage r the SEIG mainly dependent. A group of capacitators can supply the reactive power requirement by the induction generator. The induction generators will not build up voltage, if the capacitance is insufficient. For building up the terminal voltage there is a need of reactive drawback for the induction generator. The capacitors connected across its terminals supplies the excitation current in the SEIG. In remote areas Self-excited induction generators are good candidates for wind powered, electric generation application, in the magnetic need there is no need for external for external power supply 4.5.1 Control Scheme As Distribution STATCOM (DSTATCOM), the static compensator (STATCOM) is identified in low distribution system. A three-phase and shunt connected power electronics based device is called D-STATCOM. The additional demand of reactive power is fulfilled by the DSTATCOM under varying loads by the connection of DSTATCOM across the SEIG. The terminal voltage constant with variation in load as the loads the DSTATCOM acts as a source of lagging or leading currents. The three phases of DSTATCOM are three-phase IGBT (Insulated gate bipolar transistor) based current controlled voltage source inverter, DC bus capacitor and AC inductors. Through the AC filtering inductor to the SEIG terminals, the output of the inventor of the AC is connected. Provision of the self -supporting DC bus, is a function of DC bus capacitor which is used as an energy storage device. Energy storage circuit Voltage source converter
  • 78. 78 Figure 4.44: Schematic Diagram of D-STATCOM 4.6 PROPOSED RESEARCH (STATCOM& DSTATCOM) Concerning a wind farm interconnection to a power grid concerns its dynamic stability on the power system [1] is one of the burning issue. In a power system the voltage instability problems occur which is not able to meet the reactive power demand during faults and heavy loading conditions. In power system Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) such as the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Distribution STATCOM are being used because they have the ability to provide the flexible power control. The main purpose of choosing the STATCOM &amp; DSTATCOM in wind farms is its ability to provide bus bar system voltage support either by supplying and/or absorbing reactive power &amp; voltage sag and swell into the system. By injecting large amounts of reactive power during fault recovery the transient behavior of wind farms can be improved [2the use of STATCOM &amp; DSTATCOM in wind farms to stabilize the grid voltage after grid disturbances such as line outages or severe system faults are examining in this research. The matching transformers so that the wind power installation does not Filter Controller
  • 79. 79 burden the system reactive power is required to compensate for the additional reactive power demand of the generator. 4.7 METHDOLOGY FOR THE PROPOSED RESEARCH The STATCOM has many characteristics for example generates a balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages—at the fundamental frequency with controllable amplitude and phase angle as it is analogous to an ideal synchronous machine. Without the need of large external reactors or capacitor banks, by generating or absorbing reactive power at the point of common coupling a STATCOM controller provides voltage support. STATCOM has showed a considerable Importance to reduce the peak and settling time of the fault and switching transients is applied by the Proposed technique named Reference Voltage Compensation (RVC) using PID control concept. Transmission line Distribution line Load Step down transformer Control unit Distributor Control unit STATCOM Wind energy sources DSTATCOM
  • 80. 80 Figure 4.45: Flow Chart Proposed Methodology 4.8 SIMULATION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH STATCOM USING WIND SOURCE 11 wind generation turbine system, having the capacity of 1.25MW with 690V generating capacity as the simulation set up consists (simulation time 18 sec). Wind farm is shown in Fig 4.46.in the Single line block diagram of the 13.75 MW. Through a step-up transformer wind generation Wind energy Sources Load Step down Transformer Distribution STATCOM Control Unit DSTATCOM Control Unit system is transmitted to a 33 KV transmission system, the power generated by each. By a step-down transformer the power is transmitted through a 11 Km transmission line and is stepped down 11KV. At the 33 KV transmission line 3.6 MVAr STATCOM is connected.
  • 81. 81 Figure 4.46: Single line diagram for the transmission systemusing STATCOM with wind energy source 4.8.1TestSystem(Wind Turbine Simulator Parameter) Parameter calculated from Suzlon energy Nagda Hills Wind farm Dewas (M.P). It is 13.75MW generating plant, generating at 690V, 50Hz & each turbine generating capacity is 1.25MW. 4.8.2 Generating data Wind speed : cut in 3m/s; rated speed 12m/s; cut out speed 25m/s Generating data : 1250KW,1590 RPM Stator resistance : .004873 Rotor resistance : .004467 Transformer data at generating end: 690V/33KV : 1.5MVA ,50 Hz Magnetizing resistance : 500pu Transformer data at transmission side : 33KV/11KV; 5MVA, 50 Hz Magnetizing resistance : 500pu
  • 82. 82 4.8.3 Transmissionline parameter R1;R0 : [0.128 ; 0.533] L1;L0 : [1.15e-3 ; 3.41e-3] C1;C0 : [11.46e-009 ; 5.24e-009] 4.8.4 STATCOM Rating : 3.6MVAr, Capacitor 10527 μF Harmonic Filter : 3ϕ double tuned, 50 Hz, Three phase fault at 0.7 to 0.72 seconds 4.8.5 Suzlone Energy Dewas Madhya Pradesh Generating Capacity : 1250KW= Each 1.25 MW Cut In speed- 3m/s Rated speed 12m/s to 25m/s Software Used S.C. Commander Suzlone SCADA system for supervision and controlling Pitch Status Pitch out 90̊ pitch 1n 0̊ & 3m/s & 15 RPM locator Anemometer C++ Programmed P4 microprocessor
  • 83. 83 4.8.6 Wind System Arrangement Gear box ratio - 1:64 24 X 64 = 1536 RPM Prime mover Wind Pole height 74m Blade 30m TYPES S66 S64 Blade Dia 66m 64m In this proposed research, Dewas is using 66m Dia system is using. 4.8.7 GenerationofEnergy by Day Basis 14 January 2015 1250 Kwh 13 143 12 30 11 196 10 171 9 357 8 0 7 54 6 154
  • 84. 84 5 8 4 1767 3 353 2 133 1 687 December 31 5066 30 8004 29 5902 28 5802 27 1643 26 4585 25 6586 24 3622 23 3087 22 1281 21 2640 20 2131 19 4608 18 5018 17 2153
  • 85. 85 16 3175 15 1525 Mouth January 15 upto 15 January 5303 December 14 114237 November 45836 October 68046 September 107117 August 185224 July 287193 June 258161 May 207883 April 187796 March 1337796 February 100368 Yearly Generation 2015 5303 2014 1475986 2013 2027655
  • 86. 86 2012 2314785 2011 2036286 2010 1995340 2009 2111406 2008 2119946 2007 1909502 2006 2221795 2005 2332252 2004 192650kwh 4.8.8 Used Dual Winding Generator 1250kw G1 G2 1000RPM 1500 Gear Ratio 1:75 Rotor blade Cut off speed 20 RPM 13RPM 3.5m/g 4pole 6 pole cut out high 1:64 1::64 25m/g Speed< 3.5m/s blade will be in free wheeling mode means no generation