2. Mission Today
• Teaching Evidence-based practice (in 1 hour)
• Disappointment
• Inspiration
Who are we and what is our mission (today)?
Eric Barends
• manager
• teacher
• director
• CEBMa
Denise Rousseau
• researcher
• teacher
• professor
• CMU / Heinz / Tepper
30. Maslow, A.H. (1943). "A Theory of Human Motivation," Psychological Review 50(4)
Wahba, M. A., & Bridwell, L. G. (1976). Maslow reconsidered: A review of
research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human
Performance, 15(2)
Scientific research findings
31. How evidence-based are we (managers)?
“I’ve never thought I need more
evidence before making a decision;
I know what needs to be done, we
get on with it and we get results.”
32. 1. Incompetent people benefit more from feedback than
highly competent people.
2. Task conflict improves work group performance while
relational conflict harms it.
3. Encouraging employees to participate in decision
making is more effective for improving organizational
performance than setting performance goals.
True (likely) or false (not likely)?
33. How evidence-based are we?
959 (US) + 626 (Dutch) HR professionals
35 statements, based on an extensive body of evidence
true / false / uncertain
HR Professionals' beliefs about effective human resource practices: correspondence
between research and practice, (Rynes et al, 2002, Sanders et al 2008)
35. EBP:
Teach managers how to
critically evaluate the
trustworthiness of evidence
from multiple sources
and help them find ‘the best available’ evidence
37. Discuss with your neighbours:
When it comes to teaching,
what are important learning principles?
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38. Learning principles
1. The brain needs time to get used to new things.
Longer periods in between practice sessions lead to
a longer overall retention.
2. Training program should include opportunities for
practice, linked to real world situations .
3. The human brain seeks comfort in what it knows
and is familiar with; addressing / confronting prior
knowledge increases understanding (start from
where the students are)
39. Learning principles
4. Higher order thinking only happens when people
work on questions / problems / issues themselves.
5. Learning from failure is important for learning.
Speculating and predicting before finding the
correct answers helps people become adaptive
learners / experts.
40. Teaching EBP =
Small groups
Problem based
Real life cases
EBP starts with a practical question,
not with an academic answer
42. Limitations of human judgment & common forms of cognitive bias
Retrieving & critically assessing experiential evidence
Retrieving & critically assessing organizational evidence (qualitative
& quantitative)
Searching in research databases
Efficiently reading research articles
Critically appraising evidence from research
Weighing and aggregating evidence from multiple sources
Incorporating evidence into the decision making process
Different types of decisions and decision-making processes
Assessing the outcome of decisions made
EBP: Curriculum
44. A critical and reflective attitude
Skills to distinguish trustworthy from less
trustworthy evidence.
Thinking in terms of probabilities
EBP: outcome
46. CAT: Critically Appraised Topic
A critically appraised topic (CAT) is a
structured, short (2 – 5 pages max) summary
of evidence on a topic of interest, focused
around a practical problem or question..
48. CAT: 3 hits
1. Small group (2-3), scientific evidence, list
of topics
2. Individual, scientific evidence & theory,
own topic
3. Individual, evidence from multiple
sources, real life question / issue
49. CAT: examples
Is there a valid and reliable way to measure the productivity of
knowledge workers?
To what extent will leadership training improve the
effectiveness of leaders (e.g. managers, executives), what are
the characteristics of effective leadership training programs?
What research evaluating the effects of 360-degree has been
published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals in the past 10
years? Which of the variables that are expected to have an
impact on the effectiveness of 360-degree feedback are most
widely studied and what is known of their effect?
56. Discuss with your neighbours:
What are the most common cognitive
biases in management?
(give an example)
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57. We are predisposed to selectively
search for or interpret information in
ways that confirms our existing beliefs,
expectations and assumptions, and
ignore information to the contrary.
In other words, we “see what we want to
see”
Confirmation bias
63. Assignment
One of your best friends is trader on the stock exchange. He
enthusiastically tells you he has analyzed a large number of
financial and economic data and that he has discovered an
interesting phenomenon: "The position of the Dow Jones
index multiplied by the price of oil is two days ahead of the
gold price!" In other words, if both the Dow Jones and the oil
price go up, the price of gold will rise within a day.
Bias?
Critical questions?
64. We are predisposed to see order, pattern and causal
relations in the world.
Patternicity: The tendency to find meaningful patterns in
both meaningful and meaningless noise.
Bias: pattern recognition
65. Assignment
Most people will prefer doctor B
Why? Bias?
Critical questions?
doctor A doctor B
Last operation:
patient died on the
operating table
Last operation:
patient recovered
faster than expected
66. Outcome bias
We are inclined to evaluate the
quality of a decision (intervention,
method) on the basis of its
outcome.
Bias: Outcome bias
69. Groupthink:
Groupthink is a psychological
phenomenon that occurs within a
group of people, in which the desire
for harmony or conformity in the
group results in an incorrect or
irrational decision
Bias: Groupthink
70. Bounded rationality
System 1
Fast
Intuitive, associative
heuristics & biases
System 2
Slow (lazy)
Deliberate, ‘reasoning’
Rational
75. Postgraduate Course
1. Problem identification
2. Surfacing assumptions
3. Logic model
4. Formulating a searchable question
5. Formulate sub-questions
5 steps
76. Postgraduate Course
For which problem is ….. the solution?
For who(m)
Why
How big ?
How do we know (what is the evidence?)
Step 1: What is the problem?
78. Postgraduate Course
Discuss with your neighbours
possible causes for these
differences that could not be
solved by the implementation of
Lean / Six Sigma
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79. Postgraduate Course
1. Problem identification
2. Surfacing assumptions
3. Logic model
4. Formulating a searchable question
5. Formulate sub-questions
5 steps
81. Postgraduate Course
A logic model spells out the process by which a
problem or intervention is expected to produce
certain outcomes.
In making expectations (its logic) explicit, a logic
model helps identify the kind of evidence
needed.
Logic model
86. Critical appraisal
Always start with a practical question:
- does it work?
- how many employees …?
- how do employees feel about …?
How could we find out?
88. Critical appraisal
Amanda Burls:
“I never tell them anything about randomization or blinding, I
just ask: “How are you going to know? How would you test
this if I would give you a half million dollars to test it?” And
when they come up with a suggestion I say, “Alright, can you
think of any reason you got the results showing it works,
while in fact it doesn’t.” And they say, “Well, it could be this, it
could be that” And then I say, “Ok, then redesign your study
so it can’t be this,” and what they come up with are precisely
those things: randomization and blinding.”
89. How trustworthy is this study?
Two studies, different designs
Studies with methodological flaws
Best available evidence (so what now?)
Online course!
Critical appraisal
102. 1. Added value
1. Types of organizational evidence
1. Starting point: logic model
2. Statistical aspects to consider
3. Barriers to overcome
Organizational evidence
103. 5. Barriers to overcome
1. Small numbers problem
2. Measurement errors
3. Context
4. Tainted data
5. Politics