This document provides information about submarine communications cables, including their history, technology, installation, repair, and importance. It discusses how cables carry digital data between countries along the ocean floor using fiber optic technology. The document outlines the various layers that make up submarine cables and how damage is located and repaired. It also lists some major international submarine cables and provides a map showing their routes.

1. Presented By :
Ayat Bahaa
Alaa Akram
Marine Communications Cable

2. • History For Submarine Cable .
• Different Between Submarine Cable VS Satellites.
• About How This Damage Marine Cable.
• Cases of repairing the damage in the cable.
• Submarine Cable Layers.
• How Submarine Cable Repair In The Event Of Damage To Him?
• How To Extension The Cable In The Sea?
• How we get internet serves.
• Building Cables
• List of international submarine communications cables
• Submarine cable map
• Some information about submarine cable
• security in submarine cable
In This Report :

3. • Cable is located in the bottom of the sea is part of a global
network carries remoting between countries.
• This was the beginning of the cables in 1850 by a submarine
cable was conducted between England and France were used for
the transmission of information by telegraph only.
• Starting in 2003 linked the submarine cables all over the world
except Antarctica.
• All modern cables use fiber optic technology to carry digital data
is then used to transfer the movement of the phone with the
Internet and information.
• Cable reached 69 mm in width, and weighs about 10 kg / m
although the use of cables thinner and lighter in places deeper
History For Marine Cable :

4. In Fact Submarine Cable

5. • For contact via satellite, it is available but can not be relied upon only
because they simply will not bear the intense pressure, in addition to
the submarine cables transmit information more quickly because the
direct contact while satellite communication is not direct (land -
Satellite - land), not to mention safety if he can be the subject of
espionage and pick up information transmitted via satellite if it were not
sufficiently encrypted.
Different Between Submarine Cable VS Satellites in
information transfer

6. • Damage can occur to the cable because of fishing vessels, fish,
earthquakes, volcanoes or the enemies of this cable cut off in the event
of wars, God forbid.
About How This Damage Marine Cable:

7. • the erosion of the outer shell after a long time (leading to water leakage
to the inside) and this rare and almost virtually non-existent
• ships and navigation system good of others (where berths those ships
during the stand lead to cut those cables) and this happens a lot
The causes of crashes cables and parts come from the "main reasons"

11. 1. In the event of damage to a
cable in the coastal areas:is lifted
out of the water by the cable and fix
it on the private deck cranes.
2. In the event of damage in Cable
Average depth : is lowered technicians in
special capsules are similar submarines to
be fixed in position.
3. In the event of damage to the cable
interconnection in very deep
areas:are cut cable from two sides and the
installation of a new link so that it is longer
than the link severed and placed on the U-
shaped
Cases of repairing the damage in the cable
1
2

12. The new cable is characterized by a private liner composed of several layers
each layer has a special function to maintain the integrity of the cable and
transfer information quickly and without problems.
Submarine Cable Layers:

13. 1. The first layer is composed of polyethylene of a chemical
water-resistant.
2. The second layer is a plastic material accurate name Mylar.
3. The third layer is composed of steel wire monolith.
4. The fourth layer is a barrier Aluminum Waterproof.
5. Fifth layer consisting of the material Polycarbonate is a special
shock-resistant chemical and degree of extreme heat.
6. Sixth layer is aluminum Hijaz extra.
7. Seventh layer consisting of Alptrulatum (such as Vaseline), a
very dense and solid.
8. eight layer class consisting of fiber optic.

14. The company must first locate the holidays, then start identifying the
place more through communication stations surrounding the problem
beaches, to start after engineers cables locate objects more precisely
by sending pulses of light through those cables, and in the case of the
proper cable will reach optical pulse the other side of the sea, while in
the case of damaged or severed cable will not reach that pulse to the
other party, and backfire again to the source By calculating the time
that it takes the pulse to go back and engineers can then locate
precisely holidays.
How Submarine Cable Repair In The Event Of Damage To Him?

16. The company sends ship large cables carrying several miles of new fiber-optic
cables to the process of reform by lifting the damaged portion to the ship and fix
them, if the cables are under greater than 6,500 feet deep below the surface of
the water the crew send a robot looks like a tank and can walk on the bottom sea
is extended to those cables, and when it reaches the site of the holidays is cut
damaged cables and replace them with new cables, damaged cables and took
him to the ship.

17. These cables are extended by private ships there are a few companies have
the costs are too high could reach hundreds of millions of dollars, depending
on the length of the cable also Bandwidth.
How To Extension The Cable In The Sea?

18. See how the submarine cable in the sea to get a fast Internet

19. • It is a French company to renew these cables under the sea and bury it
in the bottom of the sea in some areas is no secret that the Internet is
the source of America in the whole world is linked to this extended
cables to America
How we get internet serves:

21. • The extension of submarine cables requires the use of advanced
technologies and teams specialized technical and ships equipped for
this purpose, where the use of satellites to find out the best possible
path for these cables, as is the installation of the amplified every
hundred kilometers called Repeaters, which play an important role in
amplifying the signal passersby in these cables.

22. • When you send an email, a small collection of bits containing your
message travels from a local server to a high-speed fiber-optic cable.
These fibers, strands of glass that carry a waveform of light, move data
at speeds up to 100 Gbps. One undersea cable might have hundreds of
wavelengths per strand and several fibers. A submarine cable is about
0.75 to 2.5 inches in diameter, or about the thickness of three ordinary
garden hoses. The longest cable, called the Southern Cross, runs under
the Pacific, stretching 18,500 miles.
Building Submarine Cables:

23. • Most cables take several weeks to install. Surveyors must work with
local fisherman, carriers, survey teams, and a number of private
companies to determine the best route along the ocean floor, avoiding
deep caverns and potential hazards. It takes a day to lay 80 to 90 miles
of cable. In shallower waters near the shore, where there's more to go
wrong, operators lay just 8 to 9 miles of cable a day.

24. • FOG2 - (Fiber Optic Gulf 2) (UAE-Iraq-Saudi Arabia).
• FLAG FALCON - (FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network) - (Bahrain, Egypt,
India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, Sir Lanka, Sudan, UAE, Yemen).
• Gulf Bridge International - (Linking the GCC countries (Bahrain, Iran,
Iraq, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE) to
each other and onwards to Europe, Africa and Asia) - (planned for
2012).
List of international submarine communications cables:

25. • Organization Tele Geography events online map marine cables which
show 232 cable feeds the world's communications and linking it with
some.
• The map shows the main cables sites as well as a chart detailing the
names and capacities of all the cables and covers the period between
1992 and 2012.
• And shows lack of communication between Japan and the United
Kingdom, and the United States and North Africa...
Submarine cable map:

27. • The optical fibers at the heart of the cable are made of highly purified
glass that's as thin as a human hair Internal reflection is used to guide
light along the path of the fiber.
• About 99% of all transoceanic Internet data is sent via undersea cables.
• At OCC, the fiber is first embedded in a jelly compound to keep water
out in case the cable is damaged.
• Submarine cables can carry up to 80 Tbps, a capacity that's equivalent
to transmitting 2,100 DVDs (4.7 GB each) in one second, according to
NEC
Some information about Submarine cable:

28. • A lack of security can leave cables vulnerable to attack Some telecoms
and governments use radar tracking systems to monitor the area
around these cables. Such technology detects when a ship is getting
dangerously close to a cable and can warn the vessel of its proximity.
security in Submarine cable:

29. Thank you for
listing
