Breeding in sunflower

1. SUNFLOWER
Helianthus annuus
(2n = 34)
Common Names
• Sooryakanthi
• Adhithyabakthi
• Surajmukhi
• important oilseed crop after soybean and oil palm in the world
• It accounts for about 12.8 % of the world production of edible
oil.
• Its oil content ranges from 35 to 45 % and is of high quality
having non- cholesterol and anticholesterol properties.

2. Systematic Position:
Division Phanerogams
Sub-division Angiosperms
Class Dicotyledon
Sub-class Gamopetalae
Series Inferae
Order Asterales
Family Asteraceae
Genus Helianthus
Species H. annuus

3. NORTH AMERICA
CENTRE OF ORIGIN FOR SUNFLOWER
Distribution : Russia, Canada, USA, India.

4. In India Maharashtra, Karnataka, A.P. and Tamil Nadu.

5. Putative parent: H. petiolaris

6. Classification:
The genus Helianthus consists of more than 67 species, of which two are
cultivated.
i. H. annuus : Sunflower (diploid, 2n=34) – Oilseed

7. ii. H. tuberosus (hexaploid, 2n = 104)
Jerusalem artichoke
Cultivated for its tubers.

8. Cultivars: Based on plant height the cultivated sunflower is classified into
a. Giant type : Tall (6’ - 14’) Late maturing, oil content
very low (<30%). Large heads 12 - 30” in diameter
seeds large - white or grey or with black stripes

9. b. Semi dwarf type : Medium tall (4’ to 6’) Early maturing high oil
content (35%).
Head size 7 – 9 ” in diameter

10. c. Dwarf type : Short (2’ to 4’) early maturing,
small seeds – high oil content (37%).
Head size 5½ - 6½ ’’ in diameter
Variety: Mordern introduced
from Canada

11. Sunflower
Two
cultivated
Helianthus
annus
Origin:
North
America
67 species
- all native
to America
Family: Asteraceae

12. H.annuus - diploid 2n = 34 Oil seed crop.
H.tuberosus - Hexaploid 2n = 102.
(Jerusalem artichoke - cultivated for tuber).
Wild species : H.hirsutus, H.rigidus moderately resistant
to Alternaria.
Putative parent : Weed sunflower gave rise to cultivated
one.
The weed sunflower was modified by introgression with
H.petiolaris.

13. Cultivars of sunflower
Giant types
6 - 14 feet tall. Late maturing,
Large heads 12 - 30” in diameter,
seeds large, white or grey or
with black stripes.
Oil content is very low.
E.g. Mamoth Russian.
Semi dwarf varieties :
Medium tall - 4 ½ to 6 feet,
Early maturing.
Heads 7 - 9” in diameter.
Seeds smaller, black, grey or striped.
High oil content 35%.
E.g. Jupiter, Pole star.
Dwarf types
2 to 4½ feet tall. Early
maturing.
Head size 5½ - 6½ “ diameter.
Small seeds,
high oil content 37%.
E.g. Sunrise, Morden, Co1, Co2

14. 1.To develop short duration varieties suitable for dry land and
irrigated conditions.
Dryland successful in black soils only.
In red soil under rainfed it is not successful.
2.Breeding varieties with high oil content :
Ranges 38 to 48%.
Complex character yield and oil content are negatively correlated.
To increase oil content the shell must be thin.
3.Breeding for self fertile lines.
Protoandry and self incompatability mechanism operates in
sunflower. Hence hand pollination is necessary.
To avoid this self fertile lines can be evolved.
4.Breeding for disease resistance.
Powdery mildew, rust, charcoal rot, Alternaria.
Wild species like H.hirsuta are moderately. resistance to Alternaria.
Maharastra hybrid susceptible to powdery mildew.
5.Resistant to pests
Heliothis, Grass hopper, Jassids.
Breeding and objectives

15. Breeding Methods
Introduction :
Mordern from Canada.
Mass selection:
Ec 68414 from Russia. Co1 mass selection from Morden.
Useful for characters which are highly heritable. E.g. Plant height, disease
resistance.
Hybridization and selection
Intervarietal : E.g. Co2 Derivative of multiple cross
Co4 - (Dwarf x Surya)
Interspecific :
Wild species of North American origin and best Soviet varieties
were crossed and number of varieties were evolved.
E.g. Novelty Jubilee 60-They are resistant to Verticillium wilt
also
Mutation
Co3 (Mutant from Co2 thro’ gamma rays)

16. Head to row and remnant seed method
Developed by Pustovoit in Russia.
By this method oil content is increased.
From open pollinated type a large no (10,000 to 12,000) plants are
selected based on Head size.
The selected lines are analysed for oil content and high oil content lines
are isolated (1000 plants).
Part of the seed reserved and the part is sown in progeny rows along
with check to estimate yield.
Second season testing is also done. The best lines are identified.
The remnant seed of elite plants which give high yield were raised in
isolation and multiplied for crossing interse next season.
The multiplied lines also tested for oil content and high yielding
High oil content lines were raised in isolation and crossed interse.

17. Heterosis breeding :
Development of inbred lines and crossing them to harness heterosis was first
done as early as 1920 in Russia.
During 1970 cytoplasmic geneic male sterility was identified in wild types and
obsolete cultivars.
Now this system is being extensively used for production of hybrids.
First hybrid
BSH 1 (CMS 234 A x RHA 274)
BSH 2
BSH 8.
A number of CGMS lines were bred by Government as well as private seed
growers and are utilised now.
Male sterility can also be inducted by GA 100 ppm.
Steps
Development of inbreds.
Evaluation of inbreds for combining ability.
Conversion of inbreds into CGMS lines and R lines.
Production of hybrids.

18. Population improvement
• By mass selection, recurrent selection and use
of male sterile lines population can be
improved and utilised for breeding.

19. Crop /
Variety
Year of
release
Parentage Duration
Days
Yield (Kg/ha) Special features
Rainf
ed
Irrigat
ed
K1 1971 Introduction
from Russian
cultivar EC-
68414
90 1000 1250 Semi tall variety (135 – 140
cm) grown throughout
TamilNadu in all seasons.
37% oil
K2 1977 Isolated from a
spontaneous
mutant from
“Cerenianka”
culture EC
101495
70 750 1000 Dwarf (65-75cm) with short
duration and suited to late
rainfed seasons, oil 38%.
CO 1 1983 Isolated from
“Cerenianka 66”
of Russian
origin
65 800 1000 Compact, short plant (85-
90cm) suitable for all
environment. Higher per day
productivity, oil 37%.
CO 2 1986 Derivative of
seven single
cross hybrids of
Russian origin
87 900 1400 Possesses high yield
potential, oil 37.4%, tolerant
to rust
Notification:
867(E)/26.11.1968

20. CO 3
(TNAUSUF 10)
1995 Mutant from CO 2 (5
KR of Gamma rays)
88 1250 1600 Tall, seeds oval, linear and dull
gray, oil 38.3%, moderately
resistant to jassid, ash weevil,
head borer, Alternaria and rust.
Notification: 360 (E)/01.05.1997
CO 4
(TNAUSUF 7)
1996 Cross derivative of
Dwarf x Surya
85 1250 1700 National variety, Large heads.
High oil 39.7%
Notification: 408(E)/04.05.1995
TCSH 1 (Hybrid) 2000 Hybrid of CMS
234 A x RHA 272
85 1650 1850 Medium tall, compact and flat –
convex heads, 39.6% oil, 21.6 %
hull, moderate resistance to foliar
diseases
Notification: 821(E)/13.09.2000
CO(SFV) 5 2006 Cross derivative
of Helianthus
annuus x H. preacox
85-90 1360 1520 High oil content (40-42%), High
autogamy (>70%)
Notificaion: GO
1178(E)/20.07.2007
CO 2 (Hybrid) 2010 COSF 1A X CSFI 99 85-90 1950 2230 High oil content (39.8 %), High
volume weight (48g/100ml)
Notification: 1708(

21. CO H 3 hybrid 2017 It is cross derivative of
COSF MS 6A x IR 6.
It matures is 90-95
days.
It recorded 2214 kg/
ha.
Suitable for rainfed
and irrigated
conditions.
It has oil content of
42%.

23. RESEARH STATIONS INVOLVED
• TNAU Centers: Coimbatore, Kovilpatti,
Killikulam
• All India Centre: IIOR, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad