Traffic managementforpolice

The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
Intensive Learning Session on Urban Planning under Market Economy

Introduction To Traffic Management

August 10, 2007

JICA Study Team

August 7, 2007 1


Contents
1. Overview of traffic management
2. Data collection and identification of problems
3. Data Analysis
4. Formulation of solutions
5. Implementation of improvement measures
6. Operation and evaluation
7. Traffic Accident and Safety
8. Summary

August 7, 2007 2


1. Overview of Traffic Management
What is traffic management?
Rational for traffic management.
Traffic management process.

August 7, 2007 3


What is Traffic Management?
A set of traffic Engineering, Enforcement
and Educational measures to make traffic
more efficient and safer.
No acquisition of additional land.
Far less costly as compared with road
construction or road widening.
Can be implemented in a short time.
Physical and operational measures.

August 7, 2007 4


Objectives of Traffic Management
General objectives:
 Make traffic more efficient.
 Enhance traffic safety
 Reduce pollutant emission
Specific objectives:
 Promote public transport use
 Promote non-motorized transport (NMT)
 Restrict use of private cars (traffic demand
management)

August 7, 2007 5


Rationale for Traffic Management
Not enough roads to accommodate
growing traffic demand.
Cannot keep constructing new roads even
if fund is available.
New approach that relies on:

Improvement of public transport;
 Intensive management of travel demand; and
 Traffic management techniques to increase
effective capacity of available road space.
August 7, 2007 6


Traffic Management Process

August 7, 2007 7


2. Data Collection & Problem Identifications
Identification of problem (traffic congestion)
and its location.
Traffic survey.
 Various traffic surveys were conducted in this
study.
Opinion and behavior survey.

August 7, 2007 8


Traffic Congestion
Traffic congestion occurs when:
Demand>Capacity
Even small excess demand can cause heavy
congestion.

Heavy congestion in
Bangkok, Thailand
August 7, 2007 9


Bottleneck Points
A location where physical or effective
capacity decreases and congestion starts.

Intersection / roundabout
 Narrowed road section
 Roadside parking

Bus stop
 High side friction

August 7, 2007 10


Traffic Survey
Objectives: Obtain quantitative data that is
required to identify traffic problem and
formulate solutions.
Type of survey:

Intersection turning movement count
 Intersection inventory survey
 Traffic signal operation survey
 Traffic accident survey
 Travel time survey
August 7, 2007 11


Intersection Turning Movement Count
Essential for intersection capacity analysis.
Counted in vehicle and converted to PCU
(Passenger Car Unit) for peak hour.

August 7, 2007 12


Travel Time Survey
To identify bottleneck and low speed section
along the survey route.
Test vehicle runs several times along survey
route and records time at waypoints.
Travel Time Survey Travel Time Survey (Speed)

300 20.0
250
15.0
200

Speed (km/h)
Time (sec)

150
10.0
100

50 5.0

0
0.0
370

640

940

1140
0

140

0

140

370

640

1140
940
Distance (m) Distance (m)

Time-Distance Chart Travel Speed Chart
August 7, 2007 13


3. Data Analysis
Intersection capacity analysis.
Traffic flow simulation.
Traffic analysis software for PC.

August 7, 2007 14


Intersection Capacity Analysis
A procedure to analyze traffic operation at
intersection.
Helpful to examine critical movements and
overall intersection performance.
Applicable for both signalized and non-
signalized intersection.

August 7, 2007 15


Intersection Capacity Analysis
Input data:
 Directional traffic volume

Lane width and movement assignment
 Signal timing (for operational analysis of
signalized intersection only)
Analysis output:
 [Volume] / [Saturation Rate] for each movement
and overall intersection
 A set of critical movements

August 7, 2007 16


Example of Intersection Capacity Analysis

PM peak hour traffic volume Lane width & assignment

AM PM
Max N-S V/S 0.32 0.33
Max E-W V/S 0.40 0.49
Y Value 0.72 0.83
August 7, 2007 17


Traffic Flow Simulation Software
A set of computer programs that constructs
virtual road network and simulates
movements of individual vehicle on it.
Performance of network under various road
conditions and traffic demands can be
tested.

August 7, 2007 18


Input Data Required
Link, node and network configuration:
 Length, grade, lane assignment, connection,
turn pocket
Traffic control at intersection:
 Signalized and unsignalized, vehicle detector
Traffic volume and vehicle properties:

Input volume, turning movement at intersection,
vehicle performance by type, etc.

August 7, 2007 19


Simulation Output
Traffic data:

Number of trips, traffic volume, delay

Congestion data (max and average queue)
Person data:

Person-km, person-trips, delay/person
Vehicle data:

Moving time, delay time, queue time
Energy and environment:
 Fuel consumption, pollutant emission

August 7, 2007 20


Traffic Flow Animation

August 7, 2007 21


Application of Traffic Flow Simulation
Can be used for comparison and evaluation
of various traffic improvement measures
including:
 Intersection geometric improvement
 Signalization / Signal improvement
 Fly-over
 Traffic regulation (lane control, turn prohibition,
parking control, one-way, etc.)
 Public transport improvement
 HOV (high occupancy vehicle) lane

August 7, 2007 22


Advantage of Using Simulation Software
Several traffic management measures can
be tested and compared with minimal time
and cost.
Various measures of effectiveness (MoE)
can be obtained.
Visual presentation of road network and
traffic operation available.

August 7, 2007 23


Traffic Analysis Software for PC
Intersection / arterial streets / network
operation analysis software.
Many package software are available:
Highway capacity software SIG/CINEMA
Passer II/III/IV TRANSYT-
SYNCHRO 7F
SIMTRAFFIC TSIS
aaSIDRA

August 7, 2007 24


4. Formulation of Solutions
Traffic management instruments:
 Intersection geometric improvement

Traffic signal
 Transit signal priority
 Traffic sign & road marking
 Traffic demand management
 Parking management

August 7, 2007 25


Traffic Management Instruments
Various technique is available and
applicable to regulate vehicle and
pedestrian flows.
Basic rules are:
 Simplify traffic flow (reduce no. of movements)
 Segregate road users in space and time
 Increase capacity in order to accommodate
more vehicles (supply side measure)
 Restrain traffic in order to reduce traffic volume
(demand side measure)

August 7, 2007 26


Traffic Engineering Solution
What is “traffic engineering?”
 Traffic Engineering applies engineering
principles to help solve transportation problems,
and brings into play knowledge of psychology
and habits of users of the transportation
systems, aside from technical foundations.

August 7, 2007 27


Traffic Engineering Measures

August 7, 2007 28


Intersection Geometric Improvement
Regulate vehicle and pedestrian
movements at intersection by modifying
intersection geometry.
Basic rules
 Make intersection size as small as possible
 Keep number of approaches four or less

Make approach angle close to 90 degree
 Provide left turn lane if necessary
 Provide refugee space for pedestrian
August 7, 2007 29


Example of Intersection Geometric Improvement

Before After

August 7, 2007 30


Traffic Signal – Signal Warrant
Signal warrant determines whether a traffic
signal is required at a particular intersection
or not.
Factors to be considered:
Traffic volume Nearby facility
Left turn volume Traffic accident
Pedestrian volume
V/C ratio

August 7, 2007 31


Traffic Signal – Basic Parameter
Cycle (duration of 1 cycle, second)
Split (ratio of green time against cycle, %)
Offset (time difference between 2 signals with
same cycle, second or %)

August 7, 2007 32


Traffic Signal – Control Mode
Category Mode Technology Cost O/M

Isolated Fixed time Simple Low Easy

Time-of-day

Actuated

Arterial Coordinated

Area Responsive

Adaptive Sophisticated High Difficult
O/M: Operation and maintenance
August 7, 2007 33


Traffic Signal - Coordination
Signals along arterial street are coordinated to
maximize throughput and minimize delay

August 7, 2007 34


Traffic Signal – Control Mode

Fixed Time Time-of-day (TOD) Actuation

Coordinated Area Traffic Control
Traffic responsive/adaptive
August 7, 2007 35


Traffic Signal – Manual Control
Why manual control is not efficient?
 Control based on wrong perception
– Minimizing stops instead of total throughput
 Effective only for light traffic
– Not effective for near- or over-saturated traffic

Local optimization at best
– Coordination not considered, not network-wide
optimization
 Fatigue and loss of attention
– Human nature

August 7, 2007 36


Traffic Signal – Long Cycle Time
If cycle time is doubled, average delay is
also doubled with same traffic volume

SHORT CYCLE TIME LONG CYCLE TIME

GREEN GREEN
GREEN
RED RED
RED
SIGNAL SIGNAL

TIME ARRIVAL TIME ARRIVAL

August 7, 2007 37


Platoon – Group of Vehicles
In manual control, operator tends to wait for
approaching vehicle - wrong practice!

(a) Start of Green (b) Begining of Green (c) End of Green

August 7, 2007 38


Platoon Profile
Green time is wasted as it is not fully
utilized
Efficiency decreases with longer cycle
Platoon Pattern Cycle Length and Efficiency

Saturation flow level

Vehicles/Unit Green
Vehicles/Unit Green

Wasted
Green
Time

100 120 140 160 180 200
Green Time Cycle Length (sec)

August 7, 2007 39


Transit Signal Priority
Red signal is shortened or green signal is
lengthened to minimized delay of bus

August 7, 2007 40


Traffic Signs and Road Markings
Effective tool to regulate traffic
Mongolian standards established

August 7, 2007 41


5. Implementation of Improvement Measures
Cost estimate and funding
Consultation with stakeholders
Legislation and regulation
Public relations

August 7, 2007 42


Cost Estimate and Funding
Realistic cost must be estimated using
prevailing price of materials, cost of similar
works and inquiry to potential suppliers /
contractors.
Fund must be secured from annual budget,
special budget, or other sources.
Long lead time must be considered for
timely implementation.

August 7, 2007 43


Consultation with Stakeholder
Share knowledge and experience and
collaborate in formulating workable solution


Participants: Driver
(public, private),
passenger, pedestrian,
resident, shop owner,
other government
agencies (national and
local)

August 7, 2007 Stakeholder Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia 44


Information & Education Campaign
Disseminate information to foster road
user’s cooperation

Traffic rule campaign
in Hanoi, Vietnam
August 7, 2007 45


6. Operation and Evaluation
Guidance and enforcement.
Review and evaluation.

August 7, 2007 46


Role of Traffic Police
Enforcement of traffic rules.
Apprehension of violators.
 Speeding,  No left turn violation

Drunken driving  One-way violation
 Red signal violation 
No parking violation
Traffic guidance and control.

August 7, 2007 47


Traffic Control by Traffic Enforcer
Get drivers and pedestrians to obey traffic rules
and regulations – main task
Human signal controller – secondary task
Impromptu new traffic scheme not effective

Traffic police at work
August 7, 2007 48


Existing Enforcement System
Offence is settled on the spot with payment
of fine in cash.
Fine is the revenue for UB City.
Total amount of fine: 500 mil. Tg. for 2006
More amount expected for 2007.
Suspension or revocation for severe
offence.
Offence is not recorded.

August 7, 2007 49


Point System for Traffic Offence
Demerit point is given to driver who
committed traffic offence.
Number of points depend on type of
offence.
Driving license is suspended or revoked if
demerit points reach the certain level.
Training or test is required for suspended or
revoked drivers.
No offence for certain period will reset or
reduce demerit points.
August 7, 2007 50


7. Traffic Accidents and Safety
High accident rate compared with number of
vehicles.
High rate of pedestrian accidents.
Accident prone locations:
 Intersection, roundabout, high traffic volume

Accident prone
locations
August 7, 2007 51


Number of Accidents

　
Accidents

Year Nation UB City UB Share
2000 5,991 5,074 84.7%
2001 5,212 4,394 84.3%
2002 5,553 4,358 78.5%
2003 5,296 3,892 73.5%
2004 4,803 3,557 74.1%

August 7, 2007 52


Accident Type
　
　　
　 Property Damage
Fatality (person) Injured (person)
(mil. Tg.)

Year Nation UB City Share Nation UB City Share Nation UB City Share

2000 338 141 41.7% 1,616 940 58.2% 483.2 215.6 44.6%

2001 335 97 29.0% 1,812 1,078 59.5% 289.7 127.6 44.0%

2002 327 122 37.3% 1,636 818 50.0% 658.3 384.4 58.4%

2003 391 145 37.1% 1,224 692 56.5% 729.9 424.4 58.1%

2004 385 102 26.5% 2,312 1,119 48.4% 354.3 127.4 36.0%

August 7, 2007 53


Accident Type
Type Number Share
Car - car 11,864 55.7%
Car - pedestrian 8,477 39.8%
Immovable facilities 376 1.8%
Overturn 335 1.6%
Fallen passenger 104 0.5%
Car - bicycle 81 0.4%
Car - animal 0 0.0%
Others 68 0.3%
Total 21,305 　
August 7, 2007 54


Traffic Safety Education - Policy
Understanding of importance of education
Curriculum suitable for recipient and local
conditions
Understanding of traffic rule and manner
Participatory approach and hand-on training
Evaluation of effect of safety education
Review of curriculum to cope with changing needs
of society
Consideration of privacy
Coordination with other organizations
August 7, 2007 55


Safety Education – Target Group
Different curriculum for each target group
 Small children

Elementary, junior high, high school students
 Adults
 Elderly persons

August 7, 2007 56


Education Menu
Text book
Traffic safety park
Campaign and parade
TV programs
Training for Traffic Police

August 7, 2007 57


Monitoring and Evaluation
Essential for sustainability.
Indicators

Comparison of “before” and “after” data (traffic
volume, travel time, delay, etc.)
 Number and severity of accidents
 Number of traffic offences
 Pedestrian environment (space, waiting time
and path to cross intersection)
 Complaints

August 7, 2007 58


8. Summary
Effectiveness and limitations of traffic
management measures must be properly
understood (no almighty solution).
Scientific approach must be taken (think
before you tinker).
Concerted and sustained efforts by all
parties concerned is required (never ending
task but do your best).

August 7, 2007 59


….END

August 7, 2007 60

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